Separation Speed Research Articles

Exploring the utility of complementary separations in liquid chromatography

An alternative strategy is explored for the separation of samples by liquid chromatography (LC). Unlike traditional approaches that aim to resolve all components in a given sample within a single LC separation, the proposed strategy uses two or more distinct separations carried out with a different gradient program and/or using different separation chemistries i.e., a different set of mobile and stationary phase. This set of complementary incomplete separations (CIS) is selected such that each component is at least fully resolved once, meaning the most critical pairs of each individual separation can be left unseparated. This allows for a significant time saving per separation. To investigate whether such an approach can lead to overall shorter analysis times than is possible with the fastest single-run gradient separation, a comprehensive in-silico study covering a statistically significant number of samples is undertaken. The investigation shows that, for the presently considered sample sets and chemistries, CIS has a substantially higher probability, about two times greater for the simplest samples considered in this work and as much as 30 times greater for more complex samples, to fully resolve an unknown sample compared to a single gradient separation. Comparing separation speeds, the CIS approach can achieve complete sample resolution on average approximately four times faster than a single separation. Our findings thus demonstrate the potential of CIS in enhancing separation efficiency and offer insights regarding their use for solving analytical challenges.

Electrophoresis-Correlative Data-Independent Acquisition (Eco-DIA) Improves the Sensitivity of Mass Spectrometry for Limited Proteome Amounts.

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CE) combines high separation power, scalability, and speed to limited proteome analyses by mass spectrometry (MS). However, compressed separation in CE challenges the duty cycle of tandem MS, even during data-independent acquisition (DIA). To help remedy this limitation, we introduce the concept of electrophoresis-correlative (Eco) data acquisition for CE-MS. We recognize CE electrospray ionization (ESI) to sort peptide ions into reproducible mass-to-charge (m/z) vs migration time (MT) trends in the solution phase, before subsequent ionization and m/z analysis. We proposed that such a correlation can be leveraged to improve the economy of data acquisition. We test this hypothesis using DIA frames that are tailored to the observed m/z-MT trends. The resulting Eco-DIA method substantially improves the bandwidth utilization of tandem MS during CE-MS. In proof-of-principle studies, Eco-DIA identified and quantified ∼38% more proteins from 1 ng of the HeLa proteome digest compared to the classical DIA, without the assistance of a project-specific tandem MS spectral library. Eco-DIA was able to quantify ∼51% more proteins with <10% coefficient of variation vs the control DIA approach. Based on label-free quantification, the proteins that were exclusively measured by Eco-MS occupied the lower dynamic range of the detected proteome concentration, revealing sensitivity enhancement. In addition to marking the inception of Eco-MS, this work lays the foundation for the development of next-generation data acquisition strategies that leverage electrophoretic ion sorting for high-sensitivity proteomics.

Determination of dynamic loads in the crane suspension when lifting a load from a rigid base

Loading and unloading works are an integral part of the construction process. Cranes of various types were mostly use to perform these works. To ensure trouble-free operation and increase the reliability of cranes, when calculating structures and components of their working equipment, it is important to take into account dynamic loads, which are several times higher than static loads. Elements of dynamic loads in the crane suspension are its elastic components (flexible traction bodies) - ropes. The process of lifting a load from a rigid base and picking it up is considered, which divided into three stages: the first is the selection of clearances and the tension of the ropes; the second is the pre-opening stage of lifting the load; the third is the post-detachment stage of lifting the load. For each stage, the initial conditions accepted, the differential equations of the movement of loads compiled, their solution given taking into account many factors, and expressions derived for determining the forces in the load suspension. At the first stage, the duration of the gap selection (tension of the ropes) is determined, at the second stage, the speed of separation of the load from the base is determined, at the third stage, the maximum force in the elastic element determined. The method of determining the forces in the suspension of the load, the duration of the selection of clearances (tension of the ropes), the speed of separation of the load from the base, and the maximum force in the elastic element presented in the work allows you to significantly simplify the solution of complex equations, to determine simple expressions and to determine them with sufficient accuracy for practical calculations values.

Investigation of induced electroosmotic flow in small-scale capillary electrophoresis devices: Strategies for control and reversal.

Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is the bulk flow of solution in a capillary or microchannel induced by an applied electric potential. For capillary and microchip electrophoresis, the EOF enables analysis of both cations and anions in one separation and can be varied to modify separation speed and resolution. The EOF arises from an electrical double layer at the capillary wall and is normally controlled through the pH and ionic strength of the background buffer or with the use of additives. Understanding and controlling the electrical double layer is therefore critical for maintaining acceptable repeatability during method development. Surprisingly, in fused silica capillaries at low pH, studies observe an EOF even though the capillary surface should be neutralized. Previous work has suggested the presence of an "induced electroosmotic flow" from radial electric fields generated across the capillary wall due to the separation voltage and grounded components external to the capillary. Using thin-wall (15µm) fused silica separation capillaries to facilitate the study of radial fields, we show that the EOF mobility depends on both the separation voltage and the location of external grounds. This is consistent with the induced EOF model, in which radial electric fields embed positive charges at the capillary walls to create an electrical double layer. The magnitude of the effect is characterized and shown to have long-range influences that are difficult to completely null by moving grounded components away from the separation capillary. Instead, active EOF control using externally applied potentials or a passive approach using a negative separation voltage are discussed as two possible methods for controlling the induced EOF. Both methods can reverse the EOF and improve the resolution and peak efficiency in amino acid separations.

Recent progress for chiral stationary phases based on chiral porous materials in high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography separation.

Chirality is a fundamental property of nature. Separation and analysis of racemates are of great importance in the fields of medicine and the production of chiral biopharmaceutical intermediates. Chiral chromatography has the characteristics of a wide separation range, fast separation speed, and high efficiency. The development and preparation of novel chiral stationary phases with good chiral recognition and separation capacity is the core and key of chiral chromatographic separation and analysis. In this work, the representative research progress of novel chiral porous crystal materials including chiral covalent organic frameworks, chiral porous organic cages, chiral metal-organic frameworks, and chiral metal-organic cages used as chiral stationary phases of capillary gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography over the last 4 years is reviewed in detail. The chiral recognition and separation properties of the representative studies in this review are also introduced and discussed.

The cell cycle oscillator and spindle length set the speed of chromosome separation in Drosophila embryos.

Anaphase is tightly controlled in space and time to ensure proper separation of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle, the self-organized microtubule structure driving chromosome segregation, scales in size with the available cytoplasm. Yet, the relationship between spindle size and chromosome movement remains poorly understood. Here, we address how the movement of chromosomes changes during the cleavage divisions of the Drosophila blastoderm. We show that the speed of chromosome separation gradually decreases during the 4 nuclear divisions of the blastoderm. This reduction in speed is accompanied by a similar reduction in the length of the spindle, thus ensuring that these two quantities are tightly linked. Using a combination of genetic and quantitative imaging approaches, we find that two processes contribute to controlling the speed at which chromosomes move at mitotic exit: the activity of molecular motors important for microtubule depolymerization and the cell cycle oscillator. Specifically, we found that the levels of Klp10A, Klp67A, and Klp59C, three kinesin-like proteins important for microtubule depolymerization, contribute to setting the speed of chromosome separation. This observation is supported by quantification of microtubule dynamics indicating that poleward flux rate scales with the length of the spindle. Perturbations of the cell cycle oscillator using heterozygous mutants of mitotic kinases and phosphatases revealed that the duration of anaphase increases during the blastoderm cycles and is the major regulator of chromosome velocity. Thus, our work suggests a potential link between the biochemical rate of mitotic exit and the forces exerted by the spindle. Collectively, we propose that the cell cycle oscillator and spindle length set the speed of chromosome separation in anaphase.

