Speech Recognition In Noise Research Articles

Executive Function Associations With Audibility-Adjusted Speech Perception in Noise.

Speech recognition in noise is challenging for listeners and appears to require support from executive functions to focus attention on rapidly unfolding target speech, track misunderstanding, and sustain attention. The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that lower executive function abilities explain poorer speech recognition in noise, including among older participants with hearing loss who often exhibit diminished speech recognition in noise and cognitive abilities. A cross-sectional sample of 400 younger-to-older adult participants (19 to < 90 years of age) from the community-based Medical University of South CarolinaLongitudinal Cohort Study of Age-related Hearing Loss were administered tasks with executive control demands to assess individual variability in a card-sorting measure of set-shifting/performance monitoring, a dichotic listening measure of selective attention/working memory, sustained attention, and processing speed. Key word recognition in the high- and low-context speech perception-in-noise (SPIN) tests provided measures of speech recognition in noise. The SPIN scores were adjusted for audibility using the Articulation Index to characterize the impact of varied hearing sensitivity unrelated to reduced audibility on cognitive and speech recognition associations. Set-shifting, dichotic listening, and processing speed each explained unique and significant variance in audibility-adjusted, low-context SPIN scores (ps < .001), including after controlling for age, pure-tone threshold average (PTA), sex, and education level. The dichotic listening and processing speed effect sizes were significantly diminished when controlling for PTA, indicating that participants with poorer hearing sensitivity were also likely to have lower executive function and lower audibility-adjusted speech recognition. Poor set-shifting/performance monitoring, slow processing speed, and poor selective attention/working memory appeared to partially explain difficulties with speech recognition in noise after accounting for audibility. These results are consistent with the premise that distinct executive functions support speech recognition in noise.

Directionality in BiCROS hearing aids: an investigation of objective and subjective outcomes

Objectives To assess the effect of forward and omnidirectional microphone configurations in BiCROS versus monaural hearing aids on objective and subjective outcomes in different noise conditions. Design After fitting and a 4-week acclimatisation period, speech recognition and sound quality were measured using forward directional, omnidirectional, and unaided settings. Two noise configurations were used, surrounding noise and noise presented from the aided (better) ear. Subjective outcomes were assessed using the SSQ-b and BBSS questionnaires and participant interviews. Study sample Eighteen adult participants (mean: 74.6 y; range: 61–94 y; ten males, eight females) with mild to moderately severe SNHL in their better ear (PTA0.5–4khz > 20 dB HL) and limited usable hearing in their poorer ear (average PTA0.5–4khz > 100 dB HL). Results Significant improvement in speech recognition and sound quality for BiCROS and monaural directional settings over omnidirectional and unaided, in both noise configurations. There were no significant differences observed between monoaural and BiCROS directional settings. Conclusion Speech in noise recognition and sound quality scores demonstrated a significant directional benefit for both BiCROS and monaural directional fitting settings over omnidirectional and unaided conditions. Unique BiCROS-specific experiences were identified in a patient-oriented approach. These can inform the development of BiCROS-tailored tools.

Evaluation of a semi-supervised self-adjustment fine-tuning procedure for hearing aids for asymmetrical hearing loss

Objective This study investigated a previously evaluated self-adjustment procedure with respect to its applicability for asymmetrical hearing loss (AHL). Self-adjusted settings were evaluated for speech recognition in noise and sound preference. Design Participants were given the possibility to adjust the left and right hearing aid separately using a two-dimensional user interface. Two different adjustment sequences were tested. Realistic everyday sound scenes in a laboratory environment were presented. The difference between the ears regarding their speech recognition in noise was tested with two spatial conditions, unaided as well as with the prescriptive formula and the self-adjusted setting. Study sample Nineteen experienced hearing aid users (median age 76 years) with different degrees of AHL were invited to participate in this study. Results Participants adjusted a higher gain slope across frequency in the worse ear than in the better one. The two adjustment sequences resulted in significantly different adjustment durations and gain settings. The difference between the ears regarding speech recognition in noise did not change with the self-adjustment. Overall, group-mean effect sizes were small compared to the parameter space. Conclusions The adjustment procedure can be used also by hearing aid users with AHL to find a possibly preferred gain setting.

