Spermatozoa Of Men Research Articles

A Comprehensive Theological and Scientific Study of Gestational Surrogacy

With advancements in science and in response to the desire of childless individuals, surrogacy has emerged as a contemporary method of treating infertility. Intriguingly, due to its novelty, this topic has sparked considerable legal and jurisprudential debate. In essence, this medical procedure involves fertilizing a woman's egg with a man's sperm outside the womb. Subsequently, due to the woman's inability to carry the pregnancy, the embryo is implanted into another woman's uterus. Surrogacy, in fact, is a means for infertile couples to have a child. Through assisted reproductive technologies, an embryo created via in vitro fertilization is transferred to a gestational carrier, who carries the pregnancy to term and then relinquishes the child to the intended parents. In Iran, assisted reproductive technologies are employed when couples, or either partner, experience infertility. In these procedures, the sperm and egg of the legal and marital couple are fertilized in a laboratory, and the resulting embryo is donated to another legal and marital couple. A crucial issue in this context is the determination of the child's parentage, especially maternal lineage. Due to the silence of the law, this matter must be resolved by examining the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and relevant jurisprudential opinions, as well as the perspectives of legal experts. In this regard, determining the maternal lineage, which involves the biological mother and the gestational carrier, presents a challenge and requires further exploration. The conclusion of this paper is that, based on Quranic verses, hadiths, the principle of freedom of will, the intentions of the parties involved, the best interests of the child, customary practices, and legal principles, the gestational carrier is considered the legal mother of the child.

Evaluation of women's aging influence on sperm passage inside the fallopian tube using 3D dynamic mechanical modeling.

The fallopian tubes play an important role in human fertility by facilitating the spermatozoa passage to the oocyte as well as later actively facilitating the fertilized oocyte transportation to the uterus cavity. The fallopian tubes undergo changes involving biological, physical, and morphological processes due to women aging, which may impair fertility. Here, we have modelled fallopian tubes of women at different ages and evaluated the chances of normal and pathological sperm cells reaching the fertilization site, the ampulla. By utilizing a unique combination of simulative tools, we implemented dynamic three-dimensional (3D) detailed geometrical models of many normal and pathological sperm cells swimming together in 3D geometrical models of three fallopian tubes associated with different women's age groups. By tracking the sperm cell swim, we found that for all age groups, the number of normal sperm cells in the ampulla is the largest, compared with the pathological sperm cells. On the other hand, the number of normal sperm cells in the fertilization site decreases due to the morphological and mechanical changes that occur in the fallopian tube with age. Moreover, in older ages, the normal sperm cells swim with lower velocities and for shorter distances inside the ampulla toward the ovary. Thus, the changes that the human fallopian tube undergoes due to women's aging have a significant influence on the human sperm cell motility. Our model of sperm cell motility through the fallopian tube in relation to the woman's age morphological changes provides a new scope for the investigation and treatment of diseases and infertility cases associated with aging, as well as a potential personalized medicine tool for evaluating the chances of a natural fertilization per specific features of a man's sperm and a woman's reproductive system.

Human fertilization in vivo and in vitro requires the CatSper channel to initiate sperm hyperactivation.

The infertility of many couples rests on an enigmatic dysfunction of the man's sperm. To gain insight into the underlying pathomechanisms, we assessed the function of the sperm-specific multisubunit CatSper-channel complex in the sperm of almost 2,300 men undergoing a fertility workup, using a simple motility-based test. We identified a group of men with normal semen parameters but defective CatSper function. These men or couples failed to conceive naturally and upon medically assisted reproduction via intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was, ultimately, required to conceive a child. We revealed that the defective CatSper function was caused by variations in CATSPER genes. Moreover, we unveiled that CatSper-deficient human sperm were unable to undergo hyperactive motility and, therefore, failed to penetrate the egg coat. Thus, our study provides the experimental evidence that sperm hyperactivation is required for human fertilization, explaining the infertility of CatSper-deficient men and the need of ICSI for medically assisted reproduction. Finally, our study also revealed that defective CatSper function and ensuing failure to hyperactivate represents the most common cause of unexplained male infertility known thus far and that this sperm channelopathy can readily be diagnosed, enabling future evidence-based treatment of affected couples.