Differentiation of Cis/trans-geometrical isomers in long-chain unsaturated fatty acids based on ion mobility and theoretical calculations

In recent years, fatty acids containing conjugated CCs have attracted extensive research attention due to their biological activities against human diseases. However, their differentiation is challenging. This study developed a comprehensive analytical solution to accurately differentiate cis/trans-fatty acid isomers using ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and theoretical calculations. Cis/trans-fatty acids were mobility-differentiated via simple complexation with 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane (9C3N) or 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (10C4N) and metal ions, obtaining baseline separation with a peak-to-peak resolution of 0.35–0.92. Moreover, the conformation of the complexes was optimized theoretically, revealing different binding modes between the cis/trans-fatty acid-9C3N/10C4N–metal ion systems, yielding in-depth structural data on the complexes and elucidating the principles of mobility separation. Furthermore, the proposed method was assessed in terms of quantification, accuracy, and precision repeatability. Finally, the method was applied to analyze oil samples. Given its simplicity, speed, and lack of chemical derivatization or chromatographic separation, this technique has potential applications in food analysis.

Direct Printing of High-Resolution Metallic Three-Dimensional Microneedle Arrays Via Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) microneedle arrays (MAs) have shown remarkable performances for a wide range of biomedical applications. Achieving advanced customizable 3D MAs for personalized research and treatment remain a formidable challenge. In this paper, we have developed a high-resolution electrohydrodynamic (EHD) 3D printing process for fabricating customizable 3D MAs with economical and biocompatible molten alloy. The critical printing parameters (i.e., voltage and pressure) on the printing process for both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D features are characterized, and an optimal set of printing parameters was obtained for printing 3D MAs. We have also studied the effect of the tip-nozzle separation speed on the final tip dimension, which will directly influence MAs' insertion performance and functions. With the optimal process parameters, we successfully EHD printed customizable 3D MAs with varying spacing distances and shank heights. A 3 × 3 customized 3D MAs configuration with various heights ranging from 0.8 mm to 1 mm and a spacing distance as small as 350 μm were successfully fabricated, in which the diameter of each individual microneedle was as small as 100 μm. A series of tests were conducted to evaluate the printed 3D MAs. The experimental results demonstrated that the printed 3D MAs exhibit good mechanical strength for implanting and good electrical properties for electrophysiological sensing and stimulation. All results show the potential applications of the EHD printing technique in fabricating cost-effective, customizable, high-performance MAs for biomedical applications.

Hollow hydroxyapatite constructs dual channel structured separation membranes for ultra-fast oil-water separation

The discharge of industrial wastewater and frequent oil spills have caused serious harm to the environment, and in order to achieve sustainable development of the environment, membrane separation technology stands out among the many methods for treating oil and water. In this work, hollow hydroxyapatite was grown in situ on Mg Al LDH to construct an oil–water separation membrane with dual channels, and water molecules could not only pass through the porous structure of HAP, but also pass through the gap between HAP and LDH, and the opening of the dual channels greatly improved the oil–water separation speed, and the flux of the petroleum ether emulsion was up to 5208.93 ± 117.62 L/(m2·h·bar) with the separation efficiency up to 99.4 %, and still has 98.8 % rejection rate after 10 cycles, it can efficiently separate many kinds of heavy metal ions and dyes. In order to evaluate the practical performance of the membrane, we found a high rejection rate of 87 % after several cycles of the shale gas fracking wastewater, and this work provides a new idea for the development of oil–water separation membranes with practical applications.

Modeling of separation speed in thick plate cutting with a high-power fiber laser

Most laser cutting operations rely on the operator’s experience and reference data tables to complete the material separation work. This traditional method is time-consuming and labor-intensive, seriously restricting the progress of laser cutting technology toward intelligence and automation. To obtain the material separation speed quickly, this work explores a method to establish a mathematical model of the separation speed by theoretical derivation. Firstly, the energy absorption and consumption in laser cutting of thick plates are analyzed in detail. The laser power density, oxidation reaction power density, and energy consumption per unit volume of material during heat conduction, melting, and heating are modeled, respectively. On this basis, the criterion of separation speed is defined. The theoretical model of separation speed is established through theoretical derivation. Secondly, the effects of laser power, gas pressure, focal plane position, material thickness, and nozzle diameter on the separation speed are investigated. A comparison between the theoretical and experimental values of the separation speed reveals obvious differences in both; however, there are consistent trends in their changes with the process parameters within a certain range. Thirdly, the differences between the theoretical and experimental values of the separation speed are analyzed in detail. This work helps to deepen the understanding of the laser cutting process and improve the laser cutting efficiency.

