Speeding Tickets Research Articles

Drivers’ long-term crash risks associated with being ticketed for speeding

Introduction: This research analyzes the relationship between police-issued tickets for speeding and the crash risk of those drivers, in New Zealand, between 2015–2019. Method: The main data are constructed through data-matching license details of crash outcomes with all officer-issued tickets for speeding between 2015–2016 (N = 534,935). The sub-group of drivers that accumulate tickets is compared to a coarsened exact matched set of drivers of the same age. Results: There is a strong relationship between the number of tickets a person has in a two-year period (2015–16) and the likelihood of a crash outcome (2017–2019). However, the accumulation of tickets is not the best predictor of crash likelihood. A combination of the excess in speed and the accumulation of tickets increases the relative odds of a subsequent crash. These results are discussed considering the threshold at which New Zealand criminalizes alcohol-relating offending (notionally 4.2 times the base rate crash risk). The same rate of elevated crash risk exists when a driver has one ticket for being 10 km/h over the speed limit and has another speeding ticket within two years.

Fines, nonpayment, and revenues: evidence from speeding tickets

Abstract We estimate the effect of the level of fines on payment compliance and revenues collected from speeding tickets. Exploiting discontinuous increases in fines at speed cutoffs and reform-induced variation in these discontinuities, we implement two complementary regression discontinuity designs. The results consistently document small payment responses: a 10% increase in the fine (i.e., the payment obligation) induces a 1.2 percentage point decline in timely payments. The implied revenue elasticity is about 0.9. Expressed in absolute terms, a one-dollar increase in the fine translates into a roughly 60-cent increase in payments collected within 15 days (JEL H27, H26, K42).

Examining enforcement coverage for speeding and red-light offenses across various populations and driver characteristics

Over the years empirical evidence has shown that traffic enforcement reduces traffic violations, crashes, and casualties. However, less attention has been paid to enforcement coverage across different populations and driver characteristics. The current study develops and explores a method for estimating police enforcement coverage, by comparing the share of drivers across several characteristics who received tickets from automatic speed and red-light cameras – as an objective estimate of offenses committed – to the share of drivers who received tickets through manual police enforcement. Using data from all speeding and red-light tickets issued to Israelis over a period of one and a half years, we found under-enforcement by police officers for female drivers, two-wheeled vehicle drivers (for speeding), and drivers with previous tickets. We found over-enforcement for younger drivers, truck drivers, and two-wheeled vehicle drivers (for red-light offenses). The findings suggest that the method developed in the research is able to identify groups of drivers who are over- or under-enforced. Police authorities can use this information to create evidence-based enforcement policies.

Driven by head or heart? Testing the effect of rational and emotional anti-speeding messages on self-reported speeding intentions

With speeding being a major factor in road traffic injuries and deaths, an important challenge lies in devising effective policy measures to influence drivers' speeding intentions. This paper investigates the effects of rational and emotional anti-speeding messages on self-reported speeding intentions of drivers who received a speeding ticket. Message design and evaluation built on protection motivation theory (PMT). In a randomized 3-group survey (N = 600), Group A (n = 200) received a standard administrative message; Group B (n = 200) received the standard message together with a rational-based anti-speeding message; Group C (n = 200) received the standard message together with an emotional-based anti-speeding message. Only Group B respondents reported lower intention to speed in general. Both rational- and emotional-based messages influenced respondents' reported intentions to reduce their speed in school zones and residential areas (30 km/h speed limits in both instances). The standard administrative message accompanying a speeding ticket was not associated either with respondents' reported general or area-related speeding intentions. PMT provided a valid theoretical basis for developing and evaluating evidence-based anti-speeding messages.

