Speed Endurance Training Research Articles

Physiological adaptations in small-side games combined with speed-endurance training: analyzing heart rate and rate of perceived exertion

Background and Study Aim. Monitoring physiological responses during training is crucial for understanding how athletes adapt to various exercise intensities. However, the specific effects of combining Small-Sided Game (SSG) and Speed-Endurance Training (SET) on these parameters require the search for more effective solutions. This study aims to determine the effect of combined SSG and SET on heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Material and Methods. This quantitative research employed an experimental method with a weekly pretest-posttest design. The study population consisted of eighty-two members of the Unesa Soccer Student Activity Unit. A sample of eighteen individuals was selected through simple random sampling. The sample had the following characteristics: age 20±0.69 years, weight 65±9.54 kg, height 165.22±4.31 cm, and BMI 22.82±1.92. Data were collected using the Polar H-10 device, and RPE interviews were conducted ten minutes after each training session. Data analysis was performed using paired sample t-tests and Wilcoxon tests. Results. The results showed a significant difference in HR for pair 1 (p = 0.037), but no significant differences for pair 2 (p = 0.058) or pair 3 (p = 0.076). However, the results for RPE indicated significant differences in pair 1 (p = 0.001), pair 2 (p = 0.004), and pair 3 (p = 0.002). The combination of SSG and SET led to an increase in HR during the first and second weeks. In the third week, HR decreased. RPE increased from the first to the second week. It then stabilized in the third and fourth weeks, indicating a consistent level of effort. The decrease in HR during the third week, despite the same effort level, suggests that the athletes successfully adapted to the training program. Conclusions. The combination of SSG and SET demonstrates potential as an effective training method for improving both physiological performance and adaptation in athletes. These findings offer valuable insights into how athletes respond to structured training programs, providing a foundation for future research and practical applications in sports training. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the role that specific training combinations play in athlete development and recovery.

Intensified training augments cardiac function, but not blood volume, in male youth elite ice hockey team players.

While it is well-established that a period of interval training performed at near maximal effort, such as speed endurance training (SET), enhances intense exercise performance in well-trained individuals, less is known about its effect on cardiac morphology and function as well as blood volume. To investigate this, we subjected 12 Under-20 Danish national team ice hockey players (age 18±1 years, mean±SD) to 4weeks of SET, consisting of 6-10×20s skating bouts at maximal effort interspersed by 2min of recovery conducted three times weekly. This was followed by 4weeks of regular training (follow-up). We assessed resting cardiac function and dimensions using transthoracic echocardiography and quantified total blood volume with the carbon monoxide rebreathing technique at three time points: before SET, after SET and after the follow-up period. After SET, stroke volume had increased by 10 (2-18) mL (mean (95% CI)), left atrial end-diastolic volume by 10 (3-17) mL, and circumferential strain improved by 0.9%-points (1.7-0.1) (all P<0.05). At follow-up, circumferential strain and left atrial end-diastolic volume were reverted to baseline levels, while stroke volume remained elevated. Blood volume and morphological parameters for the left ventricle, including mass and end-diastolic volume, did not change during the study. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that a brief period of SET elicits beneficial central cardiac adaptations in elite ice hockey players independent of changes in blood volume.

Low-Volume Speed Endurance Training with Reduced Volume Improves Short-Term Exercise Performance in Highly Trained Cyclists.

We investigated the effects of low- and high-volume speed endurance training (SET), with a reduced training volume, on sprint ability, short- and long-term exercise capacity, muscle mitochondrial properties, ion transport proteins, and maximal enzyme activity in highly trained athletes. Highly trained male cyclists (maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O 2max ): 68.3 ± 5.0 mL·min -1 ·kg -1 , n = 24) completed 6 wk of either low (SET-L; 6 × 30-s intervals, n = 8) or high (SET-H; 12 × 30-s intervals, n = 8) volume SET twice per week with a 30% reduction in training volume. A control group (CON; n = 8) maintained their training. Exercise performance was evaluated by i) 6-s sprinting, ii) a 4-min time trial, and iii) a 60-min preload at 60% V̇O 2max followed by a 20-min time trial. A biopsy of m. vastus lateralis was collected before and after the training intervention. In SET-L, 4-min time trial performance was improved ( P < 0.05) by 3.8%, with no change in SET-H and CON. Sprint ability, prolonged endurance exercise capacity, V̇O 2max , muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity, maximal citrate synthase activity, fiber type-specific mitochondrial proteins (complexes I-V), and phosphofructokinase (PFK) content did not change in any of the groups. In SET-H, maximal activity of muscle PFK and abundance of Na + -K + pump-subunit α 1 , α 2 , β 1 , and phospholemman (FXYD1) were 20%, 50%, 19%, 24%, and 42% higher ( P < 0.05), respectively after compared with before the intervention, with no changes in SET-L or CON. Low SET volume combined with a reduced aerobic low- and moderate-intensity training volume does improve short-duration intense exercise performance and maintain sprinting ability, V̇O 2max , endurance exercise performance, and muscle oxidative capacity, whereas, high volume of SET seems necessary to upregulate muscle ion transporter content and maximal PFK activity in highly trained cyclists.