Impact of an Auditory Processing Training Program on Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Children and young adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often report and exhibit significant auditory processing difficulties, particularly in background noise. This study extends our previous work by examining the potential benefits of a 12-week auditory processing training (APT) program designed to address the auditory processing difficulties in individuals with ASD via auditory training and the use of remote-microphone technology. Effect sizes of training benefits also were calculated, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to consolidate performance across various tests into fewer meaningful constructs related to auditory processing in this population. Twenty-eight children and young adults with ASD participated in a 12-week APT program that included one-on-one speech-in-noise training, computerized dichotic training, and use of remote-microphone technology at home and at school. Before and after training, each participant completed tests of speech recognition in noise, spatial processing, binaural integration, and general auditory processing skills. Significant performance improvements and medium-to-large effect sizes were found across most test measures after the participants completed the APT program and when using the remote-microphone system. PCA identified strong relationships among all test measures as well as documented the relationships between behavioral performance, training duration, and training improvements. The APT program significantly improved spatial processing, binaural integration, phonological processing, auditory memory, auditory cohesion, and speech recognition in noise in individuals with ASD when the remote-microphone system was used. PCA analysis of pre- and posttraining data showed a strong relationship among all test measures, suggesting an abbreviated auditory processing test battery may be feasible for individuals with ASD. Training duration (minutes) and training improvements were associated with performance outcomes measured by the test battery.

Analysis of the Spanish Auditory Test of Speech in Noise (PAHRE) in a Population with Hearing Loss.

Speech recognition in noise is one of the difficulties faced by people with hearing loss that increases with age. The recently developed Spanish Auditory Test of Speech in Noise (Prueba Auditiva de Habla en Ruido en Español, PAHRE) allows for the identification of these intelligibility difficulties in noise. The aim of this study was to assess speech recognition in noise in people with hearing loss and to test the benefits of the Lombard effect. The participants were 104 people with hearing difficulties, ranging in age from 37 to 98 years. The variables age, degree of hearing loss, presence of high-frequency dropout, and years of formal education were assessed. Psychometric curves were obtained as a function of signal-to-noise ratio as well as threshold values of speech reception as a function of age group for mild and moderate hearing loss. The results indicated that the speech reception threshold increased with both age and the degree of hearing loss, becoming particularly significant after the age of 70. Furthermore, it was found that the combined factors of age, degree of hearing loss, and educational level predicted a high percentage of the variability in the speech reception threshold. Therefore, the Spanish Auditory Test of Speech in Noise could be a useful clinical tool for diagnosis, monitoring, auditory rehabilitation planning, and hearing aid fitting.

Benefits of speech recognition in noise using remote microphones for people with typical hearing

IntroductionRemote microphone (RM) systems are designed to enhance speech recognition in noisy environments by improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for individuals with typical hearing (TH) and hearing impairment (HI). The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the advantages of speech recognition in noise for individuals with TH in a simulated group setting using two different remote microphones. MethodsA quasi-experimental, repeated-measures design was employed, involving ten participants with TH, ages 20 to 63 years. Each were fit with Roger Focus receivers bilaterally to listen to three RM conditions: Roger Select, Roger Pen, and no technology. Participants were instructed to transcribe sentences that were presented randomly at varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs: 0, -5, and -10 dB) from five speakers positioned equidistant around a circular table to simulate a group dining scenario. ResultsSignificant main effects of the technology condition and noise level (p < .05) were found. Participants exhibited superior performance with Roger Select compared to Roger Pen. As expected, recognition rates decreased with lower SNRs across all three technology conditions. ConclusionsTo enhance speech recognition in group settings for individuals with TH, the utilization of the Roger Select microphone in conjunction with bilateral Roger Focus receivers is recommended over the Roger Pen

EXPRESS: Prior multisensory learning can facilitate auditory-only voice-identity and speech recognition in noise.