Design and simulation of an efficient gas-liquid separation device for component regulation of zeotropic mixtures

ABSTRACT Improving the overall energy efficiency of thermodynamic cycles relies heavily on the replacement of traditional pure fluids with zeotropic mixtures. The selection of the optimal components within the zeotropic mixture depends on the specific operating conditions of the thermodynamic cycle. Therefore, significant enhancements in performance can be achieved across varying operating conditions by effectively controlling the composition of zeotropic mixtures in the cycle. According to the gas-liquid equilibrium characteristics of the zeotropic mixtures, the adjustment of the medium components and the boundary conditions can be realized if the components can be adjusted through the gas-liquid separation. In this study, a novel device is proposed for automatically regulating the speed of gas-liquid separation in order to separate the components of the zeotropic mixtures. The CFD simulation was utilized to analyze the structural parameters and boundary conditions that impact the efficiency of gas-liquid separation. The results indicate that the adjustable mass flow range of the optimal structure is broadened by 5.5 times compared to conventional gas-liquid separation devices, ranging from 0 kg/s to 0.15 kg/s. Additionally, within this range, the gas-liquid separation efficiency exceeds 95%, representing a 10% improvement over traditional phase separators.

Synthesis of a novel biomass waste-based photocatalyst for degradation of high concentration organic pollutants under visible light: Optimization of synthesis condition and operational parameters via RSM-CCD

Reducing electron-hole pair recombination rate under visible light and preventing α-Fe2O3/WO3 nanoparticle aggregation enhances the photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, a novel heterojunction-activated carbon-based photocatalyst (α-Fe2O3/WO3/AC) was successfully synthesized from Rosa Canina seeds and characterized by PL, EIS, Photocurrent, ESR, XPS, LC-MS, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS-map, TEM, and BET analyses. Investigating the influence of significant parameters, including impregnation ratio (1–5), activation temperature (400–600 °C), and α-Fe2O3/WO3 loading (10–90 wt.%) by RSM method resulted in optimal photocatalyst synthesis (50 wt.%: FeW/AC3–500) evidenced by its capability for doxycycline degradation. The maximum doxycycline degradation (98.01 %) was achieved under optimal conditions with a degradation rate constant of 0.03 min−1. Trapping experiments revealed that •OH and •O2− played crucial roles in photocatalysis. The possible doxycycline degradation pathway of (50 wt.%: FeW/AC3–500) photocatalyst is proposed. Based on the transient photocurrent measurements and EIS results, the 50 wt.% FeW/AC3–500 composite exhibited a significant enhancement in photocatalytic activity, which can be attributed to the efficient speed of electron-hole separation. Overall, an innovative approach was introduced to design an efficient AC-based photocatalytic process, which enhances the performance of wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.

Comparison of a thickness-tapered channel in flow field-flow fractionation with a conventional channel with flow rate programming

The thickness-tapered channel structure in flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF), recently introduced by constructing a channel with a linear decrease in thickness along its length, demonstrated effectiveness in steric/hyperlayer separation of supramicron particles with improvements in separation speed, elution recovery, and an expanded dynamic size range of separation. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the performance between the impact of field (or crossflow rate) programming or outflow rate programming for the separation of polystyrene latex standards (50 ∼ 800 nm) with a conventional channel having uniform thickness and a thickness-tapered channel without programming. Outlet flow rate and crossflow rate conditions were also varied. Although the particle size resolution of the tapered channel does not surpass that of field programming in uniform thickness channel, it achieves higher-speed separation without a significant loss of resolution and without the need for a complex flow controller system even at a low outflow rate condition. Furthermore, it yielded an improved resolution for particles close to the steric transition regime (400 ∼ 600 nm) in the normal mode of separation. Due to the continuous increase in mean flow velocity down the channel, the tapered channel exhibits flexibility in separating submicron-sized particles at high crossflow rate conditions or low outflow rate conditions, of which the latter can be advantageous when coupled with mass spectrometry in a miniaturized setup.

Controlling the Magnetic Responsiveness of Cellulose Nanofiber Particles Embedded with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.