Impact of speed endurance training and high intensity interval training on adult football players&amp;#39; agility

Impact of speed endurance training and high intensity interval training on adult football players&amp;#39; agility

Analysis on special speed endurance training for 400-meter running of high school male sports students

Analysis on special speed endurance training for 400-meter running of high school male sports students

The effect of exercises according to anaerobic load to develop the endurance of the special speed and blood electrolytes in the achievement of running 800 m for young

The purpose of this paper is to preparing special exercises to develop speed tolerance and blood electrolytes, and to complete the 800-meter run for young, and identify the effect of the use of exercises in endurance speed, blood electrolytes, and achievement of running 800 m for youth. The experimental approach was used with one group design with a pre and post-test due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research community was determined from the runners of the youth clubs of Wasit Governorate by the intentional method, as the research community consisted of six runners representing the clubs (Kut, Al-Nahrain, Damok, Wasit, Al-Azza, Al-Mowafaqia), a player for each club. One of the most important results reached by the researcher is that: Speed endurance training according to the anaerobic system has an effective role in developing speed endurance as well as in electrolyte indicators, and use of gradation and ripple with high load has an effective role in developing the digital achievement of the sample. One of the most important recommendations recommended by the researchers is that: Ensuring the use of speed endurance exercises in a variety of distances in the 800-meter run and conducting research using high-intensity interval training on young men and boys.

The effect of special exercises according to the relative speed in the development of some physical abilities and the achievement of men's 400-meter run

The aim of the researcher, through his research, is to: Prepare exercises especially according to The kinetic energy index in the effectiveness of the men's 400-meter run And identify the effect of special exercises according to Kinetic energy in developing some special physical abilities and achieving 400- meter running for men The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the pre and post-tests and in favour of the post-test for the experimental research sample. The researcher identified the research sample as runners in athletics for men, as the research sample included (8) runners. They were distributed randomly by drawing lots into two control and experimental groups, each group consisting of (4) runners, as the experimental group implemented Special exercises Prepared by the researcher, either the control group The same traditional approach was adopted and the researcher concluded that speed endurance training at various distances had a positive effect on the experimental group compared to the control group. He came out with recommendations from it that it is preferable to adopt the standardized exercises prepared by the researcher in training runners for all groups to develop the ability to withstand the particular speed in the 400 m event.

IMPACTOS DO TREINO DO CORE NO DESEMPENHO DE ATLETAS NA CORRIDA DE LONGA DISTÂNCIA

ABSTRACT Introduction: Long-distance runners cannot achieve training effects by relying only on speed endurance training. Core training exercises significantly improve stability, allowing learning of techniques with superior movement efficiency. Several factors that affect the development of athletes’ special skills are considered, highlighting their main strengths and working on intermediate characteristics. Objective: Verify the impacts of core training on athletes’ performance in long-distance running. Methods: This paper had 18 middle-distance runners as volunteers for the research. The athletes’ physical conditioning and athletic performance before and after training were examined. Statistical analyses on the indicators of the experimental and control groups were analyzed based on the T-test. Results: There were significant differences in endurance, core muscle elasticity, core strength, explosive power, and stability (P&lt;0.05); the results showed that the differences in core stability between the left and right legs of the experimental group were significant (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Core strength exercise is more conducive to exercising a myocardial group in medium and long-distance exercise than conventional strength exercise. Core strength exercises can compensate for a lack of regular strength. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

The effect of a speed endurance training program using some antioxidants on the digital level for youth 400m runners