Seeing the visual articulatory movements of a speaker, while hearing their voice, helps with understanding what is said. This multisensory enhancement is particularly evident in noisy listening conditions. Multisensory enhancement also occurs even in auditory-only conditions: auditory-only speech and voice-identity recognition is superior for speakers previously learned with their face, compared to control learning; an effect termed the "face-benefit". Whether the face-benefit can assist in maintaining robust perception in increasingly noisy listening conditions, similar to concurrent multisensory input, is unknown. Here, in two behavioural experiments, we examined this hypothesis. In each experiment, participants learned a series of speakers' voices together with their dynamic face, or control image. Following learning, participants listened to auditory-only sentences spoken by the same speakers and recognised the content of the sentences (speech recognition, Experiment 1) or the voice-identity of the speaker (Experiment 2) in increasing levels of auditory noise. For speech recognition, we observed that 14/30 participants (47%) showed a face-benefit. While 19/25 participants (76%) showed a face-benefit for voice-identity recognition. For those participants who demonstrated a face-benefit, the face-benefit increased with auditory noise levels. Taken together, the results support an audio-visual model of auditory communication and suggest that the brain can develop a flexible system in which learned facial characteristics are used to deal with varying auditory uncertainty.

Spontaneous neural activity underlying neutral and happy speech recognition in noise and its association with psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia

BackgroundDeficits in speech and emotion perception are intertwined with psychiatric symptoms. How the happy prosody embedded in speech affects target speech-in-noise recognition (TSR) and relates to psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia (SCHs) remains unclear. This study examined spontaneous brain activity underlying happy TSR and its association with psychiatric symptom dimensions in SCHs. MethodsFifty-four SCHs and 59 healthy control participants (HCs) underwent the TSR task, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) assessment, and magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Multivariate analyses of partial least squares (PLS) regression were used to explore the associations between whole-brain fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), happy-neutral TSR (target pseudo-sentences were uttered in happy and neutral prosodies), and five PANSS factor scores (excitement/hostility, depression/anxiety, cognition, positive, and negative). ResultsThe happy prosody did not alter TSR or TSR changing rates in either SCHs or HCs. SCHs exhibited lower happy and neutral TSR than HCs. A fALFF PLS component (including precentral/postcentral gyrus, Subcallosal Cortex, several temporal regions, and cerebellum) was associated with happy and neutral TSR. SCHs demonstrated higher PLS fALFF scores and PLS TSR scores than HCs. In SCHs, PLS fALFF scores were correlated with the PANSS positive factor score, and PLS TSR scores were correlated with the PANSS cognition factor score. ConclusionsThe positive-psychiatric-symptoms-related spontaneous activity profile was associated with happy and neutral TSR, contributing to the cognition psychiatric symptoms dimension. The findings suggest the potential to improve positive and cognitive symptoms by enhancing happy and neutral TSR in schizophrenia based on neuroplasticity.

Localization and Speech-in-Noise Performance in a Virtual Reality Test Environment: A Pilot Study of Adults With Single-Sided Deafness Using a Cochlear Implant.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to (a) construct a virtual reality (VR) test environment to measure speech recognition in noise (SIN) and localization, and (b) use the VR test environment to establish degree of binaural hearing benefit among a small number of adults with single-sided deafness (SSD) using a cochlear implant (CI). This pilot study included five adults implanted for SSD. The test environment was composed of an eight-speaker array that delivered restaurant noise and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers sentences. VR head-mounted display goggles delivered a video recording of a busy restaurant. Participants completed SIN and localization in two conditions: (a) normal-hearing ear and a CI on the contralateral SSD side (CI-ON) and (b) normal-hearing ear and unaided on the contralateral SSD side (CI-OFF). Overall, CI benefits for SIN and localization within the VR test environment were improved for some participants, although not all. CI benefit for SIN and localization was dependent on speaker location. VR test environments present new opportunities for studying SIN and localization abilities in participants with CIs. This pilot study shows that, within a VR test environment, degree of CI benefit among SSD participants for SIN and localization varies across speaker location and across participants.

Functional hearing impairment common in Parkinson’s disease: Insights from a pilot study

