Tone Speech Research Articles

Emotion Classification from Speech Waveform Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques

Emotions play a key role in determining the human mental state and indirectly express an individual’s well- being. A speech emotion recognition system can extract a person’s emotions from his/her speech inputs. There are some universal emotions such as anger, disgust, fear, happiness, pleasantness, sadness and neutral. These emotions are of significance especially in a situation like the Covid pandemic, when the aged or sick are vulnerable to depression. In the current paper, we examined various classification models with finite computational strength and resources in order to determine the emotion of a person from his/her speech. Speech prosodic features like pitch, loudness, and tone of speech, and work spectral features such as Mel Frequency Capstral Coefficients (MFCCs) of the voice were used to analyze the emotions of a person. Although sequence to sequence state of the art models for speech detection that offer high levels of accuracy and precision are currently in use, the computational needs of such approaches are high and inefficient. Therefore, in this work, we emphasised analysis and comparison of different classification algorithms such as multi layer perceptron, decision tree, support vector machine, and deep neural networks such as convolutional neural network and long short term memory. Given an audio file, the emotions that were exhibited by the speaker were recognized using machine learning and deep learning techniques. A comparative study was performed to identify the most appropriate algorithms that could be used to recognize emotions. Based on the experiment results, the MLP classifier and convolutional neural network model offered better accuracy with smaller variations when compared with other models used for the study.

Shadowing textbook and authentic materials in beginning L2 learners’ acquisition of Mandarin Chinese tones in spontaneous speech

Abstract Addressing the lack of research examining the use of discourse-level speech input in beginning L2 learners’ Mandarin tone production in spontaneous speech, this study compares the effects of authentic videos and textbook audios as shadowing materials on beginners’ multisyllabic tone production in spontaneous speech and learner attitudes. Fourteen college students, randomly divided into the “authentic” and “textbook” groups, shadowed for four weeks. From the pretest to the posttest, both groups significantly improved tone accuracy in sentence-level spontaneous speech with no significant differences between groups. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of learners’ responses show that (1) both groups had positive attitudes toward the materials, (2) authentic materials generated greater interest, and learners appreciated shadowing authentic conversations or conversations that mimic natural discourse, and (3) the learners primarily cared about whether the materials were comprehensible, interesting, and accessible. The findings shed light on using authentic materials to teach L2 pronunciation.

Problematika Akhlak Peserta Didik dalam Mengikuti Proses Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam

The morals of students can be influenced by the surrounding environment. Local culture can also play an important role in shaping children's behavior and morals. Because a person's morals can be influenced by local cultural, environmental, and educational factors. It is important to understand and appreciate this diversity in an effort to improve character education throughout the region. In some areas such as the Pagar Alam area as we know the people in this area are very known for their friendliness even though the tone of speech in the Sumatra area is known for a speech style that sounds harsh if heard by others but in fact it is not. The purpose of this study is to know the moral problems of students when participating in the learning process and to know solutions in overcoming the moral problems of students in following the learning process of Islamic Religious Education. This kind of research. Qualitative research The approach used by researchers is a qualitative descriptive approach Data collection techniques used and to support the author's research data using interview guidelines, observation guidelines and documentation. There are students who do not want to be reprimanded or given directions, so the teacher will not force the child but the teacher there will still do or give punishment if the student violates the rules.

Visual-articulatory cues facilitate children with CIs to better perceive Mandarin tones in sentences

Children with cochlear implants (CIs) face challenges in tonal perception under noise. Nevertheless, our previous research demonstrated that seeing visual-articulatory cues (speakers’ facial/head movements) benefited these children to perceive isolated tones better, particularly in noisy environments, with those implanted earlier gaining more benefits. However, tones in daily speech typically occur in sentence contexts where visual cues are largely reduced compared to those in isolated contexts. It was thus unclear if visual benefits on tonal perception still hold in these challenging sentence contexts. Therefore, this study tested 64 children with CIs and 64 age-matched NH children. Target tones in sentence-medial position were presented in audio-only (AO) or audiovisual (AV) conditions, in quiet and noisy environments. Children selected the target tone using a picture-point task. The results showed that, while NH children did not show any perception difference between AO and AV conditions, children with CIs significantly improved their perceptual accuracy from AO to AV conditions. The degree of improvement was negatively correlated with their implantation ages. Therefore, children with CIs were able to use visual-articulatory cues to facilitate their tonal perception even in sentence contexts, and earlier auditory experience might be important in shaping this ability.

