Spent Electroless Nickel Plating Baths Research Articles

Utilization of the nickel hydroxide derived from a spent electroless nickel plating bath for energy storage applications

Nickel hydroxide obtained from spent electroless nickel plating bath and its energy storage application.

Preparation and electrochemical properties of Na3V2(PO4)3/C cathode materials from spent electroless nickel plating bath

Through a sol-gel method, a honeycomb-like Na3V2(PO4)3/C cathode material for sodium-ion batteries was synthesized from a spent electroless nickel plating bath. The obtained Na3V2(PO4)3/C exhibited excellent electrochemical properties, with the initial discharge capacity of 108.3 mAh·g−1 at 0.2 C and the capacity retention of 99.3% after 300 cycles, which was comparable to that of powders prepared from chemical reagents. This study will be helpful for the value-adding utilization of the spent electroless nickel plating bath.

An efficient Two-Chamber Electrodeposition-Electrodialysis combination craft for nickel recovery and phosphorus removal from spent electroless nickel plating bath

With the continuous promotion and application of electroless nickel plating technology, the environmental pollution caused by heavy metals nickel and phosphorus in the spent bath becomes more serious. It is challenging to develop a method for the treatment of a spent electroless nickel plating bath with the high-efficiency recovery of Ni2+ and synchronous removal of HPO32-, no secondary pollution, and low energy consumption. Herein, a means that absolutely incorporates the ascendancy of two single treatment methods, called a combination of electrodialysis and electrodeposition, was used to treat the spent electroless nickel plating bath. The effects of current density, operation time, pH value of the spent bath, dilution multiple, flow rate, and electrolyte (Na2SO4) concentration on the recovery, removal rate, and energy consumption were investigated. Then, the reusability of the ion-exchange membrane was studied. The experimental results indicated that the recovery of Ni2+ was 82.34%, the removal of HPO32- was 51.61%, the energy consumption of this method was only 18.28 Wh/kg, and the stability of the anion exchange membrane was desirable. Overall, the study of this combined process provides a basis for the one-step treatment of spent electroless nickel plating bath by a comprehensive method and an idea for engineering the application of handling spent bath.

Effect of cellulose triacetate membrane thickness on forward‐osmosis performance and application for spent electroless nickel plating baths

ABSTRACTCellulose triacetate (CTA) forward‐osmosis (FO) membranes were prepared via the phase inversion method. The influence of thickness on the performance and morphology of CTA FO membranes was discussed in detail. When the thickness of the membrane was 50.0 ± 0.5 μm (CTA4), the prototype CTA membranes displayed a water flux of 20.2 L m−2 h−1 and a reverse salt transport of 14.6 g m−2 h−1 using 1 mol/L NaCl as the draw solution and deionized water as the feed solution during the FO process at 25 °C. In addition, the high‐performance CTA4 FO membranes have been used to process spent electroless nickel plating baths where the water flux could reach 13 L m−2 h−1 and NiSO4·6H2O crystals occurred in the feed solution of the spent electroless nickel plating baths. The recovery rates of NiSO4·6H2O and water from the spent electroless nickel plating baths were 44.54% and 53.53%, respectively. This study focused on improving membrane design for the FO process and finding a new method of waste liquor or wastewater treatment. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45049.

Simultaneously recover Ni, P and S from spent electroless nickel plating bath through forming graphene/NiAl layered double-hydroxide composite

A novel approach for the recovery of Ni, P and S was proposed through forming graphene oxide/NiAl layered double-hydroxide composite (GO/NiAl-LDHs) from the spent electroless nickel (EN) plating baths with an aid of ultrasonic wave. The recovery efficiency of Ni, P and S could reach to 97.2%, 90.7% and 91.9% under the optimum conditions (pH 5.5, Ni2+:Al3+ 2:1 (molar), ultrasonic intensity 7.7W/cm with 60min). The recovered material was full characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Icp-Oes inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and electrochemistry techniques. The produced GO/NiAl-LDHs shows promising applications as catalyst for methanol oxidation and electrode material for supercapacitor with a maximum specific capacitance of 911F/g at current density of 1.0A/g.

Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol

Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel (EN) plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine–formaldehyde–tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon (MFT/AC). PdCl2 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite (Ni/AC) in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol.

