Speed Of Earth Research Articles

Possible Origin of Some Periodicities Detected in Solar‐Terrestrial Studies: Earth's Orbital Movements

AbstractPeriodicities matching planetary cycles have been argued to be detected in key geophysical time series. In general, these periodicities were indirectly attributed to a planetary influence on solar activity. This supposes that planetary gravity affects the internal functioning of the Sun's dynamo, that is, the planetary hypothesis (PH) of the solar cycles. The Earth's heliocentric dynamics already includes the planetary gravitational effects on the Sun. Taking into account this fact, these periodicities, ultimately attributed to possible planetary modulations of the solar activity, could have a more direct origin in cyclical changes in the relative Sun‐Earth geometry, but then, wrongly or partially explained invoking internal solar changes. We present an original decomposition analysis of the high‐precision ephemeris DE431 from NASA/JPL in order to obtain and classify the most important planetary/lunar purely periodic changes of the Earth's orbital movement at sub‐Milanković scales. A comprehensive list of cyclic changes of the Earth's orbital parameters involved in the relative Sun‐Earth position and the Earth's speed around the Sun is given. We show that these particular geophysical quasi‐periods are identifiable in the cyclic oscillations of these orbital parameters. Since the Earth's movement in space physically affects the manner in which the solar radiant flux reaches the planet, these oscillations provide, unlike the PH, a clear, causal, and testable link for their possible attribution.

Dynamic Structure of Near-Earth Orbital Space in the 1 : 2 Resonance Region with the Speed of Earth’s Rotation

The paper presents the results of a study of the dynamic structure of near-Earth orbital space in the 1 : 2 resonance region with Earth’s rotation speed. The results of an extensive numerical-analytical experiment to study the orbital evolution of objects moving in the semimajor axis range from 26 550 to 26 570 km, with inclinations from 0° to 180°. In this region, the zones of action of the five components of the orbital resonance and aspidal–nodal secular resonances of low orders are revealed. The distribution maps of the revealed resonances are constructed. The dynamic structure of the orbital space was also investigated using the fast Lyapunov characteristic of MEGNO and represented by a MEGNO map of the region in the section by the plane (inclination of the orbit, major axis). It is shown that a feature of the dynamic evolution of most of the studied orbits is randomness arising under the influence of overlapping resonances of various types.

Practical Measurement of Absolute Velocity of Earth

In 1880, Albert Michelson conceived the idea of optically measuring the speed of earth through the solar system. However, the Michelson-Morley experiment conducted for detecting the expected motion of earth, gave null result. Einstein propounded his theory of Relativity on the assumption that speed of light is isotropic in ECI reference frame. The Relativity model can be invalidated through an unambiguous physical experiment that confirms anisotropy of light speed in ECI reference frame. Let us consider a 3 km long line segment AB, fixed on surface of earth. The proposed experiment for measuring absolute velocity of earth involves sending a picoseconds Laser pulse from location A at time T0 and detecting it at location B at time T1 to measure the time of flight Tab of the laser pulse from A to B. On the other hand, by sending a picoseconds Laser pulse from location B at time T0 and detecting it at location A at time T2 we can measure the time of flight Tba from B to A. For accurate measurement of times of flight Tab and Tba the precision atomic clocks located at A and B must be in absolute synchronization. The absolute velocity Uab will be given by Uab/c = (Tab - Tba)/(Tab + Tba). Final absolute velocity U of earth can be computed from pulse flight timing record of 24 hours. For this we need to use the latest cutting-edge technology in Atomic Clocks, Pulsed Lasers, Ultrafast Detectors and Picosecond Time Interval Counters.

ABOUT THE INFORMATIVE PARAMETERS OF MICHELSON INTERFEROMETERS WITH THE DIVISION OF AMPLITUDE AND THE WAVE FRONT

At consideration of the theory of the Michelson’s experiment and conducting experiments on its scheme of dividing the amplitude of the light flux as an informative parameter, the difference in the lengths of the paths of the transverse and longitudinal rays of the light flux is used by measuring the shift of the interference pattern of the transverse and longitudinal rays. The significance of the other circuit parameters in determining the influence of the Earth's speed with the help of Michelson interferometers was not considered. The analysis of the parameters of the schemes of Michelson interferometers with the division of both the wave front amplitude and its wave front in the reference system associated with the interferometer is carried out in order to determine the influence of the interferometer speed on them. As a result of the analysis of the scheme with the division of amplitude, a linear dependence of the changes in frequency, the width of the reflected rays on the ratio of the device speed to the speed of light in interferometers. In the Michelson interferometer scheme with wave front division, the difference of paths length and the ray deflection angles are linearly dependent on the ratio of the device speed to the speed of light .These additional dependences are determined by the collinearity of the reflected rays and the speed of the observer's movement, in contrast to their perpendicularity in the interferometer with the division of the wave front amplitude. As a result of the comparison of the parameters in the reference system associated with the interferometer, it is concluded from their significance that the use of frequency changes, the width of the reflected rays in the interferometer with amplitude division, and the wave front interferometer, the difference in the path lengths of the rays, frequency, angle of deflection and the width of the reflected rays is preferable.

A Reason for the Earth Moving Away from the Sun and the Possibility to Escape Being Engulfed by a Red Giant Sun

Using the radar technology and the tracking technology of interplanetary spacecraft, scientists have calculated that the sun and Earth are gradually moving apart. But no one knows the reason why the Earth is moving away from the sun. So the author has analyzed various factors affecting Earth’s movement, and found that during the normal rotation of the Earth around the sun, the atmospheric pressure on the trailing hemisphere of the Earth is higher than the other hemisphere, effectively increasing its rotation speed, thus making the Earth gradually move away from the sun along a spiral line. Generally, any planet with thick atmosphere can move away from its parent star under the sunshine of its parent star. At the current speed of Earth’s moving away from the sun, the Earth can survive the sun's red giant phase.