EXPERIENCE OF TEACHER COMMUNICATION IN TEACHING CHILDREN WITH DOWN SINDROM (Phenomenological Study on Down Syndrome Children in SLB YPPLB Padang)

Teachers are a central figure in the world of education especially when there is a developing teaching interaction process and are the most responsible for developing learners' potential. A teacher's role in the learning process is crucial to the shaping of a child's character. Teachers directly play a role in influencing what they learn, how they receive learning, and what they look like in interacting in their social lives. The problem in this research is how the teacher's communication experience in teaching a child down syndrome in the SLB YPPLB padang. The research method used is qualitative research. The paradigm used in this study is a constructive paradigm with the phenomenon approaching Edmund husserl. Research shows that the process of communication built into teacher and child down syndrome is pure interpersonal communication. Communication is done in person so that teachers and down syndrome can detect immediate reactions and can provide immediate feedback. The communication process consists of the seven stages, that is; The rendering stage, the encoding stage, the delivery stage, the travel stage, the reception stage, the reverse encoding stage, and the interpretive stage. Then, success in communication came to include five things: Information transparency, empathy, a supportive attitude, a positive attitude, and space. There is a breakdown in communication, that is; Misunderstandings, language differences, and special needs. Nonverbal communication in the study contained attributes, tone of speech, touch, sitting position, and the use of time. The transcendental meaning of the teacher's experience is that of embracing and feeling fulfillment. Keywords: communication experience, teachers, down syndrome, interpersonal communication

Token-Level Contrastive Learning with Modality-Aware Prompting for Multimodal Intent Recognition

Multimodal intent recognition aims to leverage diverse modalities such as expressions, body movements and tone of speech to comprehend user's intent, constituting a critical task for understanding human language and behavior in real-world multimodal scenarios. Nevertheless, the majority of existing methods ignore potential correlations among different modalities and own limitations in effectively learning semantic features from nonverbal modalities. In this paper, we introduce a token-level contrastive learning method with modality-aware prompting (TCL-MAP) to address the above challenges. To establish an optimal multimodal semantic environment for text modality, we develop a modality-aware prompting module (MAP), which effectively aligns and fuses features from text, video and audio modalities with similarity-based modality alignment and cross-modality attention mechanism. Based on the modality-aware prompt and ground truth labels, the proposed token-level contrastive learning framework (TCL) constructs augmented samples and employs NT-Xent loss on the label token. Specifically, TCL capitalizes on the optimal textual semantic insights derived from intent labels to guide the learning processes of other modalities in return. Extensive experiments show that our method achieves remarkable improvements compared to state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, ablation analyses demonstrate the superiority of the modality-aware prompt over the handcrafted prompt, which holds substantial significance for multimodal prompt learning. The codes are released at https://github.com/thuiar/TCL-MAP.

The tone of the president's immigration rhetoric

AbstractWe examine the tone of the president's immigration policy speeches as a function of the political context, policy characteristics, and individual presidents in two ways. First, we describe the tone of the president's immigration rhetoric using DICTION software and its five global categories of tone. Second, we hypothesize that commonality and optimism, two categories of tone expressive of immigration policy, will co‐vary by political context, policy characteristics of immigration, and a president's approach to rhetoric. To test our expectations, we collected presidential mentions of immigration since 1953 from the Public Papers of the Presidents. Key variables, like the president's honeymoon and the post‐9/11 era, increase a president's commonality tone, and the president's approval ratings encourage greater optimism. Individual presidents also shape presidential rhetoric, indicating the importance of presidential style to immigration tone, especially for optimism. We conclude with implications of our work for the systematic study of presidential tone and the prospects for comprehensive immigration reform.