Evaluation of the aquaporin molecules characterization in the sperm cells of men from different aged.

Male infertility rises for many reasons, along with age; therefore, we aimed to research the characterization of aquaporin-3, 7, and 8 in human sperm belonging to different age groups. This study was conducted on sperm samples of men aged over 18 years. A total of 60 men were included in the study and divided into three age groups: group 1, age 18-25 years (n = 20); group 2, age 26-35 years (n = 20); and group 3, age ≥35 years (n = 20). Sperm ejaculates obtained from each participant were used for spermiogram tests, Kruger strict morphology analysis, and immunohistochemistry. We observed no statistically significant differences in terms of macroscopic and microscopic sperm testing. The immunostaining score of aquaporin-3 was the lowest in group 1 and increased in group 3 and group 2, respectively (p < 0.05). Aquaporin-8 immunostaining only increased in group 2 (p < 0.05). Aquaporin-7 immunostaining scores were not different between the groups (p > 0.05). When the immunostaining scores of aquaporin molecules were compared with each other, aquaporin-7 was significantly increased compared with the others (p < 0.05). According to the results, it can be stated that aquaporin-3 and aquaporin-8 molecules were more expressed at age 26 to 35 years, and aquaporin-7 was densely expressed from age 18 to 25 years. If the characterization of these molecules is adversely affected, male infertility may eventually emerge. We recommend further advanced-level studies on this subject.

Consequence of Ayurveda Remedies with Diet and Life Style in the Male Infertility: A Critical Review.

Background: Infertility is a major medico-social issue now a days. The absence of conception after a year of sexual activity without the use of contraception is known as infertility. Every sixth couple has infertility at some point in their relationship.80 million people worldwide experience pregnancy failure, according to reports from the World Health Organization. About After a year, 15% of couples are still unable to conceive. The prevalence of male infertility is 7%. Idiopathic male infertility occurs when aberrant semen parameters are found because of unknown causes. Oligozoospermia is a condition when a man's sperm count in his semen is below 15 million/ml. In classics, the situations described under Kheena Shukra -vitiation of Shukra Dhatu by Vata and Pitta Dosha. Aims: To review Ayurvedic aspect of Ksheena Shukra and male infertility with details management. Materials and methods: Relevant Ayurveda and modern literature available information on web sources searched to fulfill the Aim. Discussion: The majority of patients use assisted reproductive technologies or intrauterine insemination to become fertile. Unfortunately, success rates are minimal in situations where the sperm count is extremely low. It's time to investigate reproductive aids derived from herbal, herbo-mineral formulations with regard to healthy lifestyle and diet management. Conclusion: Current article reviles the details management and scope of Ayurveda in the field of andrology.

Controversy over the use of Fresh Versus Frozen-Thawed Testicular Sperm in Men with Non-Obstructive Azoospermia Undergoing ICSI

Controversy over the use of Fresh Versus Frozen-Thawed Testicular Sperm in Men with Non-Obstructive Azoospermia Undergoing ICSI

Erectile Dysfunction and Sexual Coercion: The Role of Sperm Competition Risk.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been shown to be associated with several negative aspects of intimate relationships. Our goal for the present research was to examine whether ED was associated with men's use of sexual coercion in their intimate relationships (which may include the use of physical coercion, psychological manipulation, or emotional manipulation to gain sexual access) and if perceived sperm competition risk (i.e., perceived risk of partner infidelity, which may place a man's sperm into competition with sperm from another man) played a role in this association. These associations were examined in Study 1 using self-reports provided by men (N = 202) who had a mean age of 30.48years (SD = 5.03) and were recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). ED was found to have a large positive association with sexual coercion. However, men's self-reports did not provide support for sperm competition risk moderating the association between ED and sexual coercion, but an exploratory analysis revealed that sperm competition risk mediated this association. We attempted to replicate and extend these results in Study 2 by using partner-reports provided by women (N = 151) who had a mean age of 30.41years (SD = 4.77) and were recruited through MTurk. Women's partner-reports provided support for sperm competition risk moderating the association between ED and sexual coercion. In addition, an exploratory analysis found that sperm competition risk also mediated the association between ED and sexual coercion, similar to Study 1. Discussion explores the implications of these results for understanding the role that sperm competition risk may play in the connection between ED and sexual coercion.

