Spent Mushroom Substrate Compost Research Articles

Effects of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on phosphorus components, humus and bacterial community metabolism during spent mushroom substrate composting

To address the low conversion of effective phosphorus during previous studies on spent mushroom substrate (SMS) composting, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were utilized to increase the effective phosphorus content in this study. The results demonstrated that PSB treatments exhibited higher temperature levels up to 66 °C. The TN, NH4+-N, and NO3−-N contents were higher than those of the control treatment (CK) by 9.01%, 50.01%, and 4.61%, respectively. Inoculation with PSB increased effective phosphorus, total phosphorus, and humus content in the SMS compost by 6.84%, 11.05%, and 9.10%. In addition, based on PICRUSt analysis, inoculation with PSB significantly promoted metabolic pathways associated with phosphorus conversion or the production of substances that can facilitate phosphorus conversion or phosphorus leaching, thus improving phosphorus utilization in compost. In conclusion, the addition of PSB can improve the bioavailability of P and the humus content in SMS compost to realize the green and sustainable development of the edible mushroom industry.

Increasing the value of Phragmites australis straw in a sustainable integrated agriculture model (SIAM) comprising edible mushroom cultivation and spent mushroom substrate compost

Because of the regular annual harvest, Phragmites australis used in wetland protection produces an abundance of straw, resulting in a large amount of straw waste. As a result, the extra straw should be used in a convenient and efficient manner. A comprehensive analysis of P. australis straw use in Pleurotus cultivation and spent mushroom substrate compost was performed in this study to increase its value. The lignocellulose content in the straw was shown to meet the nutritional requirements of the Pleurotus mushroom. Immediately thereafter, the replacement of bagasse with P. australis proved to be reasonable for Pleurotus eryngii substrate and could generate a profit of ¥17,400 per 10,000 cultivation bags. Substituting P. australis for approximately 20 % to 40 % of bagasse is recommended for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation and can yield a profit of approximately ¥16,000. Spent mushroom substrate compost was confirmed to increase the organic matter content, and post-compost use of this substrate as a fertilizer could increase economic income by approximately ¥1000 for every 10,000 bags. Overall, this recycling pathway for P. australis resources presents positive ecological and social benefits, and the model is a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for agricultural waste worthy of promotion and further application.

Effects of two types nitrogen sources on humification processes and phosphorus dynamics during the aerobic composting of spent mushroom substrate.

Aerobic composting is increasingly regarded as a promising technology for the recycling of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), and an applicable nitrogen source is necessary to improve the process. This study is the first to investigate the effects of protein-like N source (chicken manure, CM) and high-N source (urea, UR) on humification process and P dynamics during SMS composting. The effect of different N sources on microbial succession was also studied. Results showed that CM addition achieved a longer thermophilic phase (16d vs 9d), greater germination indices (131.6% vs 106.3%), and higher total phosphorus content (13.1g/kg vs 6.56g/kg) in the end products, as compared to UR. The addition of CM showed beneficial effects on humification and stabilization, including decreased weight loss and fluctuations in the level of functional groups. The P produced in the compost was interconverted and leached in the P pool. In this case, the P detected in the compost was in the form of orthophosphate and MgNH4PO4⋅6H2O crystal as inorganic P and orthophosphate monoester as organic P. The most abundant microorganisms at the phylum level mainly include Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria, accounting for more than 88% of the total microorganisms. The addition of CM to SMS compost resulted in higher organic matter degradation rates. This work clarified the role of various N sources in SMS composting and presented an appropriate waste management method beneficial to bioresource technology and sustainable development of the edible fungi business.

Organic Amendments Prepared from Spent Mushroom Substrate Efficiently Immobilize Cd and Attenuate Cd Uptake by Rape Seedlings

To immobilize Cd in soil and attenuate its uptake by vegetables, spent mushroom substrate (SMS), spent mushroom substrate biochar (SMSB), and SMS compost were employed as organic amendments to secu...