EUPHEMISMS IN JOSEPH BIDEN’S MODERN POLITICAL DISCOURSE IN THE WAR IN UKRAINE

Euphemism occupies a central place in political discourse. The article aims to probe into the rhetorical device of euphemism in the political discourse of the 46th President of the United States, Joseph Biden, during the Ukrainian-Russian war. The significance of the study is based on the necessity to research the linguistic image of the Russian-Ukrainian war and its main political actors in current political discourse. The relevance of this study is also determined by the aim to show the use of euphemisms in current political discourse on the example of Joseph Biden’s speeches. The research methods of the article combine continuous sampling, component analysis; comparison and observation, classification and systematization of data, quantitative calculations, etc. The also study employs Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) which explores the relations between language and power as well as the relations between language and image. Our research limits its analysis of multimodality to two modalities, gesture and speech. President Joseph Biden’s speeches on the United Efforts of the Free World to Support the People of Ukraine (February 26, 2022) and on the One-Year Anniversary of Russia’s Brutal and Unprovoked Invasion of Ukraine of the US (February 21, 2023) at the Royal Castle in Warsaw serve as a material for the study of euphemisms in political discourse. Conclusions. Euphemism is a characteristic element of political discourse. The role of euphemisms in political discourse is primarily determined by the desire for politically correct intercultural communication, politeness and tolerance, and mutual understanding. Euphemisms express the moral values of society and help to overcome intercultural barriers. The analysis of Joseph Biden’s political speeches made it possible to identify groups of the most commonly used types of euphemisms, namely, concealment of military conflicts (“conflict”, “invasion”, “aggression”, “fight for freedom”, “crisis”, “the great battle for freedom”); taboo of death (“sacrifice”, “pass away”, “lose their lives”); socio-economic sphere (“the continued support”, “support”). According to research data, 47.2% of euphemisms have a veiling function, 38.9% of euphemisms perform a cooperative function and 8.3% of euphemisms have a preventive function in Joseph Biden’s speeches. We suggest Joseph Biden delivers the same viewpoint across his gestures and speeches. Analyzing the gesture-euphemism correlation, we conclude that the 46th US President mainly employed these gestures with integrative and complementary functions. The present paper shows how the polyphonic self of the US political leader is conveyed not solely through speech, but also through gesture. Thus, we assume that the driving force in the evolution of the politician’s polyphonic self is the distribution of viewpoints across modalities of political discourse, where they influence each other in live communication. Biden’s speech is characterized by a short syntagm, as he slows down the pace, trying to convey every word to the audience. The stress is mostly emphatic, with emphasis created by increasing pitch, volume, and duration. Pauses, intonations, voice, register, and tone of speech, being a frame of euphemistic connotations, form the specificity of the communicative and pragmatic field of audiovisual narrative.

CRUEL SPEECH:

This paper interrogates the official purveyance of exterminist rhetoric in Russia’s war on Ukraine, with a particular focus on state media discourse. Over decades, the Putin regime has constructed an overarching system of intertwined narratives about Ukraine, centred on historical and geopolitical fables and exhortations to violence, and conveyed via repetitive tropes and tones of speech. These are ritualistic semi-scripted televised discussions (“agitainment”) featuring state officials, hack journalists, and prowar scholars. This elaborate discursive spectacle models a sadistic affect and seems designed to crush empathy towards Ukrainian civilians and among Russia’s own citizens. Anthropological and critical discursive approaches to the circulation of utterance suggest avenues for analysing the impacts, obvious and subtle, of these rhetorical and aesthetic devices in the context of terror directed both internationally and domestically.

Mental Health and Stigmatization Linked to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has reached an entirely new level of severity. It has jolted the entire world and caused pervasive chaos. A significant portion of the psychological responses thus far have been reactions to events in other countries, worries about the future, and responses to confinement. Initial and prominent responses to the pandemic in India have been appalling, with a sense of impending and palpable danger. Concerns based on facts coexist with those based on the abundance of information and misinformation disseminated by the media, particularly social media. Even with the stringent requirements for testing, many individuals still seek reassurance through testing. Despite the lack of general indications for their use, they stockpile pharmaceuticals out of dread of contracting the disease. In addition to recommendations regarding hand cleansing, there are uncertainties regarding whether to wear a mask, the type of mask to use, the distance to be maintained, and how to disinfect surfaces. There are legitimate concerns regarding employment losses and economic decline during and after the pandemic. Social isolation and social prejudice are not synonymous. Maintaining a distance of 1-2 meters is permissible for security purposes. In terms of status and opportunities, everyone should be treated equally. The situation calls for a cheerful tone of speech. Using expressions such as "the end of the world" and "the plague" is discouraged. Contamination caused by rumors must be avoided. It is essential to promote early detection and prevention. Those who have been afflicted with COVID-19 must share their accounts of compassion and struggle. Before COVID-19, only a minority of individuals with mental health issues were treated. According to studies, the pandemic has widened the mental health treatment divide, and outpatient mental health services have been particularly disrupted.

