Speech Apparatus Research Articles

Повседневная речь и принцип экономии артикуляционных и мануальных усилий в реальной и виртуальной коммуникации

The article discusses the issues of saving articulatory efforts and related cognitive costs. The research relied on Western studies that link some phonetic changes to the desire of communicants to reduce articulatory efforts in the process of voicing speech segments. This desire is connected with the need to optimize the language system. Communicants try to simplify complex articulations and get rid of sounds that require significant muscular efforts of speech organs, thus changing the language system. The paper introduces examples of how some linguistic units are used in everyday speech and how these units are simplified due to the high frequency of their use. The author comes to the conclusion that frequency generates careless articulation while maintaining effective communication. The reasons for simplified articulation should be sought primarily at the deep level of the generation of primary semantic recording, i.e., in cognition, and not in the muscular work of the speech apparatus. If language is a tool that shapes a product of mental activity, the answers to the questions of language transformations should be sought directly in the cognitive sphere.

Exploring Students’ Speaking Anxiety in Story Completion Technique In EFL Classroom

Speaking is a form of speech act in the form of sounds produced by the speech apparatus accompanied by body movements and facial expression. Unfortunately, many students find it difficult to practice this because of excessive anxiety. One example of anxiety that we often encounter is public speaking anxiety. Anxiety is a tendency where a person is reluctant to his abilities. In this research, the researcher will use case study design. The type of this research was descriptive qualitative. This research focused in investigated speaking anxiety with story completion technique in EFL Classroom. This research was conducted at a high school in West Bandung Regency. Researchers chose this school because researchers are alumni of this school.The results of the analysis, In short, we can consider that speaking is one of the instruments to talk to each of them others in everyday life, because human life speaks very important because we can provide insights, data, news, thoughts. However, speaking in English for students is difficult because students need to communicate in other dialects with high self-confidence.However, students must be active in the classroom because speaking skills can improve with practice. They must also pay attention and respect each other not laugh at anyone when he makes a mistake in speaking. Students must be aware that making mistakes means the teaching and learning process is ongoing.

КАЧЕСТВО ЖИЗНИ ПАЦИЕНТОВ ПОСЛЕ РЕАБИЛИТАЦИИ ИХ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ КОСТНО-ПЛАСТИЧЕСКИХ ОПЕРАЦИЙ РЕДУЦИРОВАННЫХ АЛЬВЕОЛЯРНЫХ ОТРОСТКОВ И МЕТОДА ДЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ИМПЛАНТАЦИИ (РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ)

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the problems of using dental implants in complex anatomical conditions due to bone deficiency. The probability of a favorable outcome after the treatment is quite high, which in turn is supported by the long-term results obtained after using various approaches in the rehabilitation of patients with a reduced volume of jaw bone tissue. Of course, the rehabilitation of such patients is difficult not only in terms of surgical preparation, but also in terms of orthopedic benefits, which impose restrictions on the capabilities of the patient's chewing and speech apparatus. In turn, the patient is faced with the task of maintaining as long as possible the result that the doctor originally sought, namely, using various methods of bone grafting, to create the necessary amount of bone tissue for the installation of implants, which are later used for orthopedic constructions, largely replenishing the functional characteristics. previously lost dentition. There are many studies that are devoted to modern methods of rehabilitation of patients with reduced alveolar processes of the jaws, however, only a small part affects the observation of delayed results of treatment of patients using bone grafting methods in combination with dental implantation. One of the advantages of this study is the ability to follow in dynamics what happens to these patients over a time period of up to 10 years, how strong the adaptive capabilities of the body are after major surgical interventions, what patient management tactics turned out to be the most effective. The assessment of the quality of life of such patients makes it possible to fully determine the feasibility of the operations and techniques to restore the function of the masticatory-speech apparatus. The duration of the positive result obtained directly depends on the further interaction between the doctor and the patient. The key point is the dispensary observation of the patient, as a result of which the doctor gains clinical experience, and therefore the ability to predict further complications with one or another approach to the rehabilitation of patients in this category. On the other hand, for an objective assessment of the treatment performed, it is necessary to determine a common denominator that reflects the quality of life of our patients, therefore, the article presents the results of chewing assessment, as a fundamental criterion for the quality of life for most of these patients, using the SF-36 questionnaire, which is a kind of translator between subjective feelings of the patient and an objective assessment of the doctor.