Using Agrowastes in Mushroom Production and Compost Recycling to Control Cucumber Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare

Four types of grains; sorghum, rice, maize and wheat were evaluated as carriers for spawn preparation for mushroom production in winter of 2018. The most suitable spawns used were on rice or wheat grains. Two strains of the Basidio-fungus Pleurotus were cultivated on rice straw separately at spawn ratio 5%. Chemical analysis of fruiting bodies showed that P. sajor-caju recorded 15.1, 7.8, 53.7, 13.6 and 6.49% for crude protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber and ash, respectively. While chemical analysis of P. florida fruiting bodies recorded 13.9, 5.6, 57.5, 11.3 and 9.87%, respectively for the same components. On the other hand, chemical analysis of rice straw was carried out before and after cultivation of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) which was leftover as wastes from mushroom production through the entire year. SMS was used in greenhouse for cucumber plantation as an organic matter as a soil supplement and cucumber diseases control. Ascending order of inhibition was noticed with increasing filtrate concentration. Pleurotus florida inhibited mycelia growth of C. orbiculare at 42.2, 50.0, 75.6 and 78.9% when media were treated with 25, 50, 75 and 100% concentration, respectively. Extract of P. florida gave a maximum effect of 78.9% inhibition when compared to the other strain which gave 70.0%. All treatments used in this experiment seemed to promote germination percentage from 35% (control 2 = soil + C. orbiculare) to 92% resulted from 100% SMS in case of P. florida SMS compost. Although values of germination percentage were lower in case of SMS produced through mushroom production using the strain P. sajor-caju, it promoted from 40 (control 2) to 93% (100% SMS). Relative effects of SMS were calculated between each two treatments having the same amount of SMS. The maximum relative increment recorded in case of T7 with P. florida SMS which calculate +163 in seed germination, followed by T7 with P. sajor-caju (+132.5). Simultaneously, disease incidence was negatively affected with SMS treatments. The least disease incidence was recorded with T7 with P. sajor-caju which recorded negative value that could be explained by saving weak seeds from decline with boost of some antimicrobial substance.

Impact of spent mushroom substrate on Cd immobilization and soil property.

This study aims to evaluate the potential of fresh spent mushroom substrate (SMS) in Cd immobilization and soil improvement, compared with spent mushroom substrate biochar (SMSB) and spent mushroom substrate compost (SMSC). A simulating remediation experiment was conducted with soil at Cd concentration of 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4mgkg-1 and amendment addition ratio of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% for 90days. At the end of incubation, it was found that 4%SMS addition showed the best effect both on Cd immobilization and soil improvement. It decreased Cd exchangeable fraction ratio by 52.77% (16.30% higher than 4%SMSC) and increased residual fraction ratio by 65.28% (36.34% and 49.64% higher than 4%SMSB and 4%SMSC, respectively); increased soil pH, EC, and CEC by 10.43% (3.83% higher than 4%SMSC), 11.54%, and 29.72%; and increased urease activity, sucrase activity, and catalase activity by 125.61% (43.90% and 8.54% higher than 4%SMSB and 4%SMSC, respectively), 79.46% (35.35% and 14.02% higher than 4%SMSB and 4%SMSC, respectively), and 75.68% (29.73% higher than 4%SMSB), compared with control treatment (CK) respectively. The results demonstrate that 4%SMS can be used as amendments for cadmium-contaminated soils.

Combination of agricultural waste compost and biofertilizer improves yield and enhances the sustainability of a pepper field

AbstractApplication of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has been considered as an environmentally friendly method for crop yield promotion as well as plant disease management. Efforts have been devoted to unraveling mechanisms involved in bacteria–plant and bacteria–pathogen interactions. However, little is known on the effect of the interaction among PGPR, soil, and plant. We compared growth and yield promotion capacity of biofertilizer Ning Shield, a consortium of bacterial preparation used as a biofertilizer (BF), and its mixture with compost of agricultural waste including spent substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus (SSP)/Volvariella volvacea (SSV), chicken manure (CM), and inorganic fertilizer (IOF) in a pepper field, respectively. The disease control efficacy, pepper fruit preservation time, and nutrients were also determined. Soil nutrient parameters including organic matter and available NPK of treatments were assayed before and after one growth season. All of the mixture of BF+organic compost treatment significantly enhanced the yield and quality of pepper fruit. Moreover, disease control capacity was promoted by the mixture of BF+organic compost, with BF+SSV reaching the highest control efficacy of 81% on 60th day after transplanting, and remaining 76% at the 105th day. The BF+SSV treatment showed soil fertility retention ability with higher soil nutrient contents after one growth season of pepper. This study provides evidence that, when combined with organic fertilizers such as spent mushroom substrate compost, beneficial microbes have the ability to promote plant growth and yield as well as suppress plant disease by sustaining soil fertility through complex bacteria–soil–plant interaction.

