Spent Wheat Straw Research Articles

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF SOME ELICITORS ON BROWN ROT DISEASE AND TUBER YIELD OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Brown rot of potato is a worldwide disease that causes huge agricultural and economical losses. Using synthetic chemicals like antimicrobial pesticide may have adverse effects on consumers and on the environment. The recent trend of control plant disease is the application of eco-friendly tools to control disease. In the present investigation, and this study streptomycin, Pleurotus columbinus spent wheat straw (PCSWS), wheat straw (WS), three bacterial species (Bacillus subtillus, B. polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens), plant essential oils of anethole, mustard, caraway and neem were tested to control brown rot disease of potato cv. Spunta in Baramoon Research Station, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt under field conditions, during the two winter seasons of 2013/14 and 2014/15. The vegetative growth parameters, tuber yield, tuber grading, tuber dry matter, specific gravity and infected tubers were investigated. PCSWS led to significant increase in all studied criteria, compared to check or other treatments. Furthermore, PCSWS or caraway oil gave the best results in reduction of infected tubers in vitro. The direct antibacterial effect of studied treatments against the causal pathogen of brown rot of potato; Ralstonia solanacerum. Only streptomycin, anethole and caraway oil affected the growth of R. solanacearum. Pots experiment was carried out to study the ability of the tested treatments to induce systemic resistance (ISR). Conclusively, Bacillus subtillus, caraway and neem oils significantly increased the production of total phenols, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, respectively, which enhanced potato plant health, increased chlorophylls and plant height as well as, decreased disease rating that increased tuber weight after 70 days of planting.

Recycling of mushroom compost wheat straw in the diet of feedlot calves with two physical forms

Background This experiment was conducted to study the effect of diet contained mushroom spent wheat straw (MSWS) remained from Agaricus bisporus mushroom as well as the physical form of the diet on the performance of the feedlot calves. At the end of mushroom harvesting period, MSWS was collected from production room and the casing soil was removed from the whole compost, then it was sun dried and sampled for chemical analysis. In a completely randomized design, 24 Holsteins male calves with initial weight of 201.9 ± 1.0 kg were allocated to four experimental diets containing (1) standard pellet diet; (2) pellet diet with 15 % MSWS; (3) standard mash diet and (4) mash diet contained 15 % of MSWS. Results Average daily gain was 1,261, 1,146, 1,093 and 830 g; dry matter intake was 7.91, 6.51, 8.07 and 8.15 kg/ animal/day and feed conversion ratio was 6.32, 5.69, 7.39 and 8.76 for the diets respectively that were significantly different (P 0.05) among the treatments. Results of slaughtering observations showed that no differences could be detected in carcass and internal organs of the calves that received different diets. Conclusions The spent compost straw could be included up to 15 % in finishing calve diet in the pellet form.

Solid-state anaerobic digestion of spent wheat straw from horse stall

The spent wheat straw from horse stall bedding has lower cellulose and hemicellulose contents, but higher volatile fatty acid content than raw wheat straw. Biogas production from solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) of spent wheat straw and raw wheat straw was compared in this study. The SS-AD tests were conducted at 22% total solids (TS) content using inoculum from a liquid AD system at three feedstock-to-inoculum (F/I) ratios of 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0. Daily methane yields of spent wheat straw peaked 8 and 3days earlier than those of raw wheat straw at F/I ratios of 2.0 and 4.0, respectively. The highest methane yield of 150.0L/kg volatile solids (VS) was obtained from spent wheat straw at an F/I ratio of 4.0, which was 56.2% higher than that of raw wheat straw. The corresponding cellulose and hemicellulose degradation of spent wheat straw was 24.1% and 49.4% higher than those of raw wheat straw, respectively.

Investigation of wheat straw biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Production of renewable fuels and chemicals from biomass requires an efficient pretreatment technology, which further depends on better understanding of biodegradation process of such lignocellulosic biomass. The biodegradation of wheat straw by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated in this study. The fungal secretomes and compositional, functional groups and structural changes of the fungal spent wheat straw lignin were determined. The result showed ∼ 30% loss of total lignin within three weeks of biopretreatment by P. chrysosporium. Detailed structural analysis through two dimentional heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence nuclear magnatic resonance (2D HMQC NMR) of the pretreated lignin (acetylated) revealed low abundance of substructures D (dibenzodioxacin) and E (cinnamyl alcohol). Further, analysis of lignin by Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) demonstrated the significant decrease of guaiacyl (G) units. The results support the previous findings in the biodegradation of wheat straw analyzed by 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS). Revealing the characteristic behavior of P. chrysosporium mediated biomass degradation, the information presented in this paper offers new insights for understanding the biological lignin degradation of wheat straw by P. chrysosporium.