Forming a Modern Therapeutic Resource for Geriatric Dentistry

Background. The special status and position of older and oldest old in the therapeutic, diagnostic, and preventive activities of a dentist lead to a firm conviction of an urgent necessity and expediency of creating a new medical specialization — geriatric dentistry.Aim. Based on many years of clinical experience and scientific research, including extensive use of high-tech oral prosthetics for older adults, to make the first attempt at creating an optimal therapeutic resource for a new medical specialization — geriatric dentistry.Materials and methods. Examination and prosthetics were performed on 645 patients aged 60 to 85 years old, with various types of implantable prostheses in the period o 3 to 7 years after their implantation. In addition, 903 implantable prostheses and 3287 of their artificial supports (implants) were also examined.Results. The mean age of patients who visited the orthopedic dentistry department for dental prosthetics was 64.72 ± 6.8 years old. As the main method of rehabilitation of older patients’ masticatory and speech apparatus, we have used implant-supported prosthesis with its digital transformation. Most of the patients underwent reasonably radical oral cavity preparation for prosthetics. The original state retention of the tissues of the implant bed ranged from 78.04 to 100%. At the same time, fixed structures of implantable prostheses were characterized by higher indicators. The preservation of the implants was from 96.8 to 100%, depending on the observation period.Conclusion. The high values of implant and prosthesis retention rates, good condition of the peri-implant mucous membrane and bone in remote periods after prosthetics, as well as a high level of patient satisfaction and significantly higher achieved level of their quality of life, along with high medical and economic efficiency of the method, allow us to consider it a promising standard of geriatric dentistry. Thus, a modern therapeutic, or rather, rehabilitation, resource for effective pre-prosthetic preparation and implant prosthesis has been developed and justified, which is the optimal approach in geriatric dentistry.

PENANGANAN ANAK TUNAWICARA : STUDI KASUS

Inclusive education should place children with special needs on an equal footing with other normal children. Speech impairment or speech disorder is a condition in which a person is unable to express his ideas to others by using his speech apparatus. This type of research is a case study so it uses a qualitative approach. The location of this research was conducted at SLB Negeri 1 Bengkulu City, Langsa City. The subject of this study was a mute child who was also a teacher at SLB Negeri 1 Bengkulu City, Langsa City. In collecting data in this study using interviews, observation and also documentation. Also in this study, the authors are interested in examining every handling of speech-impaired children at RA Al-Ashriyah, Langsa City. The order of each problem to be studied is: What are the characteristics of speech-impaired children at SLB Negeri 1 Bengkulu City, Langsa City? How are mute children handled at SLB Negeri 1 Bengkulu City, Langsa City? and What obstacles do teachers face in dealing with mute children at SLB Negeri 1 Bengkulu City, Langsa City? Something that has always been a question about the handling carried out by teachers in schools.

НЕВРОЛОГІЧНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ МОВЛЕННЄВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The article discloses the main results of the study of topical issues of studying the mechanisms of neurological support of speech activity. It was noted that the understanding of the mechanisms of neurological support of speech activity is based: first, on knowledge of the morpho-functional organization of the organs of the peripheral speech apparatus, departments and structural formations of the brain that provide the motor level of the speech-motor mechanism of speech; secondly, the ability to carry out differential diagnosis, to determine the symptoms and mechanisms of speech and motor disorders in organic lesions of the central nervous system (CNS); thirdly, the ability to determine the peculiarities of disturbances in the formation of the phonetic component of the speech system due to organic pathologies of the central nervous system in various forms of dysarthria; fourthly, knowledge of the principles of the functioning of the higher nervous activity of a person and the peculiarities of the course of pathological processes in organic lesions of the cerebral cortex, which lead to speech disorders; fifth, awareness of the organization scheme of the central nervous system, its role in ensuring the speech act; sixth, on knowledge of etiology and pathogenesis, structure of speech defect in various forms of dysarthria, aphasia, characteristics of differential diagnosis of pathologies, signs of paresis and paralysis, main symptoms of movement disorders; seventh, possessing methods of diagnosing the formation of the speech-motor function, appropriate methods of examination of the sound-speech aspect of speech in people with pathologies and interpretation of the identified symptoms, etc. It has been established that higher mental functions are based on the coordinated work of complex functional systems, and not on separate «centers». It is emphasized that the basis of speech is conditioned reflex activity. It is indicated that the nature of brain maturation as a multi-level hierarchical organized system is manifested in the fact that evolutionarily older structures mature earlier. Thanks to two types of feedback - auditory and kinesthetic, the cerebral cortex participates in ensuring the memorization of the correct pronunciation of certain syllables. The speech process is carried out thanks to the complex coordinated interaction of different levels of the nervous system, respiratory organs, phonation and articulation. It is substantiated that the study of the neurophysiological basis of the functioning of speech systems contributes to the formation of an idea about the mechanisms of generation and perception of speech-language expressions by a person and the pathogenesis of speech disorders in local organic lesions of the cerebral cortex and other pathologies. Keywords: speech activity, neurology, higher nervous activity, speech apparatus, pathology, education, science.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНОГО ПОДХОДА К ДИАГНОСТИКЕ И КОМПЛЕКСНОЙ ВОССТАНОВИТЕЛЬНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ ЖЕВАТЕЛЬНО-РЕЧЕВОГО АППАРАТА БОЛЬНЫХ С НЕЙРОМУСКУЛЯРНЫМ ДИСФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫМ СИНДРОМОМ ВИСОЧНО-НИЖНЕЧЕЛЮСТНОГО СУСТАВА СИСТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР

According to modern epidemiological studies, the prevalence of pathology of the temporomandibular joint in different age groups ranges from 34 to 87% of occurrence. Of particular interest is the issue of studying the structure of the incidence of pathology of the temporomandibular joint, as well as the features of the clinic, differential diagnosis and complex treatment of this nosology. Currently, for the diagnosis and clarification of the diagnosis in diseases of the temporomandibular joint, such radiological methods as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and computed cone beam tomography are used, as well as additional special methods for diagnosing neuromuscular dysfunctional syndrome of the temporomandibular joint: axiography and electromyography, which reflect the morphofunctional interaction of articular and muscular structures of the temporomandibular joint. The problem of increasing the efficiency of rehabilitation of patients with combined pathology of the temporomandibular joint and various types of dentition defects is relevant, since a complex and irreversible symptom complex of pathological changes in the chewing and speech apparatus develops, since its full functioning is an essential component of the quality of human life, therefore, timely complex orthopedic, orthodontic and gnathological treatment of occlusal disorders in case of deformation of the dentition should be preventive in relation to deep and persistent morphological and functional disorders of the dentoalveolar system. But to date, the issues of changes in activity in the brain with a change in the tone of the masticatory muscles in the pathology of the temporomandibular joint remain insufficiently studied, which requires the development of new complex diagnostic and restorative treatment complexes, which should be compiled taking into account an interdisciplinary approach together with doctors of related specialties: doctor -stomatologist-orthopedist, dentist-orthodontist, gnatologist, physiotherapist, neurologist, osteopath. features of the state of the TMJ and chewing muscles.

РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА ЖИЗНИ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С РЕДУЦИРОВАННЫМИ АЛЬВЕОЛЯРНЫМИ ОТРОСТКАМИ, В РЕАБИЛИТАЦИИ КОТОРЫХ БЫЛИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНЫ МЕТОДЫ КОСТНОЙ ПЛАСТИКИ И ДЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ИМПЛАНТАЦИИ

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the problems of using dental implants in complex anatomical conditions due to bone deficiency. The probability of a favorable outcome after the treatment is quite high, which in turn is supported by the long-term results obtained after using various approaches in the rehabilitation of patients with a reduced volume of jaw bone tissue. Of course, the rehabilitation of such patients is difficult not only in terms of surgical preparation, but also in terms of orthopedic benefits, which impose restrictions on the capabilities of the patient's chewing and speech apparatus. In turn, the patient is faced with the task of maintaining as long as possible the result that the doctor originally sought, namely, using various methods of bone grafting, to create the necessary amount of bone tissue for the installation of implants, which are later used for orthopedic constructions, largely replenishing the functional characteristics. previously lost dentition. There are many studies that are devoted to modern methods of rehabilitation of patients with reduced alveolar processes of the jaws, however, only a small part affects the observation of delayed results of treatment of patients using bone grafting methods in combination with dental implantation. One of the advantages of this study is the ability to follow in dynamics what happens to these patients over a time period of up to 10 years, how strong the adaptive capabilities of the body are after major surgical interventions, what patient management tactics turned out to be the most effective. The assessment of the quality of life of such patients makes it possible to fully determine the feasibility of the operations and techniques to restore the function of the masticatory-speech apparatus. The duration of the positive result obtained directly depends on the further interaction between the doctor and the patient. The key point is the dispensary observation of the patient, as a result of which the doctor gains clinical experience, and therefore the ability to predict further complications with one or another approach to the rehabilitation of patients in this category. On the other hand, for an objective assessment of the treatment performed, it is necessary to determine a common denominator that reflects the quality of life of our patients, therefore, the article presents the results of chewing assessment, as a fundamental criterion for the quality of life for most of these patients, using the SF-36 questionnaire, which is a kind of translator between subjective feelings of the patient and an objective assessment of the doctor.

Leg movements affect speech intensity.

Coordination between speech acoustics and manual gestures has been conceived as "not biologically mandated" (McClave E. J Psycholinguist Res 27(1): 69-89, 1998). However, recent work suggests a biomechanical entanglement between the upper limbs and the respiratory-vocal system (Pouw W, de Jonge-Hoekstra D, Harrison SJ, Paxton A, Dixon JA. Ann NY Acad Sci 1491(1): 89-105, 2021). Pouw et al. found that for movements with a high physical impulse, speech acoustics co-occur with the physical impulses of upper limb movements. They interpret this result in terms of biomechanical coupling between arm motion and speech via the breathing system. This coupling could support the synchrony observed between speech prosody and arm gestures during communication. The present study investigates whether the effect of physical impulse on speech acoustics can be extended to leg motion, assumed to be controlled independently from oral communication. The study involved 25 native speakers of German who recalled short stories while biking with their arms or their legs. These conditions were compared with a static condition in which participants could not move their arms. Our analyses are similar to that of Pouw et al. (Pouw W, de Jonge-Hoekstra D, Harrison SJ, Paxton A, Dixon JA. Ann NY Acad Sci 1491(1): 89-105, 2021). Results reveal that the presence of intensity peaks in the acoustic signal co-occur with the time of peak acceleration of legs' biking movements. However, this was not observed when biking with the arms, which corresponded to lower acceleration peaks. In contrast to intensity, F0 was not affected in the arm and leg conditions. These results suggest that 1) the biomechanical entanglements between the respiratory-vocal system and the lower limbs may also impact speech; 2) the physical impulse may have to reach a threshold to impact speech acoustics.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The link between speech and limb motion is an interdisciplinary challenge and a core issue in motor control and language research. Our research aims to disentangle the potential biomechanical links between lower limbs and the speech apparatus, by investigating the effect of leg movements on speech acoustics.