Preparation of nanometer nickel powder from spent electroless nickel plating baths by using thiourea dioxide as a green reductant

Abstract Considering the serious environmental problem and recent high nickel prices, it is urgent to develop an effective method to treat the large amount of spent electroless nickel plating (EN) baths. In this research, the recovery of nickel from spent EN baths by using dioxide thiourea (TD) as the reductant was studied. The final products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Reaction parameters such as pH value, temperature and reaction time were optimized. The experimental results showed that about 98% nickel was obtained in 10 min, at pH 13.5, 80 °C in the presence of a certain amount of TD (mole ratio of TD to nickel(II) was 1:1.95). The SEM photos showed that the morphology of obtained nickel powder was uniform and spherical with the size of 15–25 nm. The XRD analysis demonstrated the high purity of obtained nickel powder. In the post-treatment, dithiocarbamate type chelating resin (DTCR) was used as the advanced treatment agent to remove the residual nickel(II) in the supernatant. The final concentration of the treated wastewater was 0.95 mg L −1 , which was below the national discharge standard of 1.0 mg L −1 . Since thiourea is a common industrial reductant, it is foreseen that this methodology holds the potential for industrial scale treatment of spent EN baths.

Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization of iminodiacetic acid-functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate)grafted at carbon fibers for nano-nickel recovery from spent electroless nickel plating baths

In this work, iminodiacetic acid-functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate)grafted carbon fibers (CCFs) were prepared by electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) for nano-nickel recovery from spent electroless nickel (EN) plating baths. The adsorption behaviors of Ni2+ were investigated at CCFs in the spent EN plating baths. The adsorption kinetics perfectly fitted pseudo-second order model with a chemisorption process. The thermodynamic parameters suggested that adsorption was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. The adsorption maximum capacity was 0.908 mM g−1 under optimum conditions (pH 5.2, 50 °C and 40 min). The present materials were carefully characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, and electrochemical techniques. Experimental results showed that CCFs were successfully prepared, which were efficient adsorbent and support for nano-nickel recovery from the spent EN plating baths.

Recovery of high purity ferric phosphate from a spent electroless nickel plating bath

In this study, the UV-Fenton process was used to treat a spent electroless nickel plating bath, and to recover high purity ferric phosphate which could be used as a raw material in lithium ferric phosphate batteries. The effects of different parameters such as the H2O2 dosage, the H2O2 and Fe2+ feeding modes and the initial temperature on the treatment efficiency of the process were investigated. The results indicated that the UV-Fenton process could effectively remove the chemical oxidation demand by about 96.1%. Meanwhile, the phosphate produced from the complete oxidation of hypophosphite and phosphite was recovered as a precipitation of ferric phosphate. According to the results, about 99.9% of the phosphorus in the spent electroless nickel plating bath can be recovered. Recovered ferric phosphate particles were high in purity and nanometer-sized. This method utilizes relatively clean and economical reagents in the recovery of phosphorus resources, and does not generate hazardous substances. It will provide a new green method for the spent electroless nickel plating bath treatment.

エマルションフロー抽出法による 使用済み無電解ニッケルめっき液からのニッケルリサイクル

エマルションフロー抽出法による 使用済み無電解ニッケルめっき液からのニッケルリサイクル

Selective Uptake by Akaganeite (β-FeOOH) and Ferrihydrite of Phosphite Ions from Real Spent Electroless Nickel Plating Baths

Abstract Phosphite uptake from real spent electroless nickel (EN) plating baths of 3 and 5 turnovers by akaganeite, ferrihydrite, and AMF adsorbent was studied batch-wise. The akaganeite exhibited high affinity toward phosphite ions with uptake of 1.0–1.2 mmol g−1 depending on the turnovers, whereas the hypophosphite and sulfate uptakes were very low (<0.1 mmol g−1).

Preparation of tetraoxalyl ethylenediamine melamine resin grafted-carbon fibers for nano-nickel recovery from spent electroless nickel plating baths

A novel nickel recovery method was designed using tetraoxalyl ethylenediamine melamine chelate resin grafted-carbon fibers (MFT/CFs) from the spent electroless nickel plating baths. The process involved inoculation of tetraoxalyl ethylenediamine melamine chelate resin at CFs, the adsorption and eletrodeposition of Ni2+ at MFT/CFs. Ethylenediamine was covalently modified at CFs by constant potential, tetraoxalyl ethylenediamine was grafted at the CFs by amidation reaction, then melamine, formaldehyde and tetraoxalyl ethylenediamine could be polymerized at the CFs. The MFT/CFs showed an excellent uptake effect for Ni2+ with a pseudo-second order model. The interaction mechanism between Ni2+ and active sites has been interpreted as chelation. Nano-nickel coated-MFT/CFs materials could be obtained by electrodeposition (Ni/MFT/CFs). The present materials were carefully examined by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemistry techniques. The characterization results suggested the formation of Ni/MFT/CFs with a good electrocatalysis for ethanol oxidation.