Application of Deep Learning and Neural Network to Speeding Ticket and Insurance Claim Count Data

With the popularity of big data analysis with insurance claim count data, diverse regression models for count response variable have been developed. However, there is a multicollinearlity issue with multivariate input variables to the count response regression models. Recently, deep learning and neural network models for count response have been proposed, and a Keras and Tensorflow-based deep learning model has been also proposed. To apply the deep learning and neural network models to non-normal insurance claim count data, we perform the root mean square error accuracy comparison of gradient boosting machines (a popular machine learning regression tree algorithm), principal component analysis (PCA)-based Poisson regression, PCA-based negative binomial regression, and PCA-based zero inflated poisson regression to avoid the multicollinearity of multivariate input variables with the simulated normal distribution data and the non-normal simulated data combined with normally distributed data, binary data, copula-based asymmetrical data, and two real data sets, which consist of speeding ticket and Singapore insurance claim count data.

Private electoral finance and democratic theory

Private electoral finance and democratic theory

Salience and Timely Compliance: Evidence from Speeding Tickets

AbstractThis paper studies the enforcement of fines, and, in particular, the effects of simplification and salience nudges on timely payments. In a randomized controlled trial, we add cover letters to 80,000 payment notifications for speeding. The letters increase the salience of the payment deadline, the late penalty, or both. Emphasizing only the deadline is not effective. Stressing the late penalty significantly and persistently increases payment rates. The effect is largest if both parameters are made salient. The most effective treatment yields a net revenue gain that covers approximately 25 percent of the labor costs of the ticket administration personnel. A survey experiment documents how the salience nudges alter prior (mis)perceptions about the communicated parameters. The survey results rationalize the differential effects of the treatments and, together with the evidence from the RCT, offer a broader framework for explaining why certain nudges are effective in some contexts but fail in others.

Fines, Non-Payment, and Revenues: Evidence from Speeding Tickets

Fines, Non-Payment, and Revenues: Evidence from Speeding Tickets

Learning from Law Enforcement

Abstract This paper studies how punishment affects future compliance behavior and isolates deterrence effects mediated by learning. Using administrative data from speed cameras that capture the full driving histories of more than a million cars over several years, we evaluate responses to punishment at the extensive (receiving a speeding ticket) and intensive margins (tickets with higher fines). Two complementary empirical strategies—a regression discontinuity design and an event study—coherently document strong responses to receiving a ticket: The speeding rate drops by a third and re-offense rates fall by 70%. Higher fines produce a small but imprecisely estimated additional effect. All responses occur immediately and are persistent over time, with no backsliding toward speeding even two years after receiving a ticket. Our evidence rejects unlearning and temporary salience effects. Instead, it supports a learning model in which agents update their priors on the expected punishment in a coarse manner.

The Relationship between Crash Severity and Speeding Tickets: Lessons from a Nation-wide Survey

Although many studies have investigated the relationship between car-crash severity and its determinants, few studies have taken advantage of nationwide datasets. This is especially true for developing countries. This study uses a unique dataset that includes all official police-recorded accidents in a developing country, namely Turkey. With this dataset, we estimate the relationship between the number of speeding tickets and multiple vehicle involvement, applying both Poisson and probit models for our analysis. Our estimates show a negative relationship between the number of speeding tickets issued in the provinces and the severity of deadly crashes; however, when we use the number of injured due to accidents, we find a positive relationship. This suggests that speeding tickets are a good policy to reduce crash severity. In addition, our analysis lets us investigate the determinants of crash severity.

A Few Bad Apples? Racial Bias in Policing

We estimate the degree to which individual police officers practice racial discrimination. Using a bunching estimation design and data from the Florida Highway Patrol, we show that minorities are less likely to receive a discount on their speeding tickets than White drivers. Disaggregating this difference to the individual police officer, we estimate that 42 percent of officers practice discrimination. We then apply our officer- level discrimination measures to various policy-relevant questions in the literature. In particular, reassigning officers across locations based on their lenience can effectively reduce the aggregate disparity in treatment (JEL H76, J15, K42)

Penerapan Firebase Realtime Database pada Aplikasi E-Tilang Smartphone berbasis Mobile Android