2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN) particles, an innovative biobased material derived from wood biomass, have garnered significant interest, particularly in the biomedical field, for their distinctive properties as biocompatible particle adsorbents. However, their microscopic size complicates their separation in liquid media, thereby impeding their application in various domains. In this study, superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles (NPs), specifically iron oxide Fe3O4 NPs with an average size of 15 nm, were used to enhance the collection efficiency of TOCN-Fe3O4 composite particles synthesized through spray drying. These composite particles exhibited a remarkable ζ-potential (approximately -50 mV), indicating their high stability in water, as well as impressive magnetization properties (up to 47 emu/g), and rapid magnetic responsiveness within 60 s in water (3 wt % Fe3O4 to TOCN, 1 T magnet). Furthermore, the influence of Fe3O4 NP concentrations on the measurement of the speed of magnetic separation was quantitatively discussed. Additionally, the binding affinity of the synthesized particles for proteins was assessed on a streptavidin-biotin binding system, offering crucial insights into their binding capabilities with specific proteins and underscoring their significant potential as functionalized biomedical materials.

Nonlinear dynamic separation characteristics of friction pair and experimental analysis

This paper aims to reduce friction pair erosion of the clutch in the case of continuous shift; the dynamic separation process of the friction pair is investigated. The temperature of the friction pair, friction torque, and separation speed in the separation process are taken as the research objects, and the dynamics simulation model and finite element thermal coupling simulation model of the clutch separation process are established. The nonlinear dynamic separation characteristics of the friction pair are investigated by comparing and analyzing the effects of control parameters such as rotational speed difference, damping ratio, and lubricant viscosity on the friction torque, friction pair separation speed, separation gap, and contact stress during the separation process. The gap recovery coefficient is proposed as a response indicator for observing the separation process in response to the inability to observe the nonlinear dynamic motion of the friction pair during the separation process and to measure the end time of the separation. Finally, the clutch was subjected to a separation test. The results show that the proposed gap recovery coefficient accurately describes the separation process. The simulation model can simulate the clutch's separation and predict the trend of separation parameters.

Safety Analysis of Initial Separation Phase for AUV Deployment of Mission Payloads

This study verifies the effects of deployment parameters on the safe separation of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and mission payloads. The initial separation phase is meticulously modeled based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations employing the cubic constitutive Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model and overset grid technologies. This phase is characterized by a 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) framework incorporating Dynamic Fluid-Body Interaction (DFBI), supported by empirical validation. The SST k-ω turbulence model demonstrates superior performance in managing flows characterized by adverse pressure gradients and separation. DFBI entails computationally modeling fluid–solid interactions during motion or deformation. The utilization of overset grids presents several advantages, including enhanced computational efficiency by concentrating computational resources solely on regions of interest, simplified handling of intricate geometries and moving bodies, and adaptability in adjusting grids to accommodate changing simulation conditions. This research analyzes mission payloads’ trajectories and attitude adjustments after release from AUVs under various cruising speeds and initial release dynamics, such as descent and angular velocities. Additionally, this study evaluates the effects of varying ocean currents at different depths on separation safety. Results indicate that the interaction between AUVs and mission payloads during separation increases under higher navigational speeds, reducing the separation speed and degrading the stability. As the initial drop velocities increase, fast transition through the AUV’s immediate flow field promotes separation. The core of this process is the initial pitch angle management upon deployment. Optimizing initial pitching angular velocity prolongs the time for mission payloads to reach their maximum pitch angle, thus decreasing horizontal displacement and improving separation safety. Deploying AUVs at greater depths alleviates the influence of ocean currents, thereby reducing disturbances during payload separation.

Optimizing adhesive rheology for stencil printing of fuel cell sealings using supervised machine learning