لقد ظهرت في الاونه الاخيرة ومن خلال الدراسات والبحوث العلمية الحديثة ، هنالك اهتمام بالغ بموضوع مضادات الاكسدة واهميتها البالغة بالنسبة للرياضيين وتاثيراتها الايجابية مع بيان تاثيرتها السلبية في حال انخفاض نسبة وجوده في الجسم ، ولذلك كان إهتمام البحث الحالى بالتعرف على تأثير استخدام بعض مضادات الأكسدة (السيلينيوم- الأوميجا3) فى وقت التدريب الفعلى للعدائيين وليس قبلة أو بعدة وذلك لتقليل نسبة تركيز حامض اللاكتيك ومنع زيادته عن الحد الطبيعى فى الدم والعضلات أثناء أداء العدائيين سباق 400 م والعمل على سرعة تكسيره وتحويله الى كلايكوجين والذي يساعد العداء على إنتاج الطاقه التى تمكنة من أداء السباق بسرعة عالية وثابتة وتأثير ذلك على تحسين المستوى الرقمى

Performance Adaptations to Intensified Training in Top-Level Football.

Because physical demands are surging in football (soccer, USA), clubs are more and more seeking players who have a high capacity to perform repeated intense exercise. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), comprising exercise performed at intensities near or exceeding the capacity of aerobic energy systems, effectively enhances the physical conditioning of players. But given that HIIT imposes high loads, it increases the risk of overload-associated match performance decline and injury. This makes some coaches inclined to conduct HIIT in the weeks leading up to the season and during the season. Therefore, the challenge is how to optimize and dose HIIT during these phases, as they can be decisive. Studies have highlighted the utility of conducting periods of intensified training to overcome the risk of overload while at the same time enhancing performance. During intensified training periods of typically a few weeks, intensity is increased by enlarging the amount of HIIT, for example, aerobic high-intensity training or speed endurance training, while volume at low-to-moderate intensity is significantly reduced. The outcome depends on training composition and prescription-most notably, intensity and duration of bouts and recovery. When work intervals are prescribed for a few minutes at intensities > 90% heart rate max (i.e., aerobic high-intensity training), then beneficial adaptations pertaining to aerobic power and capacity are apparent. But when work intervals are conducted at much higher intensities, as all-out efforts or sprinting of typically 10- to 40-s duration with longer recovery periods (i.e., speed endurance training), beneficial adaptations pertaining to anaerobic energy systems, ion handling, and fatigue resilience are commonly observed. In this review, we discuss the utility of conducting intensified training periods to enhance performance in elite football players during the late preparation phase and competitive season.

Four Weeks of Intensified Training Enhances On-Ice Intermittent Exercise Performance and Increases Maximal Oxygen Consumption of Youth National-Team Ice Hockey Players.

We investigated whether 4 weeks of intensified training consisting of speed endurance training (SET) enhanced high-intensity exercise performance in youth national-team ice hockey players. Utilizing a randomized crossover design, we subjected 17 players to 4 weeks of SET, comprising 6 to 10 × 20 seconds at maximal effort (>95% maximum ice skating speed) with 120-second recovery performed 3 times weekly, or maintenance of regular training (control period). Before and after each period, players completed ice-hockey-specific tests on ice, including a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test, a 30-m sprint test, and an agility test. On a separate day, players were assessed for body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and performed countermovement jump, maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor contraction, a 15-second maximal sprint test, and a submaximal and incremental test on a bike ergometer in which pulmonary oxygen consumption was determined. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test performance increased (P < .001) by 14% (95% CI, 201-496 m) during the SET period. Maximal pulmonary oxygen consumption (P < .05) and time to exhaustion (P < .05) were 4.8% and 6.5% higher, respectively, after the SET period than before. Fat-free mass increased (P < .01) during the SET period by 1.7 kg (95% CI, 1.0-2.5), whereas fat mass remained unchanged. These effects were superior to the control period. These findings underpin the effectiveness of SET for improving on-ice high-intensity performance and highlight that elite ice hockey players can benefit from implementing SET.

Performance and Submaximal Adaptations to Additional Speed-Endurance Training Vs. Continuous Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Training in Male Endurance Athletes.