THE ROLE OF PROSODY IN EXPRESSING NATIONAL IDENTITY OF CANADIANS

The present investigation is dedicated to the problem of expressing national identity of Canadians by means of prosody — one of the brightest identifies of national speaker’s belonging in oral speech. Social and personal prosodic variation of Canadians’ English speech is in the focus of the investigation. Appeal to Canadian prosodic system can be explained by inadequate study of this variant of English and its prosodic features which can serve as markers of national identity of a speakers. The concept national identity is multiaspectual by its structure and is considered as multilevel system which includes ethnic, cultural, religions belonging as well as historical community of the territory. Language plays the leading role, it units members of the community into nation and provides it with those linguistic features, which consolidate the members, of one community and differentiates from the others. Investigation of prosodic characteristic of Canadian variant of English speakers of Alberta province in the present paper is conducted with the aim of revealing and describing a set of melodic and frequency characteristics, which can serve as markers of Canadians national identity. Canada is a county which language system has a bilingual character, its language is under the influence of British and American variants of English, considerable variation of language forms is connected with a great flow of immigrants to the country. All these factors resulted in the formation of Canadian English, which has its own individual prosodic system. Revealed in the process of complex auditory and computer analysis melodic and frequency characteristic allow to state the existence of definite features of Canadian prosodic system which can be markers of national identity. They are — high-pitched level of frequency tonetic realizations and frequent use of Rising, Rising Falling and Level terminal tones in speech.

Influence of indoor and outdoor noises on the speech intelligibility in classrooms

There are many noise sources inside the classrooms such as heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning(HVAC) noises. Also, there are outdoor noises near classrooms such as road traffic noises. Under these situations, teachers are using loudspeaker system in order to enhance the speech transmission. The present study aims to investigate the students’ subjective responses to teacher’s speech under many different noise situations. in order to this, questionnaire survey was undertaken to 60 students in two different classrooms. They were asked to mark their subjective listening comprehension and speech intelligibility in 5-points scale at every cases when three conditions were changed including opening status of doors and windows, operating HVAC system, and usage of loudspeaker system. Also, sound levels were measured in each case. As a result, it was found that only 17% of subjects responded that they were prevented from noises from outdoor and HVAC system. Also, it was responded that using loudspeaker system can enhance the listening conditions 2.7 times more than normal condition. Nevertheless, there are 33% of negative responses to loudspeaker system due to the artificial tone of speech. Thus, it can be concluded that indoor and outdoor noises cause by opening windows and operating HVAC system do not affect student’s speech intelligibility much in general cases, Also, using loudspeaker system in small classroom should be used cautiously considering students’ preferences.

Multi-modal cross-linguistic perception of Mandarin tones in clear speech.

Clearly enunciated speech (relative to conversational, plain speech) involves articulatory and acoustic modifications that enhance auditory-visual (AV) segmental intelligibility. However, little research has explored clear-speech effects on the perception of suprasegmental properties such as lexical tone, particularly involving visual (facial) perception. Since tone production does not primarily rely on vocal tract configurations, tones may be less visually distinctive. Questions thus arise as to whether clear speech can enhance visual tone intelligibility, and if so, whether any intelligibility gain can be attributable to tone-specific category-enhancing (code-based) clear-speech cues or tone-general saliency-enhancing (signal-based) cues. The present study addresses these questions by examining the identification of clear and plain Mandarin tones with visual-only, auditory-only, and AV input modalities by native (Mandarin) and nonnative (English) perceivers. Results show that code-based visual and acoustic clear tone modifications, although limited, affect both native and nonnative intelligibility, with category-enhancing cues increasing intelligibility and category-blurring cues decreasing intelligibility. In contrast, signal-based cues, which are extensively available, do not benefit native intelligibility, although they contribute to nonnative intelligibility gain. These findings demonstrate that linguistically relevant visual tonal cues are existent. In clear speech, such tone category-enhancing cues are incorporated with saliency-enhancing cues across AV modalities for intelligibility improvements.