Genetic Analysis and In Vitro Enzymatic Determination of Bacterial Community in Compost Teas from Different Sources

Compost tea has been used throughout the world to control diseases and promote the growth of plants. The microbial community is the main factor involved both in the antagonistic effect against relevant phytopathogens and as a stimulator of plant growth. The objective of this research is to determine the bacterial diversity present in four types of compost as well as some of the mechanisms that may be involved in the positive effects of compost tea on crops. Aerated (ACT) and non-aerated (NCT) compost teas were obtained from four different composts: spent mushroom substrate compost (SMC), grape marc compost (GMC), greenhouse horticultural crop residues compost (CRC), and vermicompost (CRV). 16S rDNA-based DGGE profiles were obtained for each compost tea and their respective bacterial communities were analyzed. Of the 100 clones obtained, those typical for being dominant for all profiles were chosen. In total, 20 different clones were sequenced. The results showed that the bacterial communities of most compost teas had high richness, diversity, and evenness values, with relative abundance of species belonging to Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. The NCTs obtained from all the composts, especially CRC and CRV, showed high levels of siderophore production, while teas from GMC manifested high and consistent cellulase activity. The ACTs from all the composts, especially SMC, had high protease activity.

Reuse of spent mushroom substrate as casing material for the production of milky white mushroom

An experiment was conducted to reuse waste generated from mushroom farm called composted spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as casing material for the production of milky white mushroom. The production trial of milky white mushroom was conducted with five casing mixture viz. Loam soil + Sand (3:1) (farmer’s practice), SMS compost + Sand (3:1), Loam soil + SMS compost + Sand (2:1:1), Loam soil + SMS compost + FYM (1:1:1) and SMS compost + FYM (1:1). Results revealed the suitability of SMS to reuse as casing materials through composting. Casing treatments containing SMC alone or combination with sand (3:1) and soil + FYM (1:1:1) produced statistically similar yield which were statistically higher than farmer’s practice. Among these three treatments, pH, EC, particle density and organic carbon ranged between 7.16-7.82, 1.69-1.84 mmhos cm−1, 1.52-1.90 g cc−1 and 11.3%-15.8%, respectively. Below or above this range reduced the yield of milky white mushroom. SMC, SMC + Sand (3:1) and Soil + SMC + FYM (1:1:1) produced statistically similar yield but SMC and SMC + Sand (3:1) took shorter time to harvest than Soil + SMC + FYM (1:1:1). So, SMC or SMC + Sand (3:1) can be recommended to use as casing material.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 239-247, December 2017

Composted biogas residue and spent mushroom substrate as a growth medium for tomato and pepper seedlings

A composted material derived from biogas production residues, spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and pig manure was evaluated as a partial or total replacement for peat in growth medium for tomato and pepper seedlings. Five different substrates were tested: T1, compost + perlite (5:1, v:v); T2, compost + peat + perlite (4:1:1, v:v:v); T3, compost + peat + perlite (2.5:2.5:1, v:v:v); T4, compost + peat + perlite (1:4:1, v:v:v); and CK, a commercial peat + perlite (5:1, v:v). The physical-chemical characteristics of the various media were analyzed, and the germination rate and morphological growth were also measured. Real-time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to quantify Fusarium concentrations. The addition of compost to peat-based growth medium increased the pH, electrical conductivity, air porosity, bulk density, and nutrition (NPK), and decreased the water holding capacity and total porosity. The use of compost did not affect the percent germination at day 15 of the tomato and pepper seedlings. The addition of compost resulted in better or comparable seedling quality compared with CK and fertilized CK. The best growth parameters were seen in tomato and pepper seedlings grown in T1 and T2, with higher morphological growth in comparison with CK and fertilized CK. However, T2 showed the highest Fusarium concentration compared to compost and all growth media. Fusarium concentrations in T1, T3, and T4 did not differ significantly from those in CK for tomato seedlings, and those in T1 and T4 were also similar to those in CK for pepper seedlings. The results suggest that biogas residues and SMS compost is a good alternative to peat, allowing 100% replacement, and that 20–50% replacement produces tomato and pepper seedlings with higher morphological growth and lower Fusarium concentrations.