We examined performance and submaximal adaptations to additional treadmill-based speed-endurance training (SET) vs. continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training (MIT) twice / week. Twenty-two male endurance athletes were tested before and after 10-week SET (6-12 × 30-s sprints separated by 3-min rest intervals) and MIT (2040 min continuous running at ~70% maximal oxygen uptake [V̇O2max]). The SET group attained greater acute heart rate (HR) and blood lactate responses than the MIT group (d = 0.86–0.91). The SET group improved performance in a time-to-exhaustion trial, V̇O2max, and lactate threshold (d = 0.50–0.73), whereas no training-induced changes were observed in the MIT group. Additionally, the SET group reduced oxygen uptake, mean HR and improved running economy (d = 0.53–0.86) during running at 10 and 12 km·h-1. Additional SET imposes greater physiological demands than MIT resulting in superior performance adaptations and reduced energy cost in endurance athletes.

Effect of Six-Week Speed Endurance Training on Peripheral Fatigue.

(1) Speed endurance training (inducing a high blood lactate concentration) delays excitation–contraction coupling impairment, thus providing more space for high-frequency fatigue to occur in the early stage of maximal concentric actions. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the maintenance type of speed endurance training may shift peripheral fatigue from low-frequency to high-frequency fatigue after the 15 s long Wingate test. (2) Six students of physical education performed the corresponding training for six weeks. Before and after this period, they were tested for low- and high-frequency fatigue after the 15 s long Wingate test; additionally, their blood lactate concentrations, maximal cycling power, work, fatigue index, and muscle twitch responses were also tested. (3) The training increased the maximal cycling power and work (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) with minor changes in the mean fatigue index and blood lactate concentration (both p > 0.05). Low-frequency dominant fatigue before the training showed a trend toward high-frequency dominant fatigue after the training (p > 0.05). (4) The results showed that the 15 s Wingate test failed to induce significant high-frequency fatigue. Even though it displayed a substantial fatigue index, the changes in favor of high-frequency fatigue were too small to be relevant.

Special Speed Endurance Effect of 800m Running on Some Physiological Indictors and Achievement of Physically Disabled Men Class (T47 – T46)

The research aimed at identifying the effect of special speed endurance training on some physiological indicators in 800m runners with physical disabilities. The researchers used the experimental method on (4) physically disabled 800m runners. They concluded significant differences in the subjects under study as well as significant differences in some physiological indicators during rest and after physical effort. The results show development in the level of some physiological indicators during rest and after effort. The researchers recommended using these training programs in individual sports as well as team sports for physically disabled athletes.

NEUROMUSCULAR INJURY METHOD IN DIFFERENT STRENGTH SPORTS DAMAGE

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sports muscle injury is a common phenomenon in sports, and most of it is caused by intense exercise done for a long time. Objective: The effect of high intensity mode (HI) speed endurance training on the muscle injury of athletes. Methods: 14 sprinters were recruited; the muscle injury indexes of the subjects were tested 15 min before and 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after speed endurance training in HV mode and HI mode (high volume mode and high intensity mode, respectively). Results: The results of this study showed that both high amount and HI mode speed endurance training caused a certain degree of injury to the subjects’ muscles, but the injury caused by HI mode speed endurance training to the muscles was more serious than that caused by high amount (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: HI mode speed endurance training causes a certain degree of injury to the subjects’ muscle, but it causes more serious injury than high volume mode speed endurance training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Legalizing speed Endurance Training According to Some Physiological Indicators for 800-Meter Runners for Youth

The importance of research lies in the preparation and codification of speed endurance exercises accordingto some physiological indicators for 800-meter runners for youth and to identify the effect of codifying speedendurance training according to some physiological indicators of 800 meters for youth, as the researcheradopted the experimental approach in designing the two equivalent groups (control and experimental) to suitthe nature of the research, where the research sample was determined by deliberate selection of young runnersin athletics at the age of (18-19 years) according to the classification of the international athletics federation,as the research sample included (10) runners representing Baghdad clubs who were distributed randomly (bylot) into two groups control and experimental group each consisting of (5) runners, physiological tests wereperformed, including the maximum consumption of oxygen and lactic acid, and the physical tests included(1000) meter endurance test and (800) meter achievement test on the research sample, and the researchercame to the following conclusions that the speed endurance training gave progress in the level of the (800)meter running in this test, and they need to be stable and avoid fluctuation in the variation in the values of thistest, the results showed that the experimental group members outperformed the control in the physiologicalindicators (lactic acid concentration, the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in the post-tests. Theresearcher recommended the necessity of conducting physiological tests to legalize training loads because oftheir effective role in the training process, focusing on developing and rationing the speed bearing capacitybecause of its direct impact on the development of achievement in the activities of middle-distance athletics.