A Short Note on why Does Heat Stress Demolition Sperm in Men

A Short Note on why Does Heat Stress Demolition Sperm in Men

Sperm DNA fragmentation is a novel biomarker for early pregnancy loss

Research questionSpontaneous pregnancy loss affects 10–15% of couples, with 1–2% suffering recurrent pregnancy loss and 50% of miscarriages remaining unexplained. Male genomic integrity is essential for healthy offspring, meaning sperm DNA quality may be important in maintaining a pregnancy. Does sperm DNA fragmentation measured by alkaline Comet assay act as a biomarker for early pregnancy loss? DesignSperm DNA fragmentation was measured by alkaline Comet test in 76 fertile donors and 217 men whose partners had recently experienced miscarriage. Couples were divided into five groups for analysis: one miscarriage after spontaneous conception; two or more miscarriages after spontaneous conception; one miscarriage after fertility treatment; two or more miscarriages after fertility treatment and biochemical pregnancy. ResultsReceiver operator characteristic curve analysis was used to determine ability of the average Comet score (ACS), low Comet score (LCS) and high Comet score (HCS) to diagnose miscarriage and develop clinical thresholds comparing men whose partners have miscarried with men with recently proven fertility. Male partners of women who had miscarried had higher sperm DNA damage (ACS 33.32 ± 0.57%) than fertile men (ACS 14.87 ± 0.66%; P < 0.001). Average Comet score, HCS and LCS all have promise as being highly predictive of sporadic and recurrent miscarriage using clinical thresholds from comparisons with fertile men's spermatozoa: receiver operating characteristic curve AUC for ACS ≥26%, 0.965; LCS ≤70%, 0.969; HCS ≥2%, 0.883; P <0.0001. ConclusionsSperm DNA damage measured by the alkaline Comet has promise as a robust biomarker for sporadic and recurrent miscarriage after spontaneous or assisted conception, and may provide novel diagnoses and guidance for future fertility pathways.

The Curious Case of Cramblett v. Midwest Sperm Bank: Centering a Political Ontology of Race and Disability for Liberatory Thought

ABSTRACT This article explores a recent legal case wherein the category of “wrongful birth”—a negligence claim against a physician who failed to adequately inform a pregnant individual of the likelihood of their child having a congenital disorder, birth defect, or other disability—was used to describe the birth of a black/mixed-race child. In this case, a white woman was inseminated and impregnated with the sperm of a black man instead of the white man's sperm she had purchased. In examining this case, I argue for the liberatory import of placing race and disability in a comparative frame that relies on a method of juxtaposition and centers a political ontology of race and disability.

Expression of RXFP2 receptor on human spermatozoa and the anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects of insulin-like factor 3.

Insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) has an important role in the human reproductive system; however, its detailed function is still mysterious. We aimed to investigate the possibility of expression of RXFP2 receptor on human spermatozoa and to determine the anti-apoptotic and antioxidant mechanism derived the binding of INSL3 and RXFP2. In this experimental study, the expression/location of the RXFP2 receptor was determined on the spermatozoa of fertile and infertile men. Twenty samples from 20 fertile men were collected and divided into 6 parts (control group, and five groups treated with INSL3 10, 100, 250, 500, 1,000ng/ml). DNA damage, active caspase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sperm parameters were evaluated by TUNEL, flow cytometry, optical microscope and computer-assisted sperm analysis. The expression of RXFP2 was confirmed by Western blot. Immunocytochemistry illustrated that this receptor is expressed in the posterior half of the spermatozoa's head. The INSL3 at concentrations of 500 and 1,000ng/ml reduced the active caspase and mitochondrial ROS, and also reduced DNA fragmentation at 1,000ng/ml. Besides, INSL3 500 and 1,000ng/ml significantly increased the sperm motility. This study confirmed the presence of RXFP2 receptor in fertile and infertile men's spermatozoa, indicating the highly dose-dependent efficacy of the INSL3, which may have promising impacts on the in-vitro fertilisation outcomes.