IntroductionHearing impairments in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) have received limited attention in the past, possibly because PD patients often report no perceived hearing disability, yet negative consequences of hearing impairment might aggravate communication difficulties and social withdrawal. ObjectiveOur aim was to investigate functional hearing (speech in noise recognition) in PD and evaluate its relationship to neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognition and quality of life. MethodsParticipants with PD were recruited in a tertiary movement disorder clinic. Demographic, audiological, neuropsychiatric and quality of life data were collected. Participants underwent pure tone audiometry (PTA) and Hearing in Noise test (HINT) as a part of their audiological evaluation. ResultsA total of 29 participants (mean age: 65.8±8.3 years, M:F= 1.6:1, mean disease duration 5.2 ± 4.0 years) completed the study. All assessments were done in the ON state. 19/29 (65.5 %) participants had normal tone audiometry for age; functional hearing loss, however, was present in 17/29 (58.6 %) according to the HINT. 65 % (11/17) of the affected participants had a disease duration of <4 years. The majority (72.4 %) with poor functional hearing did not perceive any hearing impairment. Hearing deficits did not correlate with non-motor symptoms (NMS), including cognition or other quality of life measures. ConclusionsFunctional hearing loss is common in PD, often presents early in the disease and the majority of PD patients are unaware of their functional hearing loss. Its potential impact on cognition, communication and quality of life requires further investigation and tailored treatment.

Comparing human and machine speech recognition in noise with QuickSIN.

A test is proposed to characterize the performance of speech recognition systems. The QuickSIN test is used by audiologists to measure the ability of humans to recognize continuous speech in noise. This test yields the signal-to-noise ratio at which individuals can correctly recognize 50% of the keywords in low-context sentences. It is argued that a metric for automatic speech recognizers will ground the performance of automatic speech-in-noise recognizers to human abilities. Here, it is demonstrated that the performance of modern recognizers, built using millions of hours of unsupervised training data, is anywhere from normal to mildly impaired in noise compared to human participants.

Associations between the medial olivocochlear reflex, middle-ear muscle reflex, and sentence-in-noise recognition using steady and pulsed noise elicitors

The middle-ear muscle reflex (MEMR) and medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) modify peripheral auditory function, which may reduce masking and improve speech-in-noise (SIN) recognition. Previous work and our pilot data suggest that the two reflexes respond differently to static versus dynamic noise elicitors. However, little is known about how the two reflexes work in tandem to contribute to SIN recognition. We hypothesized that SIN recognition would be significantly correlated with the strength of the MEMR and with the strength of the MOCR. Additionally, we hypothesized that SIN recognition would be best when both reflexes were activated. A total of 43 healthy, normal-hearing adults met the inclusion/exclusion criteria (35 females, age range: 19–29 years). MEMR strength was assessed using wideband absorbance. MOCR strength was assessed using transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions. SIN recognition was assessed using a modified version of the QuickSIN. All measurements were made with and without two types of contralateral noise elicitors (steady and pulsed) at two levels (50 and 65 dB SPL). Steady noise was used to primarily elicit the MOCR and pulsed noise was used to elicit both reflexes. Two baseline conditions without a contralateral elicitor were also obtained. Results revealed differences in how the MEMR and MOCR responded to elicitor type and level. Contrary to hypotheses, SIN recognition was not significantly improved in the presence of any contralateral elicitors relative to the baseline conditions. Additionally, there were no significant correlations between MEMR strength and SIN recognition, or between MOCR strength and SIN recognition. MEMR and MOCR strength were significantly correlated for pulsed noise elicitors but not steady noise elicitors. Results suggest no association between SIN recognition and the MEMR or MOCR, at least as measured and analyzed in this study. SIN recognition may have been influenced by factors not accounted for in this study, such as contextual cues, warranting further study.

Advanced emotion analysis: harnessing facial image processing and speech recognition through deep learning

The human face hides many secrets and is one of the most expressive human features. Human faces even contain hidden information about a person's personality. Considering the fundamental role of the human face, it is necessary to prepare appropriate deep-learning solutions that analyze human face data. This technology is becoming increasingly common in many industries, such as online retail, advertising testing, virtual makeovers, etc. For example, facial analysis technology now allows online shoppers to virtually apply makeup and try on jewelry or new glasses to get an accurate picture of what these products will look like. The human sense of hearing is a treasure trove of information about the current environment and the location and properties of sound-producing objects. For instance, we effortlessly absorb the sounds of birds singing outside the window, traffic passing in the distance, or the lyrics of a song on the radio. The human auditory system can process the intricate mix of sounds reaching our ears and create high-level abstractions of the environment by analyzing and grouping measured sensory signals. The process of obtaining segregation and identifying sources of a received complex acoustic signal, known as sound scene analysis, is a domain where the power of deep learning shines. The machine implementation of this functionality (separation and classification of sound sources) is pivotal in applications such as speech recognition in noise, automatic music transcription, searching and retrieving multimedia data, or recognizing emotions in statements.