In a single low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (LT-PEMFC) stack, the sealings are responsible for preventing leakages, providing electrical insulation and compensating assembly tolerances. This study investigates stencil printing to produce fuel cell sealings and aims to identify reliable conditions to print layer thicknesses of at least 500 μm, typically used for this application and substantially exceeding the current state-of-the-art. First, rheological and print experiments were conducted with 25 distinct adhesives, including ultraviolet (UV) curable acrylics and epoxies, to determine their printability. An adhesive was considered printable when it detached from the stencil without forming bubbles, a print defect that significantly diminishes the process stability. This had to be accomplished at two different squeegee speeds (40 and 160 mm/s), confirming the robustness of the adhesive for the print process. In addition, the impact of the aperture orientation, aperture aspect ratio (AR) and separation speed of the substrate from the stencil were evaluated. Here, it was detected that a multivariable criterion was necessary to reliably predict printability. Thus, classification models based on binary logistic regression, a simple supervised machine learning technique, were proposed using the thixotropy index TI (indicator for viscosity recovery ability), steady-state viscosity at 100 s−1, adhesive surface tension and aperture AR as predictors. The derived models achieved a prediction accuracy ≥88.2%, demonstrating adequate generalisation. Moreover, it was identified that increasing TI is the most effective approach to achieve printability. Finally, the driving physical mechanisms influencing the obtained print results were assessed, and it was shown that a TI value of about 50 Pa s/s is required to reach the minimum layer thickness.

High-performance pneumatic solid–liquid triboelectric nanogenerator

In the field of blue energy harvesting, solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerators (SL-TENG) show significant potential. However, their low output performance in energy applications is limited due to the relatively small contact area and slow separation speed during the friction process. To overcome these limitations, we develop a pneumatic solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerator (PSL-TENG) with ultrahigh output performance based on pneumatic solid-liquid triboelectrification and electrostatic breakdown. The pneumatic design effectively increases the solid-liquid interface area and the solid-liquid contact and separation rate, which can enhance solid-liquid triboelectrification effect. The synergistic design of the horn and the bent pipe can converge positively charged mist into large droplets, which can enhance electrostatic breakdown effect. This innovative design approach has achieved outstanding output performance, with a peak instantaneous voltage of 6436 V and a peak instantaneous current of 3.05 mA. This exceptional output performance is sufficient to directly power 3000 LED lights or a 55 W commercial lamp. These research achievements provide new insights for SL-TENG in energy harvesting, as significant output can be generated by collecting the inherent charges of liquids themselves.

Dean vortex-enhanced blood plasma separation in self-driven spiral microchannel flow with cross-flow microfilters

Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices have been developing rapidly in recent years, but they are mainly using saliva instead of blood as a test sample. A highly efficient self-separation during the self-driven flow without power systems is desired for expanding the point-of-care diagnostic devices. Microfiltration stands out as a promising technique for blood plasma separation but faces limitations due to blood cell clogging, resulting in reduced separation speed and efficiency. These limitations are mainly caused by the high viscosity and hematocrit in the blood flow. A small increment in the hematocrit of the blood significantly increases the pressure needed for the blood plasma separation in the micro-filters and decreases the separation speed and efficiency. Addressing this challenge, this study explores the feasibility of diluting whole blood within a microfluidic device without external power systems. This study implemented a spiral microchannel utilizing the inertial focusing and Dean vortex effects to focus the red blood cells and extract the blood with lower hematocrit. The inertial migration of the particles during the capillary flow was first investigated experimentally; a maximum of 88% of the particles migrated to the bottom and top equilibrium positions in the optimized 350 × 60 μm (cross-sectional area, 5.8 aspect ratio) microchannel. With the optimized dimension of the microchannel, the whole blood samples within the physiological hematocrit range were tested in the experiments, and more than 10% of the hematocrit reduction was compared between the outer branch outlet and inner branch outlet in the 350 × 60 μm microchannel.

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ УЗЛОВЫЕ СОЕДИНЕНИЯ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ИЗ CLT

The article discusses innovative nodal joints of structures made of cross-laminated timber (CLT), since nodal joints and their design have a great influence on the properties of building struc-tures: their load-bearing capacity, stability, fire-resistant and acoustic properties. This article discusses options for connecting to a computer from CLT: 1) TITANIUM in the corners, tracking the speed of separation and shear; 2) SLOT connecting elements for structural panels; 3) SPIDER connection and widening system for racks and floors; 4) COLUMN connection system- overlap; 5) the combined X-ray radiation system, from the point of view of such characteristics as: insignificant connection, lack of settlement connection, complexity and speed of muntage and others, as well as places of residence separated from others and disadvantages obtained as a result of the association