Sounds Nothing Like the Sea

A short text and an online player present live sounds from the Pacific Ocean, discovered in the course of the Reveil twenty-four hour radio broadcast over 2 to 3 May 2015. Reveil follows the dawn chorus around the world via live audio feeds provided by a dispersed community of streamers. Travelling at the speed of Earth’s rotation at its surface, which is also the apparent speed of daybreak, it takes about four and a half hours to cross the Pacific, from the time you leave the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains at the ocean, to landfall on the island of Tabushima. Coming to the beach with workaday expectations of what the ocean will be like, in the course of a long and monotonous passage on hydrophones and remote radio intercepts, we chart our emerging sense of a more elusive and intriguing sonic object.

Lower Bound on the Speed of Nonlocal Correlations without Locality and Measurement Choice Loopholes

In their well-known paper, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen called the nonlocal correlation in quantum entanglement a "spooky action at a distance." If the spooky action does exist, what is its speed? All previous experiments along this direction have locality and freedom-of-choice loopholes. Here, we strictly closed the loopholes by observing a 12 h continuous violation of the Bell inequality and concluded that the lower bound speed of spooky action was 4 orders of magnitude of the speed of light if Earth's speed in any inertial reference frame was less than 10(-3) time the speed of light.

Testing the speed of ‘spooky action at a distance’

Correlations are generally described by one of two mechanisms: either a first event influences a second one by sending information encoded in bosons or other physical carriers, or the correlated events have some common causes in their shared history. Quantum physics predicts an entirely different kind of cause for some correlations, named entanglement. This reveals itself in correlations that violate Bell inequalities (implying that they cannot be described by common causes) between space-like separated events (implying that they cannot be described by classical communication). Many Bell tests have been performed, and loopholes related to locality and detection have been closed in several independent experiments. It is still possible that a first event could influence a second, but the speed of this hypothetical influence (Einstein's 'spooky action at a distance') would need to be defined in some universal privileged reference frame and be greater than the speed of light. Here we put stringent experimental bounds on the speed of all such hypothetical influences. We performed a Bell test over more than 24 hours between two villages separated by 18 km and approximately east-west oriented, with the source located precisely in the middle. We continuously observed two-photon interferences well above the Bell inequality threshold. Taking advantage of the Earth's rotation, the configuration of our experiment allowed us to determine, for any hypothetically privileged frame, a lower bound for the speed of the influence. For example, if such a privileged reference frame exists and is such that the Earth's speed in this frame is less than 10(-3) times that of the speed of light, then the speed of the influence would have to exceed that of light by at least four orders of magnitude.

Study of Earth's rotation and geophysical fluids progresses

Variations in the Earth's speed of rotation and the position and orientation of the rotation axis—known collectively as Earth orientation parameters—are observed by a variety of space geodetic techniques coordinated by the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS). Observations of Earth orientation parameters provide fundamental information about the physical properties of the Earth's interior and the variability of fluids in the atmosphere, oceans, and liquid core, and on land.Participants at a workshop held October 14–18, 1996, at the Paris Observatory, where IERS is headquartered, called for extending IERS activities [Reigber and Feissel, 1997] to include the monitoring of geodetically important properties of the oceans, the liquid core, and terrestrial water to supplement current atmospheric angular momentum variation (AAM) measurements. Given the success of the IERS, expansion of its activities into other areas is not only natural for understanding the observed Earth orientation parameters, but essential for fulfilling its mission of improving the underlying space geodetic observations.

The Rise of Global Mean Sea Level as an Indication of Climate Change

Rising mean sea level, it is proposed, is a significant indicator of global climate change. The principal factors that can have contributed to the observed increases of global mean sea level in recent decades are thermal expansion of the oceans and the discharge of polar ice sheets. Calculations indicate that thermal expansion cannot be the sole factor responsible for the observed rise in sea level over the last 40 years; significant discharges of polar ice must also be occurring. Global warming, due in some degree presumably to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, has been opposed by the extraction of heat necessary to melt the discharged ice. During the past 40 years more than 50,000 cubic kilometers of ice has been discharged and has melted, reducing the surface warming that might otherwise have occurred by as much as a factor of 2. The transfer of mass from the polar regions to a thin spherical shell covering all the oceans should have increased the earth's moment of inertia and correspondingly reduced the speed of rotation by about 1.5 parts in 10(8). This accounts for about three quarters of the observed fractional reduction in the earth's angular velocity since 1940. Monitoring of global mean sea level, ocean surface temperatures, and the earth's speed of rotation should be complemented by monitoring of the polar ice sheets, as is now possible by satellite altimetry. All parts of the puzzle need to be examined in order that a consistent picture emerge.

A proposed aberrational method to test Marinov's absolute space by using laser light

Abstract The velocity aberrations of terrestrial light, if they exist, are measurable only by using laser light and an astronomical lunette; thus the earth's speed(s) in an absolute space of Marinov's type can be stated with an accuracy of a few km/s.

Postulates for Physical Time

It is evident to every earnest thinker that a theory of time is in a very significant sense implicit in any philosophy of nature. Indeed, the search for a time standard independent of the variation of the earth's speed, the maximum variation being slightly more than one-thousandth of a second, involves the most basic concepts and principles of physical theory (8).