Remote self-testing for adult cochlear implant users: the effect of wireless streaming on speech recognition in noise

Objectives Wireless sound transfer methods for cochlear implant sound processors have become popular for remote self-assessed hearing tests. The aim of this study was to determine (1) spectral differences in stimuli between different wireless sound transfer options and (2) the effect on outcomes of speech recognition tests in noise. Design In study 1, the frequency response of different streaming options (Phonak Roger Select, Cochlear Mini Mic 2+, telecoil and Bluetooth connection) was measured by connecting headphones to CI sound processors. Study 2 followed a repeated measures design in which digits-in-noise (DIN) tests were performed using wireless streaming to sound processors from Cochlear, Advanced Bionics, and MED-EL. Study Sample 20 normal hearing participants. Results Differences in frequency response between loudspeaker and wireless streaming conditions were minimal. We did not find significant difference in DIN outcome (F4,194 = 1.062, p = 0.376) between the wireless transfer options with the Cochlear Nucleus 7 processor. No significant difference in DIN outcomes was found between Bluetooth streaming and the loudspeaker condition for all of the three tested brands. The mean standard error of measurement was 0.72 dB. Conclusions No significant differences in DIN test outcomes between wireless sound transfer and the reference method were found.

Factors to Describe the Outcome Characteristics of a CI Recipient.

Background: In cochlear implant (CI) treatment, there is a large variability in outcome. The aim of our study was to identify the independent audiometric measures that are most directly relevant for describing this variability in outcome characteristics of CI recipients. An extended audiometric test battery was used with selected adult patients in order to characterize the full range of CI outcomes. Methods: CI users were recruited for this study on the basis of their postoperative results and divided into three groups: low (1st quartile), moderate (medium decentile), and high hearing performance (4th quartile). Speech recognition was measured in quiet by using (i) monosyllabic words (40-80 dB SPL), (ii) speech reception threshold (SRT) for numbers, and (iii) the German matrix test in noise. In order to reconstruct demanding everyday listening situations in the clinic, the temporal characteristics of the background noise and the spatial arrangements of the signal sources were varied for tests in noise. In addition, a survey was conducted using the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities (SSQ) questionnaire and the Listening Effort (LE) questionnaire. Results: Fifteen subjects per group were examined (total N = 45), who did not differ significantly in terms of age, time after CI surgery, or CI use behavior. The groups differed mainly in the results of speech audiometry. For speech recognition, significant differences were found between the three groups for the monosyllabic tests in quiet and for the sentences in stationary (S0°N0°) and fluctuating (S0°NCI) noise. Word comprehension and sentence comprehension in quiet were both strongly correlated with the SRT in noise. This observation was also confirmed by a factor analysis. No significant differences were found between the three groups for the SSQ questionnaire and the LE questionnaire results. The results of the factor analysis indicate that speech recognition in noise provides information highly comparable to information from speech intelligibility in quiet. Conclusions: The factor analysis highlighted three components describing the postoperative outcome of CI patients. These were (i) the audiometrically measured supra-threshold speech recognition and (ii) near-threshold audibility, as well as (iii) the subjective assessment of the relationship to real life as determined by the questionnaires. These parameters appear well suited to setting up a framework for a test battery to assess CI outcomes.

Learning English vowels: The effects of different phonetic training modes on Arabic learners' production and perceptiona).

This study investigated the effect of different types of phonetic training on potential changes in the production and perception of English vowels by Arabic learners of English. Forty-six Arabic learners of English were randomly assigned to one of three high variability vowel training programs: Perception training (High Variability Phonetic Training), Production training, and a Hybrid Training program (production and perception training). Pre- and post-tests (vowel identification, category discrimination, speech recognition in noise, and vowel production) showed that all training types led to improvements in perception and production. There was some evidence that improvements were linked to training type: learners in the Perception Training condition improved in vowel identification but not vowel production, while those in the Production Training condition showed only small improvements in performance on perceptual tasks, but greater improvement in production. However, the effects of training modality were complicated by proficiency, with high proficiency learners benefitting more from different types of training regardless of training mode than lower proficiency learners.