Anaerobic digestion of spent bedding from deep litter piggery housing

This paper investigates spent litter from deep litter piggery housing as a potential substrate for farm-scale anaerobic digestion. Degradability and degradation rates were evaluated under mesophilic conditions for unused, lightly soiled (used by weaner/small pigs), and heavily soiled (used by finishing/large pigs) wheat straw, barley straw, and rice husks bedding. Apparent first order hydrolysis rate coefficients varied, but were comparable across all samples analysed (<0.1 day −1). Spent wheat straw was generally more degradable (approximately 60%) than spent barley straw, while spent barley straw was comparable to raw straw (40–50%), but with higher hydrolysis rates, indicating better accessibility. Rice husks were relatively poorly degradable (<20%), but degradability was improved by weathering in a pig shed. Digestion of spent barley and wheat straw litter was significantly faster (approximately twice the rate) at low (8% solids) than high (14% solids) solids loading. Rice husks degradation kinetics were not significantly influenced by solids concentration. Intrinsic methanogenic activity of heavily soiled spent wheat straw and rice husks bedding was initially poor, but achieved full activity after 40–60 days, indicating that reactor operation without external inoculum may be possible with care.

Nutritive value index of treated wheat straw with Pleurotus fungi

Wheat straw was inoculated with spawns of two species of Pleurotus fungi (coded: PF and PO) and incubated in a fermentation room at 22?5?C and 70?5, relative humidity. After 17 days of spawning, when the substrate was completely covered by fungal mycelia, half of the bags were removed from the fermentation room, sun dried and used for in vitro measurements and in vivo study as well, using of sheep. For the remainder of the bags, fermentation was allowed for seven weeks during which the fruiting mushroom was harvested two times, and then spent straw was collected and dried under the sun. In a feeding trial, in vivo digestibility and voluntary intake of treated straw was compared with initial straw in cattle, when the dietary treatments were: 1) Initial wheat straw (IWS); 2) Fungal (PF) treated wheat straw before mushroom formation (FTWS); 3) Fungal (PF) spent wheat straw (SPWS) after mushroom was harvested. Results showed that, the fungal treatments significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected the nutrient composition of wheat straw by increasing the CP and ash, but decreasing the OM, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose (CL) and hemi cellulose (HCL) contents. The in vitro digestibility of DM and OM were significantly (P&lt;0.05) the highest for PF treated straw but the lowest for the initial straw. The in vivo digestibility of most components were significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased, in sheep, however treatment PF showed the higher amounts of digestibility than that of the PO with exception for crude protein CP and HCL. Regarding the feeding trial by cow, results indicated that, the highest amount of DM and OM digestibility were found in FTWS followed by SPWS, but the initial straw had the lowest digestibility (P&lt;0.05). Average daily intake of DM, OM, as well as the digestible DM and OM intake were significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by the treatments. In comparison to the IWS, PO inoculated straw increased the voluntary intake of digestible DM and OM, at the stage of mycellial running, however, the digestibility and intake of SPWS were significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced to the level of initial straw. In conclusion, fermentation of wheat straw by Pleurotus florida and P. ostreatus, improved the nutritive value of straw although the effect of P.F. was more than that of the P.O. In addition, fungal treatment of straw before mushroom formation, improved the nutritive value index, but no enhancement was found in SPWS comparing with the initial straw.

Spent Wheat Straw Compost of Agaricus bisporus Mushroom as Ruminant Feed

Spent compost wheat straw is an available by-product from edible mushroom production, which constitutes a potential pollutant and is cost effective for disposal. This study was conducted to determine the nutritive value as ruminant feed of spent wheat straw compost from Agaricus bisporus mushroom production. The compost was provided from a mushroom farm, the casing soil was removed from the whole compost, and then it was sun dried and sampled for chemical analysis. An experiment was conducted, in which four wheat straw-based diets comprising control (I), 10% spent straw (II), 20% spent straw (III) and 30% spent straw (IV) were tested in a cross-over design using 8 sheep. Dry matter intake (DMI) was 74.0, 73.8, 70.2 and 57.1 and organic matter intake (OMI) was 62.7, 63.4, 58.0 and 44.4 g per kg BW 0.75 for diets I, II, III and IV, respectively, which, were significantly (p<0.05) lower for diet IV. Digestible OMI was respectively 33.1, 32.6, 30.6 and, 20.2 g per kg BW 0.75 on the four diets which were significantly (p<0.05) different between the treatments. Inclusion of spent compost straw up to 20% of the diet did not affect the digestibility of DM, OM, CF, ADF and NDF, but the diet containing 30% compost straw had statistically (p<0.05) lower digestibilities. Nitrogen balance was also significantly (p<0.05) different between the treatments. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2006. Vol 19, No. 6 : 845-851)