Effect of whey vs. soy protein supplementation on recovery kinetics following speed endurance training in competitive male soccer players: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundSoccer-specific speed-endurance training induces short-term neuromuscular fatigue and performance deterioration over a 72-h recovery period, associated with elevated markers of exercise-induced muscle damage. We compared the effects of whey vs. soy protein supplementation on field activity, performance, muscle damage and redox responses following speed-endurance training in soccer players.MethodsTen well-trained, male soccer players completed three speed-endurance training trials, receiving whey protein (WP), soy protein (SP) or an isoenergetic placebo (PL; maltodextrin) according to a randomized, double-blind, crossover, repeated-measures design. A pre-loading period was applied in each trial during which protein supplementation was individually adjusted to reach a total protein intake of 1.5 g/kg/day, whereas in PL protein intake was adjusted at 0.8–1 g/kg/day. Following pre-loading, two speed-endurance training sessions (1 and 2) were performed 1 day apart, over a 3-day experimental period. During each session, field activity and heart rate were continuously monitored using global positioning system and heart rate monitors, respectively. Performance (isokinetic strength of knee extensors and flexors, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, speed, repeated sprint ability, countermovement jump), muscle damage (delayed-onset of muscle soreness, creatine kinase activity) and redox status (glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, protein carbonyls) were evaluated at baseline (pre), following pre-loading (post-load), and during recovery from speed-endurance training.ResultsHigh-intensity and high-speed running decreased (P ≤ 0.05) during speed-endurance training in all trials, but WP and SP mitigated this response. Isokinetic strength, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, 30-m speed, repeated sprint ability and countermovement jump performance were similarly deteriorated during recovery following speed-endurance training in all trials (P ≤ 0.05). 10 m speed was impaired at 24 h only in PL. Delayed-onset of muscle soreness, creatine kinase, total antioxidant capacity and protein carbonyls increased and glutathione decreased equally among trials following speed-endurance training (P ≤ 0.05), with SP inducing a faster recovery of protein carbonyls only at 48 h (P ≤ 0.05) compared to WP and PL.ConclusionsIn conclusion, increasing daily protein intake to 1.5 g/kg through ingestion of either whey or soy protein supplements mitigates field performance deterioration during successive speed-endurance training sessions without affecting exercise-induced muscle damage and redox status markers.Trial registrationName of the registry: clinicaltrials.gov. Trial registration: NCT03753321. Date of registration: 12/10/2018.

The effect of isolated or combined small-sided games and speed endurance training on physical performance parameters in young soccer players

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of six weeks of small-sided games (SSG), speed endurance (SER) and combined SSG and SER (CT) training programs on sprint, repeated sprint, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) and level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) performance in young soccer players. Forty-one elite young soccer players (body height: 174.0 ± 7.5 cm, body weight: 59.7 ± 9.5 kg, age: 14.6 ± 0.5 years, training age: 7.4 ± 0.6 years) underwent anthropometric measurements before performing 10m and 30m sprint tests, repeated sprint tests, and Yo-Yo IR1 and Yo-Yo IR2. The players were then divided into four groups: the SSG group (SSG; n=11), the SER group (SER; n=10), the CT group (CT; n=11), and the control group (CG; n=9). All groups performed training for six weeks on two days out of the five training days the participants were undertaking. There was a statistically significant increase in the Yo-Yo IR1 and Yo-Yo IR2 test performances of players in SSG, SER and CT groups (p&amp;lt;.05). In addition, players in these groups showed significantly higher percentage increases in Yo-Yo IR2 test performance compared to the CG. The CT group also had a statistically significant increase in Yo-Yo IR1 test performance compared to the CG (p&amp;lt;.05). In conclusion, while this study shows that SSG and SER training can be used for physical performance development in isolation or in combination, coaches and sports scientists are advised to choose combined training to use training time more efficiently.

Effects of suggested speed endurance training program in a number biochemical variables after anaerobic effort and recovery for advanced short distance runners

Effects of suggested speed endurance training program in a number biochemical variables after anaerobic effort and recovery for advanced short distance runners

Performance Improvement in Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 and During Official Matches: The Role of Speed Endurance Training Production in Élite Football Players

Performance Improvement in Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 and During Official Matches: The Role of Speed Endurance Training Production in Élite Football Players