Analysis of one-year outcomes after cochlear implantation in adults with single-sided deafness

Objectives: To investigate the outcomes of cochlear implantation in Mandarin-speaking cochlear implant (CI) users with single-sided deafness (SSD). Methods: This study was a single-center prospective cohort study. Eleven Mandarin-speaking adult SSD patients who underwent CI implantation at Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital from August 2020 to October 2021 were recruited, including 6 males and 5 females, with the age ranging from 24 to 50 years old. In a sound field with 7 loudspeakers distributed at 180°, we measured root-mean-square error(RMSE)in SSD patients at the preoperative, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month after switch-on to assess the improvement of sound source localization. The Mandarin Speech Perception (MSP) was used in the sound field to test the speech reception threshold (SRT) of SSD patients under different signal-to-noise locations in a steady-state noise under conditions of CI off and CI on, to reflect the head shadow effect(SSSDNNH), binaural summation effect(S0N0) and squelch effect(S0NSSD). The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were used to assess changes in tinnitus severity and tinnitus loudness in SSD patients at each time point. The Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale(SSQ) and the Nijmegen Cochlear Implantation Scale (NCIQ) were used to assess the subjective benefits of spatial speech perception and quality of life in SSD patients after cochlear implantation. SPSS 19.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: SSD patients showed a significant improvement in the poorer ear in hearing thresholds with CI-on compared with CI-off; The ability to localize the sound source was significantly improved, with statistically significant differences in RMSE at each follow-up time compared with the preoperative period (P<0.05). In the SSSDNNH condition, which reflects the head shadow effect, the SRT in binaural hearing was significantly improved by 6.5 dB compared with unaided condition, and the difference was statistically significant (t=6.25, P=0.001). However, there was no significant improvement in SRT between the binaural hearing condition and unaided conditions in the S0N0 and S0NSSD conditions (P>0.05). The total score of THI and three dimensions were significant decreased (P<0.05). Tinnitus VAS scores were significantly lower in binaural hearing compared to the unaided condition (P<0.001). The total score of SSQ, and the scores of speech and spatial dimensions were significant improved in binaural hearing compared to the unaided condition (P<0.001). There was no statistical difference in NCIQ questionnaire scores between preoperative and postoperative (P>0.05), and only the self-efficacy subscore showed a significant increase(Z=-2.497,P=0.013). Conclusion: CI could help Mandarin-speaking SSD patients restore binaural hearing to some extent, improve sound localization and speech recognition in noise. In addition, CI in SSD patients could suppress tinnitus, reduce the loudness of tinnitus, and improve subjective perceptions of spatial hearing and quality of life.

Task-Specific Rapid Auditory Perceptual Learning in Adult Cochlear Implant Recipients: What Could It Mean for Speech Recognition.

Speech recognition in cochlear implant (CI) recipients is quite variable, particularly in challenging listening conditions. Demographic, audiological, and cognitive factors explain some, but not all, of this variance. The literature suggests that rapid auditory perceptual learning explains unique variance in speech recognition in listeners with normal hearing and those with hearing loss. The present study focuses on the early adaptation phase of task-specific rapid auditory perceptual learning. It investigates whether adult CI recipients exhibit this learning and, if so, whether it accounts for portions of the variance in their recognition of fast speech and speech in noise. Thirty-six adult CI recipients (ages = 35 to 77, M = 55) completed a battery of general speech recognition tests (sentences in speech-shaped noise, four-talker babble noise, and natural-fast speech), cognitive measures (vocabulary, working memory, attention, and verbal processing speed), and a rapid auditory perceptual learning task with time-compressed speech. Accuracy in the general speech recognition tasks was modeled with a series of generalized mixed models that accounted for demographic, audiological, and cognitive factors before accounting for the contribution of task-specific rapid auditory perceptual learning of time-compressed speech. Most CI recipients exhibited early task-specific rapid auditory perceptual learning of time-compressed speech within the course of the first 20 sentences. This early task-specific rapid auditory perceptual learning had unique contribution to the recognition of natural-fast speech in quiet and speech in noise, although the contribution to natural-fast speech may reflect the rapid learning that occurred in this task. When accounting for demographic and cognitive characteristics, an increase of 1 SD in the early task-specific rapid auditory perceptual learning rate was associated with ~52% increase in the odds of correctly recognizing natural-fast speech in quiet, and ~19% to 28% in the odds of correctly recognizing the different types of speech in noise. Age, vocabulary, attention, and verbal processing speed also had unique contributions to general speech recognition. However, their contribution varied between the different general speech recognition tests. Consistent with previous findings in other populations, in CI recipients, early task-specific rapid auditory perceptual, learning also accounts for some of the individual differences in the recognition of speech in noise and natural-fast speech in quiet. Thus, across populations, the early rapid adaptation phase of task-specific rapid auditory perceptual learning might serve as a skill that supports speech recognition in various adverse conditions. In CI users, the ability to rapidly adapt to ongoing acoustical challenges may be one of the factors associated with good CI outcomes. Overall, CI recipients with higher cognitive resources and faster rapid learning rates had better speech recognition.