What Makes Patients Stick with an Orthopedic Surgeon?

Objectives Patient loyalty is a determinant of continued care, adherence to the provider’s recommendations, and patient compliance which affects the overall health care. This study aimed to assess the determinants of patient loyalty to an orthopedic surgeon. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 190 patients in an academic orthopedic clinic. The checklist included 14 items grouped into three categories scoring from 1 (unimportant) to 5 (very important), including cheerful face, tone of speech, follow-up, truthfulness, empathy, gender, age, attire, attentive posture, skill and expertise, number of publications, academic activity, the title of certification (MD, Ph.D), and position (e.g., chief of service, dean of the department). Each item was scored separately for “staying with a physician” and “recommending to others.” Other variables collected were age, education, condition, and type of visits (new patient, follow-up, and postop). Results Providers’ physical characteristics (gender, age, attire, and attentive posture) and academic achievements (position, publication, and degree) scored low to moderate, between 2 and 3 out of 5. The ‘skill and expertise’ item scored the highest, followed by all behavioral aspects, including cheerful face, tone of speech, follow-up, truthfulness, and empathy. There was no significant difference between “staying with the same physician” and “recommending to others.” The item scores showed no significant difference between males and females, occupation, education, and the type of visit. Conclusion Providers’ attitudes and expertise are the most important determinants correlated with patient loyalty indicating the critical role of the provider’s behavior in patient adherence and being recommended to friends and family. Of note, the physical characteristics of the provider showed little role in sticking with the same provider for continued care. Although skill and expertise might correlate with scheduling the first visit, still attitude and behavioral factors may be correlated with sticking with the same provider for continued care.

The Study of Sarcasm in Political Discourse

Sarcasm is a complicated linguistic phenomenon especially in written language because changing the tone of speech makes sarcasm more apparent. Sarcasm often refers to a specific, recognizable individual and it implies criticism. Incongruity is the main characteristic that sarcastic speech contains in addition to opposition and negativity. Everyday interaction usually includes sarcasm, which affects the nature of nearly every exchange. As a result, sarcasm offers a chance for in-depth linguistic research. In this study, the researcher sets the following aims: showing which types of speech acts are used more than other types in the political contexts; shedding a light on the social functions that sarcasm serves in the political texts; and knowing the linguistic mechanisms which are employed in the political texts to reflect sarcasm. Accordingly, some hypotheses are put which are as follows: expressives are used more than other types of speech acts in the political texts; social control is the main function that sarcasm serves in the political texts; and metaphor is used frequently in political texts as a mechanism to reflect sarcasm. The researcher adopts an eclectic model which consists of three theories: Searle and Vanderveken's Speech Acts Theory (1985); Ducharme's Functions of Sarcasm (1994); and Tabacaru's Linguistic Mechanisms of Sarcasm. The analysis of the chosen political texts shows the following conclusions: assertive speech acts are used more than other types of speech acts; humorous aggression is a very common function of sarcasm in the employed political texts; and the most utilized linguistic mechanism to express sarcasm is metaphor.

Confrontational or ‘Statespersonlike’ Style? Examining Finnish and French Presidents’ Public Speeches and Messages, 2000–2020

Presidents can use public speeches for a variety of purposes from rallying support for their initiatives to attacking their opponents or building societal consensus. Contrary to general expectations regarding dual executive systems, this article suggests that presidents in semi-presidential regimes can benefit politically and in terms of popularity from ‘statespersonlike’ behaviour, and thus, they should generally refrain from negative and contentious statements. Examining the tone and content of formal speeches and informal messages of Finnish and French presidents from 2000 to 2020, the study shows that under varying constitutional frameworks and general practical expectations, the presidents in both countries by and large employ a ‘statespersonlike’ style in their speeches. Presidential speeches primarily express a positive tone, and they contain few references to other state institutions and economy and other governmental domains. Instead, presidents typically seek to portray themselves as guardians of national interest, with foreign policy and national unity emphasized in the speeches.