Effect of spent mushroom compost on yield and fruit quality of tomato

An experiment was conducted to observe the performance of the composted spent mushroom substrate (SMS) along with chemical fertilizers on the yield, fruit quality and nutrient uptake by tomato plant for using the mushroom waste through composting. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with seven replications. Treatments were T1: no fertilizer and compost application (control), T2: recommended dose of fertilizers (RFD), T3: 25% SMC-N+ 75% fertilizer-N, T4: RFD + 2.5 t ha-1 SMC, T5: 50% SMC-N + 50% fertilizer-N, T6: 100% SMC-N and T7: 100% SMC-N + 50% fertilizer-N. Application of SMS compost at 2.5 t ha-1 along with recommended fertilizer dose showed the best performance for number of fruits, fruit yield, fruit quality (total protein, vitamin C, total sugar, reducing sugar) and nutrient uptake by tomato. This treatment showed significantly higher fruit yield, quality and nutrient uptake not only over control but also RFD, SMS compost alone and combination of SMS compost & RFD. Though SMS compost alone proved less effective, however combined application of SMS compost at 2.5 tha-1 with chemical fertilizer of recommended dose had shown to be more effective.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 471-477

Quality assessment of compost prepared from spent mushroom substrate

Disposal of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) generated by the mushroom production industry has an adverse effect on the environment which leads to a deterioration of soil, air and water quality. Scope exists to use this substrate to produce good quality compost. The present study was done to assess the quality of SMS compost through evaluation of their characteristics and the chemical changes that occur during composting. Physical, chemical and microbial characteristics were determined by observing color, moisture (%), size reduction, weight loss, pH, EC, different nutrient contents and abundance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. The result showed an increasing trend for the pH, N, P& S concentration and a decreasing trend for EC, OC & C/N ratio during composting period. As determined, the pH value (7.38) and the C/N ratio (21) were within the recommended range that used in different countries. The concentrations of N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn & B were measured as 1.17%, 0.08%, 1.04%, 0.11%, 2.76%, 0.43%, 0.51%, 0.03% and 0.01%, respectively, all of which were within the recommendation limits. Heavy metals such as Zn, Cu and Ni contents were recorded as 0.007%, 0.001%, and 0.33 ppm, respectively showing their values within the maximum allowable limits. The concentration of Pb and Cd was below the detection limit. The SMS compost was free of E. coli and Salmonella spp. Hence, all these properties indicate that the SMS can be effectively used to produce good quality compost.Progress. Agric. 2014. 25: 1-8

Characters of compost teas from different sources and their suppressive effect on fungal phytopathogens

Compost teas (CT) are fermented watery extracts of composted materials that are used to control plant diseases and on crop fertilization. In this work, aerated (ACT) and non-aerated compost teas (NCT) were obtained from four different composts: spent mushroom substrate compost, grape marc compost, greenhouse horticultural crop residues compost, and vermicompost. Physico-chemical and microbiological analysis were carried out to determine their properties. In vitro assays were performed to assess their suppressive effect on the mycelial growth of eight fungal phytopathogens. In vivo trials aimed to assess their effect on gummy stem blight (Didymella bryonae) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera fusca) in melon plants. Results showed that ACT and NCT filtrates inhibited the in vitro growth of all tested pathogens while autoclaved CT did not completely lose their inhibitory effect, and CT sterilized by microfiltration had no effect on the pathogen growth. The severity of powdery mildew was highly reduced by ACT and NCT from all sources, though in gummy stem blight assay only a delay in disease development was observed. In general, all compost teas showed a high level of microbial populations and nutrients. Results suggest that the efficacy of ACT and NCT firstly depend on the microbiota present in them. We consider compost teas from the four tested sources as a viable way to manage plant diseases and crop fertilization, throughout its integration in pest management programs and fertirrigation systems under different dilution rates.

Effect of spent mushroom compost tea on mycelial growth and yield of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

Preliminary studies suggested that the use of compost tea made from spent mushroom substrate (SMS) may be regarded as a potential method for biologically controlling dry bubble disease in button mushroom. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of SMS compost tea on the host, the button mushroom, to ascertain whether the addition of these water extracts has a toxic effect on Agaricus bisporus mycelium growth and on mushroom yield. In vitro experiments showed that the addition of SMS compost tea to the culture medium inoculated with a mushroom spawn grain did not have an inhibitory effect on A. bisporus mycelial growth. The effect of compost teas on the quantitative production parameters of A. bisporus (yield, unitary weight, biological efficiency and earliness) was tested in a cropping trial, applying the compost teas to the casing in three different drench applications. Quantitative production parameters were not significantly affected by the compost tea treatments although there was a slight delay of 0.8-1.4 days in the harvest time of the first flush. These results suggest that compost teas have no fungitoxic effect on A. bisporus so that they can be considered a suitable biocontrol substance for the control of dry bubble disease.