Comparison of Spectral and Temporal Processing Abilities between Adults with Stroke and Healthy Peers

Background and Aim: Perception of speech in noise (SIN) is based on the accurate extraction of spectral and temporal cues. Disruption of this process can reduce the productivity of the spectral and temporal features of the target stimulus and speech recognition in noise. Auditory processing disorder is one of the main challenges of people with stroke, which leads to social, mental, and even physical failures. This study aimed to investigate the spectral and temporal processing abilities of people with stroke compared to healthy peers. Methods: In this study, participants were 15 patients with stroke referred to the neurology clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital and 30 healthy people aged 20–60 years. Spectral Modulation Detection Test (SMDT), Pitch Pattern Sequencing Test (PPST), Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT) and QuickSIN tests were performed for all participants. The mean scores of the two groups were compared. Results: Patients with stroke had poorer performance in SMDT, PPST, RGDT and QuickSIN tests (p&lt;0.001) compared to healthy subjects. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between SIN test with temporal and spectral processing in the normal group, but the correlation pattern was different in people with stroke. The scores of all the tests were not significantly different between the right and left ears. Conclusion: The results showed that people with stroke have poorer performance in all tests compared to normal people and have more problems in speech perception in challenging areas. Keywords: Auditory processing disorder; speech perception in noise; spectral modulation; temporal processing; stroke

Experienced Adult Cochlear Implant Users Show Improved Speech Recognition When Target Fitting Parameters Are Applied.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether prediction models built by de Graaff et al. (2020) can be used to improve speech recognition in experienced adult postlingual implanted Cochlear CI users. de Graaff et al. (2020) found relationships between elevated aided thresholds and a not optimal electrical dynamic range (<50 CL or >60 CL), and poorer speech recognition in quiet and in noise. The primary hypothesis of the present study was that speech recognition improves both in quiet and in noise when the sound processor is refitted to match targets derived from the prediction models from de Graaff et al. (2020). A second hypothesis was that subjectively, most of the CI users would find the new setting too loud because of an increase in C levels, and therefore, prefer the old settings. A within-participant repeated measures design with 18 adult Cochlear CI users was used. T- and C-levels were changed to "optimized settings," as predicted by the model of de Graaff et al. (2020). Aided thresholds, speech recognition in quiet, and speech recognition in noise were measured with the old settings and after a 4-week acclimatization period with the optimized settings. Subjective benefit was measured using the Device Oriented Subjective Outcome Scale questionnaire. The mean electrical dynamic range changed from 41.1 (SD = 6.6) CL to 48.6 (SD = 3.0) CL. No significant change in aided thresholds was measured. Speech recognition improved for 16 out of 18 participants and remained stable for 2 participants. Average speech recognition scores in quiet significantly improved by 4.9% (SD = 3.8%). No significant change for speech recognition in noise was found. A significant improvement in subjective benefit was found for one of the Device Oriented Subjective Outcome subscales (speech cues) between the old and optimized settings. All participants chose to keep the optimized settings at the end of the study. We were able to improve speech recognition in quiet by optimizing the electrical dynamic range of experienced adult CI users, according to the prediction models built by de Graaff et al. (2020). There was no significant change in aided thresholds nor in speech recognition in noise. The findings of the present study suggest that improved performance for speech recognition in quiet in adult Cochlear CI users can be achieved by setting the dynamic range as close as possible to values between 50 and 60 CL when the volume level is at 10.