Traffic violations are familiar things on the highway. For road users who commit traffic violations will be given sanctions such as reprimands, warnings or given a ticket. The speeding ticket is a medium for the police to write fines and violations against road users who commit traffic violations. In this modern era ideas and ideas have emerged to develop a system or application that can facilitate the performance, needs and human activities through an intermediary smartphone. E-ticketing is a digitization of the manual ticketing process that fills offenders data on the ticketing sheet. The e-ticket helps the police in the ticketing process by entering data in the application, utilizing the Firebase Realtime Database technology through smartphone intermediaries. The purpose of this study is to create a traffic violator or E-ticketing system using the Firebase Realtime Database technology. Then provide attachments to offenders in the form of notifications through the E-ticket application, and assist the police in an effort to deal with traffic offenders. The results of this study showed 80.5% of respondents rated the Application of Firebase Realtime Database on the Android-based Smartphone Mobile E-Ticket Application in accordance with the needs of the police in carrying out the ticketing process.

A Few Bad Apples? Racial Bias in Policing

We estimate the degree to which individual police officers practice racial discrimination. Using a bunching estimation design and data from the Florida Highway Patrol, we show that minorities are less likely to receive a discount on their speeding tickets than white drivers. Disaggregating this difference to the individual police officer, we find that 40% of officers explain all of the aggregate discrimination. We then apply our officer- level discrimination measures to various policy-relevant questions in the literature. In particular, reassigning officers across locations based on their lenience can effectively reduce the aggregate disparity in treatment.

Overcoming the benchmark problem in estimating bias in traffic enforcement: the use of automatic traffic enforcement cameras

The existence of bias in law enforcement can be difficult to verify or disprove, in part because of the difficulty of finding a benchmark—an objective estimate of actual offenses committed by the studied population—that can be compared with police enforcement. In the current study, we propose and test a method for examining bias in enforcement of speeding offenses. Using all speeding tickets issued in Israel in 2013–2015, we compare speeding tickets generated by stationary automatic traffic cameras, which provide an objective estimate of speed offenses, with speeding tickets issued manually by police officers, based on drivers’ ethnicity with further distribution by gender and age. Initial findings indicate that, overall, speeding tickets issued by police officers in Israel are not biased based on drivers’ ethnicity. This study highlights the importance of distinguishing between overrepresentation and bias in law enforcement, which sometimes seem to be blurred in the literature.

Salience, Incentives, and Timely Compliance: Evidence from Speeding Tickets

This paper studies the enforcement of fines. We randomly assign 80,000 speeding tickets to treatments that increase the salience of the payment deadline, late penalties, or both. Stressing the penalties significantly and persistently increases payment rates. Emphasizing only the deadline is not effective. The findings from the RCT are consistent with a survey experiment which documents the treatments' impact on priors about parameters of the compliance problem. Exploiting discontinuous variation in fines, we then document a strong price responsiveness: a 1% increase in the payment obligation induces a 0.23 percentage point decrease in timely compliance. This semi-elasticity suggests that the impact of the salience nudges is equivalent to the effect of a 4-9% reduction in fines.

Learning from Law Enforcement

This paper studies how punishment for past offenses affects future compliance behavior and isolates deterrence effects mediated by learning. Using administrative data from speed cameras that capture the full driving histories of more than a million cars over several years, we evaluate responses to punishment at the extensive (receiving a speeding ticket) and intensive (tickets with higher fines) margins. Two complementary empirical strategies - a regression discontinuity design and an event study - coherently document strong responses to receiving a ticket: the speeding rate drops by a third and re-offense rates fall by 70%. Higher fines produce only a limited additional effect. All responses occur immediately and are persistent over time, with no 'backsliding' towards speeding even two years after receiving a ticket. Our evidence rejects unlearning and temporary salience effects. Instead, it supports a learning model in which agents update their priors on the expected punishment in a 'coarse' manner. Additional results indicate that learning from law enforcement affects drivers' behavior more broadly, including spillovers on non-ticketed drivers.

The need for speed: observational study of physician driving behaviors

ObjectiveTo determine whether fast driving, luxury car ownership, and leniency by police officers differ across medical specialties.DesignObservational study.SettingFlorida, USA.Participants5372 physicians and a sample of 19 639 non-physicians issued a ticket...