The Inheritance Rights of the Child Born as a result of the Transfer of the Cryopreserved Gamete or Embryo to the Mother’s Uterus After the Death of the Husband (Posthumously Conceived Child)

İsviçre Medeni Kanunu m. 542/f.1, Türk Medeni Kanunu m. 580/f.1 ve Alman Medeni Kanunu § 1923/f.1 hükümleri uyarınca mirasçı olabilmek için mirasbırakanın ölümünde sağ olmak gerekmektedir. Ancak bu hukuk düzenlerinde mirasbırakanın ölümünde ona mirasçı olmak için sağ olunması koşuluna bir istisna tanınmış ve miras açıldığında (mirasbırakanın ölüm anında) ceninin bulunması halinde sağ doğan cenin, mirasçı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Hatta cenin doğana kadar mirasın paylaşımının ertelenmesi imkânı getirilmiştir. Teknolojide ve tıpta meydana gelen gelişmeler aile yapısını da etkilemektedir. Günümüzde yapay döllenmenin tanıdığı imkânlar başta olmak üzere çeşitli sebeplerle hukukun birçok alanını etkileyen yeni sorunların ortaya çıkması muhtemeldir. 1970’li yıllarda bir erkeğin spermlerinin dondurulması ve öldükten sonra kullanılması hususu akla bile gelmezken, tıp alanında meydana gelen gelişmeler karşısında bu durum artık mümkün hale gelmiştir. Kocanın ölümü halinde dondurulmuş embriyonun ana rahmine transferi veya dondurulmuş spermlerinin kullanılmasına bazı hukuk düzenlerinde izin verilmektedir. Dolayısıyla kocanın ölümünden sonra, dondurulmuş embriyonun yahut kocanın sperminin yapay döllenmesi neticesinde sağ ve tam doğan çocuğun miras hukuku bakımından durumu çözülmesi gereken bir mesele olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada kocanın ölümünden sonra ana rahmine transfer edilmiş olan embriyonun mirasçılığı karşılaştırmalı hukuk açısından ele alınacaktır.

The impact of selected modifiable lifestyle factors on male fertility in the modern world.

IntroductionThe modern man during his reproductive period is exposed to the negative influence of widespread lifestyle-related habits. The available studies show a significant decline in the quality of young men's sperm, which results in male and female infertility factors being given equal consideration. The progressive decline of sperm quality has lowered the spermiogram parameters proposed by the World Health Organization.Material and methodsWe performed a review of the literature on the most common unhealthy habits in the modern world, such as obesity, mobile phone usage, smoking and alcohol intake, and their reported effects on male fertility. Several papers including original, review and meta-analysis were searched using the ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases.ResultsAll the factors under analysis contribute to a significant deterioration of sperm quality, mainly through decreased sperm concentration, vitality, motility and morphology.ConclusionsLifestyle-related factors are a significant cause of male infertility in the world today. Studies have shown that sperm quality is essentially determined by: obesity, nicotine addiction, heavy exposure to electromagnetic compatibility radiation-emitting devices and alcohol consumption. Weight loss and cessation or limitation of unhealthy lifestyle-related factors might represent the best course of action for any couple trying to achieve pregnancy.

Older paternal ages and grandpaternal ages at conception predict longer telomeres in human descendants.

Telomere length (TL) declines with age in most human tissues, and shorter TL appears to accelerate senescence. By contrast, men's sperm TL is positively correlated with age. Correspondingly, in humans, older paternal age at conception (PAC) predicts longer offspring TL. We have hypothesized that this PAC effect could persist across multiple generations, and thereby contribute to a transgenerational genetic plasticity that increases expenditures on somatic maintenance as the average age at reproduction is delayed within a lineage. Here, we examine TL data from 3282 humans together with PAC data across four generations. In this sample, the PAC effect is detectable in children and grandchildren. The PAC effect is transmitted through the matriline and patriline with similar strength and is characterized by a generational decay. PACs of more distant male ancestors were not significant predictors, although statistical power was limited in these analyses. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the PAC effect is linear, not moderated by offspring age, or maternal age, and is robust to controls for income, urbanicity and ancestry. These findings show that TL reflects the age at the reproduction of recent male matrilineal and patrilineal ancestors, with an effect that decays across generations.

The Association Between Psychotropic Drug Use and Fertility Problems Among Male Subjects.