Nutritive Value of Wheat Straw Treated with Pleurotus Fungi

Soaked and pasteurised wheat straw was inoculated with five species of Pleurotus fungi (coded P-21, P-30, P-41, P-60 and P-90), packed in polyethylene bags and incubated in a fermentation chamber for 21 days. The chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability of the treated and untreated straw were estimated using a complete randomised design consisting of six treatments and four replicates. In a feeding trial, in vivo digestibility and voluntary intake were determined in bulls, using a 3x3 change over design. Dietary treatments were: 1) untreated wheat straw (UWS) as control; 2) fungal treated (P-41) wheat straw before mushroom formation (FTWS); 3) spent wheat straw (SPWS) after mushrooms were harvested. Apart from P-90, fungal treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased the crude protein (CP) and reduced the cell wall components of the straw. The in vitro dry mater and organic mater digestibility significantly (p<0.05) increased in the treated straw particularly with the treatments of P-41 and P-60. The in situ degradability and in vivo digestibility of DM and OM were significantly (p<0.05) increased in treated straws with the highest values observed for treatment P-41. The intake of DM, OM and digestible organic mater (DOM) were significantly (p<0.05) increased in cows fed FTWS.

Nutritive value of Agaricus bisporus mushroom spent wheat straw as ruminant feed

Since last decades, much interest has been evidenced for bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials such as production of edible mushroom. In Iran, the mushroom industry has been expanded during the last 20 years and currently more than 50000 tons of mushroom compost is produced annually by aerobic fermentation system. The compost remained after cropping of mushroom constitutes a potential pollutant and its disposal increases the production cost. This waste material is usually rich of microorganisms and extra cellular enzymes (Ball and Jacksa, 1995) and contains a high level of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and trace elements and more degradable than the original straw in the rumen (Zadrazil, 1997). However, there are limited information regarding the nutritive value and utilisation of the mushroom spent straw in animal nutrition. This experiment was conducted to study the nutritive value and acceptability of the Agaricus bisporus mushroom spent wheat straw, obtained from bag system mushroom growing in sheep nutrition.

Comparative evaluation of wheat and paddy straws for mushroom production and feeding residual straws to ruminants

Wheat and paddy straws were studied for the growth of Pleurotus, and the feeding of left-over spent straws (at 50 and 100% replacement levels of plain straws) to Murrah buffalo calves. The yield of fruiting bodies was much higher with wheat straw than with paddy straw. The results on feeding trials showed that there was little difference in the treated and untreated straws with respect to most of the parameters like feed intake and utilization, except that the spent wheat straw could be fed at a higher level than spent paddy straw to young buffaloes.

Acceptability, body weight changes and digestibility of spent wheat straw after harvesting of Pleurotus sajor-caju

Wheat straw was used as substrate for the production of fruiting bodies of Pleurotus sajor-caju and the spent straw left after harvesting was evaluated as feed for lambs. Comparative studies of voluntary-intake and body weight changes using raw and spent straw rations indicated similar behaviour. In vivo digestibilities gave similar values for dry matter and organic matter (52–55% and 55–58% respectively). The in vitro dry matter digestibilities (25-18% enzymatic and 56-49% ruminal) did not correlate well with the in vivo results.

Efficacy of two newly formulated supplementary diets for carp, Cyprinus carpio Var. communis (Linn.): Effects on flesh composition

Two new supplementary diets prepared by replacing groundnut oil-cake completely and rice bran partially from the traditional diet (TD) used in India (rice bran, 66·6%; groundnut oil-cake, 33·3%) with some widely available wastes and by-products were tested for their efficacy in 200 days carp culture. The effects of these diets on the survival, growth and yield and maturity of fish are published elsewhere. Results on flesh composition are presented in this paper. The flesh composition of carp fed with TD, diet A (rice bran, 50%; kitchen garbage, 25%; mushroom spent wheat straw, 5%; poultry droppings, 5%; fish meal, 2·5% and cheese whey, 12·5%) and diet B (rice bran, 25%; kitchen garbage, 25%; mushroom spent wheat straw, 12·5%; poultry droppings, 12·5%; slaughterhouse waste, 7·5%; fish meal, 5%; and cheese whey, 12·5%) was not much different. On the basis of the existing differences, however, diet A produced better quality flesh with maximum protein, minimum carbohydrate and low fat and ash contents. Diet B produced poorer quality flesh with minimum protein, high carbohydrate and maximum fat and ash contents.

Acceptability and nutritive evaluation of Pleurotus harvested spent wheat straw in buffaloes

Eight adult male buffaloes were distributed randomly into two groups for comparative metabolism trials with Pleurotus (edible mushroom) harvested spent wheat straw (SWS) or wheat straw, with a concentrate mixture in both groups. The soft texture made the SWS, when fed alone, acceptable to the buffaloes. Compared with wheat straw, the SWS had low nutrients and high ash content. Although the daily dry matter (DM) intakes were similar under the two feeding regimens, the digestibility of nutrients was significantly lower, with low N retention, for SWS. The Digestible Crude Protein (DCP), Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) and Metabolizable Energy (ME) contents of SWS were 0·80%, 26·5% and 5·45 MJ kg −1, respectively. The high acceptability of SWS suggested that if the SWS rations are formulated on an apparent digestible organic matter basis it can be efficiently utilized by the animals.