Are you going to get a ticket or a warning for speeding? An autologistic regression analysis in Burlington, VT

Law enforcement is critical for improving traffic safety. However, disputes on the equity in law enforcement have continuously exacerbated the distrust between the public and the law enforcement agencies in the United States in the past decades. This study explores this issue by identifying factors influencing outcomes of traffic stops - the most common scenarios where people need to deal with law enforcement agencies. To exclude possible confounding factors, this study specifically focuses on speeding traffic stops leading to tickets or warnings in Burlington, Vermont from 2012 to 2017. The Euclidean distance-based autologistic regression model is adopted due to the presence of spatial correlations of traffic stops. It is found that with the increasing speeding severity, a speeding traffic stop is more likely to lead to a ticket. Speeding of 20 mph over the speed limit significantly influences the penalty type. Young drivers, male drivers and minority drivers are found to be more likely to be issued tickets, which suggests the possible presence of some inherent biases against these groups. In addition, time of day and month are also found to influence the likelihood of receiving speeding tickets. These findings are expected to help both the public and law enforcement agencies to better understand the characteristics of law enforcement and take appropriate measures to eliminate possible biases.

Traffic Effectiveness by Law Enforcement Community Through Which are Ticketed Traffic Law in Police of Pekalongan

This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of enforcement by the Traffic through ticketed to the people who violate traffic in the jurisdiction of Police Pekalongan and analyze barriers to enforcement by the Traffic Police Pekalongan against people who commit traffic violations, as well as the solution.The method used is empirical juridical approach or in other words the socio-juridical. Specifications research is descriptive. In this study the analysis used is qualitative analysis.The results of this study were: 1) The enforcement of the law by speeding ticket Satlantas through to the people who violate traffic in the jurisdiction of Police Pekalongan have been effective. Law enforcement jurisdiction over a speeding ticket in Pekalongan Police can provide a deterrent effect against traffic offenders, violations be reduced and the number of traffic accidents decreased. 2) Obstacles and solutions enforcement by the Traffic Police Pekalongan against people who commit traffic violations include: Offenders traffic still does not have a deterrent effect because until now there are many traffic violations, the lack of personnel in the line of duty, inadequate number of vehicles Pekalongan is owned by traffic Police, there are still people who do not know about the traffic rules, there is still a cultural one, that there are parents that when her son gets ranking in school, then bought a motorcycle as a gift. The solutions or efforts made to overcome obstacles in enforcement by the Traffic Police Pekalongan: Enforcing the law indiscriminately through seminars and trainings, submitted a letter to the leaders for additional personnel, proposed the budget and facilities and amenities, add socialization schedule traffic rules, instilling a culture of orderly traffic among early age.Keywords: Law Enforcement; Traffic Ticketed; Traffic Violations.

Impact 0f Prosecution Against Infringement Ticketing with Numbers Traffic Accidents in The Jurisdiction of Police Resort Semarang

This study aims to determine how is the implementation of the action by infringing traffic by a speeding ticket in the jurisdiction of Police in Semarang; How can the impact of infringing on a traffic enforcement with a ticket to the number of traffic accidents in the jurisdiction of Police in Semarang; and What constraints in action by infringing traffic by a speeding ticket in the jurisdiction of Semarang Police and how the solutions to overcome them.The method used by the author in this study is juridical empirical or sociological jurisdiction. Specifications of research used is descriptive analyticalBased on research conducted can be concluded that 1) Implementation of Traffic Violations Enforcement accordance with Government Regulation on Infringement Ticketing Act No. 80 Of 2012 on Procedures for� Vehicle Inspection and Enforcement Violations On the Road Traffic and Transportation Article 3, which reads� Vehicle Inspection; 2) The results in January to September 2018 is known that the impact of a speeding ticket to a very significant definitely one transport accident means the higher the number the lower the accident rate speeding ticket, speeding ticket conversely the lower the number the higher the number of accidents; and 3) Constraints in the prosecution of traffic violations by a speeding ticket in the jurisdiction of Semarang Police isThe lack of legal awareness in the society, lack of ability by the Police Authority problematic legislation, the lack of infrastructure to supportKeywords: Impact; Infringement; Traffic; Infringement Ticketing; Accident.