ОРЧИН ЦАГИЙН МОНГОЛ, ТУРК, СОЛОНГОС ХЭЛНИЙ ЦАГИЙН БАЙЦ ГИШҮҮНТ УГСАРСАН НИЙЛМЭЛ ӨГҮҮЛБЭРИЙН ХАРЬЦУУЛСАН СУДАЛГАА

Until now, comparative studies in the vocative of the two languages have been carried out in the context of simple sentences. However, in real life complex sentences are used more than simple sentences in spoken and written language. So, a complex sentence with adverbial clause of time has been specially considered on the example of the Mongolian language, that including complex sentences shows unique features of the vocative. If a complex sentence has two different subjects, it appears by nominative case in the clause sentence of Korean and Turkish; but it appears by vocative clause in the clause sentence of Mongolian; sometimes it appears by the zero subject. The main importance of this study is to clarify and explain this reason from the point of view of grammar and identity. When we do this, research, aimed to be as a language usage for bilingual students and to the teaching teachers. We have reviewed the special usage of the vocative in the three languages based on the imperative characteristic of the verb to be transitive. This characteristic is manifested in the subjective of complex sentences with an adverbial clause of time in the Mongolian language, but in the objective of simple sentences in the Turkish and Korean languages. This is due to the fact that is not the primary function of vocative case adjective to transitive verb and it is due to the fact that it serves as an auxiliary suffix that highlights the subject and intensifies the tone of speech. As seen from suffix of vocative in the three languages, it is necessary to learn to understand and use it in relation to human attitudes in addition to the rules of linguistics, that relates with both transitive or intransitive verb for to eliminate the prejudice that verb with suffix of vocative case is commands to only transitive verbs. We are considering that is possible, it can be explained by the characteristics of human attitudes and relationships that is not from the point of view of grammatical whether to get a vocative in subjective in the clause sentence of a complex sentences.

Fabricating 2 piece closed hollow obturator with elastomeric impression material: An innovative dental technique

Maxillectomy defects are the most common results in oro-nasal communication, which leads to an expected change in speech tone, difficulty in mastication, and deglutition. These affect the quality of life of the patient and also impact them psychosocially in a long run. The most common management of maxillectomy patients for both complete and partial is by maxillary obturator prosthesis. To reduce the weight of the obturators various procedures of hollowing are present in literature. In this article, we will discuss an alternate and innovative laboratory technique for the fabrication of closed hollow obturator which will reduce the time of both dental technicians and clinicians.

Machine Learning Algorithms for Speech Emotion Classification

Artificial intelligence products work by imitating the way humans think. ‘Communication’ is one of the most important links in the sustainable development of human society. Meanwhile, allowing artificial intelligence to communicate with humans is also one of the main aspects of scientific research. In recent years, the level of development of artificial intelligence has already made some smart products that can chat with humans when they are bored. It can be predicted that in the future, we can have robot pets to accompany us. In order to make companion-type products to be more similar to humans, it is necessary to implant algorithms that could recognize human’s expressions of emotion. this paper is introduced two methods that can help AI to recognize emotion in human speech. One is to recognize words that express emotion, and the other is to recognize the tone of speech to judge emotion. Finally, it discusses the feasibility of this algorithm in reality.

Development of Achieving Constancy in Lexical Tone Identification With Contextual Cues.

The aim of this study was to explore when and how Mandarin-speaking children use contextual cues to normalize speech variability in perceiving lexical tones. Two different cognitive mechanisms underlying speech normalization (lower level acoustic normalization and higher level acoustic-phonemic normalization) were investigated through the lexical tone identification task in nonspeech contexts and speech contexts, respectively. Besides, another aim of this study was to reveal how domain-general cognitive abilities contribute to the development of the speech normalization process. In this study, 94 five- to eight-year-old Mandarin-speaking children (50 boys, 44 girls) and 24 young adults (14 men, 10 women) were asked to identify ambiguous Mandarin high-level and mid-rising tones in either speech or nonspeech contexts. Furthermore, in this study, we tested participants' pitch sensitivity through a nonlinguistic pitch discrimination task and their working memory using the digit span task. Higher level acoustic-phonemic normalization of lexical tones emerged at the age of 6 years and was relatively stable thereafter. However, lower level acoustic normalization was less stable across different ages. Neither pitch sensitivity nor working memory affected children's lexical tone normalization. Mandarin-speaking children above 6 years of age successfully achieved constancy in lexical tone normalization based on speech contextual cues. The perceptual normalization of lexical tones was not affected by pitch sensitivity and working memory capacity.