溶媒抽出法を用いた使用済み無電解ニッケルめっき液からのニッケル連続回収

溶媒抽出法を用いた使用済み無電解ニッケルめっき液からのニッケル連続回収

Analysis of continuous solvent extraction of nickel from spent electroless nickel plating baths by a mixer-settler

It is urgent to develop an effective technique to treat the large amount of spent electroless nickel plating bath and recycle the high concentration nickel. In our previous study, high recycling efficiency of nickel from the model spent bath was obtained by continuous solvent extraction with 2-hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenone oxime (LIX84I) as the extractant and 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A) as the accelerator using a mixer-settler extractor. It was observed that the extraction efficiency was affected by the operation parameters such as the flow rates of the aqueous and organic phases and the total stage number. In the present study, the effects of the operation parameters on the extraction efficiency were quantitatively studied on the basis of the pseudo-first-order interfacial extraction rate equation together with the hydrodynamic properties in the mixer. The organic phase holdup, measured under varying conditions of the flow rates of both phases, was analyzed by the Takahashi-Takeuchi holdup model in order to estimate the specific interfacial area. The overall extraction rate coefficients defined by the product of the interfacial extraction rate constant and the specific interfacial area were evaluated using the experimental data and ranged from 3.5 × 10 −3 to 6.7 × 10 −3 s −1, which was close to the value of 3.4 × 10 −3 s −1 obtained by batch extraction. Finally, an engineering simulation method was established for assessing the extraction efficiency of nickel during a multistage operation.

Solvent extraction recovery of nickel from spent electroless nickel plating baths by a mixer-settler extractor

The treatment of spent electroless nickel plating baths has attracted much attention from the standpoints of environmental protection and nickel recycling. In order to design a nickel recovery process from the spent baths, the continuous extraction and stripping of nickel in the spent baths were carried out using a mixer-settler extractor. 2-Hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenone oxime (LIX84I) and 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A) were used as the extractant and the accelerator, respectively. The effects of the accelerator, flow rates and total stage number were investigated. It was found that the extraction efficiency was significantly increased by adding the accelerator. The extraction and stripping efficiencies were affected by the flow rates of the organic and aqueous phases, and its mechanism was qualitatively discussed on the basis of the stoichiometric relation of the extraction and the hydrodynamic properties of the mixer. A high nickel extraction efficiency (99.9%) was achieved using a countercurrent three-stage extraction process, while the most concentrated nickel sulfate solution (0.49 kmol/m 3) was obtained with the stripping efficiency of 98.4% in a countercurrent two-stage stripping. This continuous extraction–stripping technique is expected to be effective for recycling nickel from the spent baths.

Structure of the Extracted Complex in the Ni(II)‐LIX84I System and the Effect of D2EHPA Addition

The structure of the Ni(II) complex extracted with the commercial hydroxyoxime, LIX84I, and the effect of adding bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) to LIX84I on the extraction rate and the coordination of Ni(II) were investigated by solvent extraction and XAFS methods. The XANES spectrum and the curve fits of the EXAFS spectrum of the Ni‐LIX84I complex showed that the complex is four‐coordinate square‐planar with a 1:2 stoichiometry. In the Ni(II)–D2EHPA–LIX84I system, the coordination geometry changes from square‐planar to six‐coordinate octahedral with an increase in the D2EHPA concentration. Although the rate of Ni(II) extraction from the model spent electroless nickel plating bath with LIX84I is significantly accelerated by adding a small amount of D2EHPA ([LIX84I]: 0.5 M, [D2EHPA]: 0.05 M), most of the Ni(II) complexes extracted with this organic solution remain square‐planar. This indicates that the increase in the extraction rate does not depend on the change in the coordination structure of the extracted complex.

Recovery of spent electroless nickel plating bath by electrodialysis

Recovery of spent electroless nickel plating (EN) bath decreases the drainage of waste water and saves resources. During the treatment of spent EN bath by electrodialysis, the removals of harmful components, such as phosphite, sulfate and sodium ions, were significant, meanwhile the reduction rates of useful components, for example, hypophosphite and nickel ions, were slow, which was beneficial to the regeneration of spent EN bath. The process was characterized in terms of limiting current density, membrane fouling, removal of main components, and current efficiency. The correlation between working current, concentration changes and run time was discussed. Using actual spent EN bath the fouling behavior of the membranes was investigated in long-term experiments.

Precipitation treatment of spent electroless nickel plating baths

Electroless nickel plating (EN) has become popular because of its many advantages over the conventional electroplating process. A wide variety of technologies is available for treating spent EN baths containing high concentrations of nickel salt, reducing reagents, organic acids and other compounds. Considering capital investment and the operating-maintenance cost, precipitation as nickel hydroxide resulting from pH adjustment alone, using caustic soda or lime, and/or as elemental nickel with further addition of sodium borohydride are often the preferred methods for treating spent EN baths. Chemical principles governing the nickel removal processes are presented. Limitations of the two precipitation methods and the necesssary modifications are illustrated with experimental results on nickel removals from eight nickel chloride-organic acid solutions, six typical sodium hypophosphite-reduced EN baths, and three actual spent EN baths. For most spent EN baths, on-site precipitation treatment can be implemented to meet the effluent limits at a cost much less than off-site disposal alternatives.