Mental disorders affect a high percentage of the general population and are associated with a significant burden. One major component of treatment for mental illnesses is pharmacotherapy. Various psychotropic medications are used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and these are often associated with a plethora of side effects. The many side effects of psychotropic drugs can severely impair patients' quality of life and decrease their adherence to treatment. Among the relatively neglected and less-studied potential side effects of psychotropic drugs are impairment of sperm parameters and fertility problems among male patients. This article summarizes the data with regard to the effects of 6 widely used psychotropic drugs-lithium, valproate, haloperidol, olanzapine, imipramine, and fluoxetine-on sexual function and sperm parameters in male subjects. In general, the reviewed data suggest that these medications can be associated with sexual function problems and negative effects on sperm parameters among male subjects. It is important to note that most of the data are based on preclinical studies and nonrandomized clinical trials with relatively small sample sizes, so that it is not possible to draw unequivocal conclusions with regard to the clinical relevance of the findings. Prospective, randomized clinical trials are necessary to elucidate the effects of psychotropic drugs on men's sperm parameters and fertility indices per se.

AL-QUR'AN DAN MATERIAL GENETIK DALAM SEL KELAMIN PRIA PENENTU JENIS KELAMIN BAYI

In many verses of al-Qur'an, men are called to pay their attention to understand how they were created. Human creation and incredible aspects followed were strongly mentioned in many verses in detail until it's impossible for anyone who lived in the seventh century to recognize it. One of them was the information saying that the determinant of baby gender is the spermatozoa coming from men sperm. Allah said in his verse: "and that He (Allah) creates in pairs, male and female. From Nutfah (drops of semen male and female discharge) when it is emitted" (translation of al-Qur'an 53 verse 45-46). Branches of knowledge which have developed, such as Genetics and Molecular Biology, have proved scientifically the information accuracy which has been given by al-Qur'an. Nowadays it has been well-known that sex determination is determined by sperm of man and in fact women play no roles in this determination. If the ovum fuses with sperm which carries Y chromosome than the baby will be born as a male. Conversely, if the sperm carries X chromosome than the baby will be a female. In the other word, the sex of the baby is determined by the kind of man's sperm chromosome which fuses with women's ovum.

Insights from outside BJOG

Insights from outside BJOG

Re: Fertility Outcomes After Extended Searches for Ejaculated Spermatozoa in Men with Virtual Azoospermia

Re: Fertility Outcomes After Extended Searches for Ejaculated Spermatozoa in Men with Virtual Azoospermia

Superoxide Anion Production by the Spermatozoa of Men with Varicocele: Relationship with Varicocele Grade and Semen Parameters.

PurposeTo investigate the pathophysiological role of superoxide anion and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the spermatozoa of men with varicocele and its relationship with varicocele grade and semen parameters.Materials and MethodsThis prospective study included 34 men with grade II–III varicocele, regardless of their fertility status. The control group consisted of 13 healthy men. Semen characteristics were examined according to the 2010 World Health Organization criteria. The swim-up method was used for sperm preparation. Total ROS and superoxide anion production was assayed by luminol- and lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence (CL), respectively.ResultsThe men with varicocele had significantly higher total ROS and superoxide anion levels than the healthy control subjects (2.9±0.4 relative light unit (RLU) vs. 2.4±0.1 RLU, p=0.001 for luminol-dependent CL and 2.8±0.4 RLU vs. 2.3±0.2 RLU, p=0.002 for lucigenin-dependent CL). Cases of grade III varicocele had significantly higher superoxide anion and total ROS levels than grade II cases and control subjects (p<0.001). Superoxide anion and total ROS levels were negatively correlated with all semen parameters.ConclusionsThe superoxide anion levels produced by spermatozoa were significantly higher in varicocele patients than in control subjects. ROS production was related to increased varicocele grade, impaired semen concentration, and abnormal morphology in men with varicocele. Our findings suggest that superoxide anion overproduction may be an important step in the cascade of ROS-related damage to spermatozoa, resulting in impaired semen parameters in patients with varicocele.

Re: Fertility Outcomes After Extended Searches for Ejaculated Spermatozoa in Men with Virtual Azoospermia

Re: Fertility Outcomes After Extended Searches for Ejaculated Spermatozoa in Men with Virtual Azoospermia