The relationship between cognitive linguistics and neurolinguistics

The article is devoted to the study of brain function, brain processes in cognition and the construction of speech activity, language acquisition and the construction of the basis of language symbolism. This science considers speech in its relationship with human cognition. Speech is presented as one of the main tools for the accumulation, systematization, processing and use of knowledge about the world. This work is devoted to the historical, scientific and methodological analysis of cognitive neuro-linguistics. The interrelation of neuro-linguistics with the philosophy of language and general linguistics is studied. Also, the article is devoted to the historical, scientific and methodological analysis of cognitive neurolinguistics, the prospects for further development of neuro-linguistics are studied. The emergence of a sound language was of great importance in the development of human consciousness. As a result of the emergence of speech, the human body has undergone anatomical changes, a speech apparatus has been developed that has the ability to articulate sound. Thanks to this, a person has acquired the ability to pronounce not only individual sounds, but also various sound phrases, words with appropriate meaning. Speech is the main sign of human consciousness. It is necessary to look for the emergence and gradual formation of speech and consciousness not only in biological conditions, but, above all, in social, historical factors. The article considers consciousness and language as a result of the historical development of human society, their activities, the ability to create and use means of labor.

The relationship between cognitive linguistics and neurolinguistics

The article is devoted to the study of brain function, brain processes in cognition and the construction of speech activity, language acquisition and the construction of the basis of language symbolism. This science considers speech in its relationship with human cognition. Speech is presented as one of the main tools for the accumulation, systematization, processing and use of knowledge about the world. This work is devoted to the historical, scientific and methodological analysis of cognitive neuro-linguistics. The interrelation of neuro-linguistics with the philosophy of language and general linguistics is studied. Also, the article is devoted to the historical, scientific and methodological analysis of cognitive neurolinguistics, the prospects for further development of neuro-linguistics are studied. The emergence of a sound language was of great importance in the development of human consciousness. As a result of the emergence of speech, the human body has undergone anatomical changes, a speech apparatus has been developed that has the ability to articulate sound. Thanks to this, a person has acquired the ability to pronounce not only individual sounds, but also various sound phrases, words with appropriate meaning. Speech is the main sign of human consciousness. It is necessary to look for the emergence and gradual formation of speech and consciousness not only in biological conditions, but, above all, in social, historical factors. The article considers consciousness and language as a result of the historical development of human society, their activities, the ability to create and use means of labor.

Language evolution is not limited to speech acquisition: a large study of language development in children with language deficits highlights the importance of the voluntary imagination component of language

Did the boy bite the cat or was it the other way around? When processing a sentence with several objects, one has to establish ‘who did what to whom’. When a sentence cannot be interpreted by recalling an image from memory, we rely on the special type of voluntary constructive imagination called Prefrontal synthesis (PFS). PFS is defined as the ability to juxtapose mental visuospatial objects at will. We hypothesised that PFS has fundamental importance for language acquisition. To test this hypothesis, we designed a PFS-targeting intervention and administered it to 6,454 children with language deficiencies (age 2 to 12 years). The results from the three-year-long study demonstrated that children who engaged with the PFS intervention showed 2.2-fold improvement in combinatorial language comprehension compared to children with similar initial evaluations. These findings suggest that language can be improved by training the PFS and exposes the importance of the visuospatial component of language. This manuscript reflects on the experimental findings from the point of view of human language evolution. When used as a proxy for evolutionary language acquisition, the study results suggest a dichotomy of language evolution, with its speech component and its visuospatial component developing in parallel. The study highlights the radical idea that evolutionary acquisition of language was driven primarily by improvements of voluntary imagination rather than by improvements in the speech apparatus.

USE OF TONGUE TWISTERS IN TRAINING ENGLISH

This study is dedicated to tongue twisters in modern English. The purpose of the article is to investigate how English patter words can be used to teach English phonetics (sounds, word stress, intonation). The object of research is the phenomenon of tongue twisters in general. The subject of the research is the search and verification of effective ways of using English tongue twisters in trainings on English phonetics and oral English speech. The research material is more than a dozen original English patter words. As a result of the research, the author came to the following conclusions: 1) the use of tongue twisters in learning any language – both native and non-native – is very effective for training the speech organs and improving the speech apparatus; 2) the form of the tongue twister dominates its content. In general, the results of this study confirm the material nature of the word. The practical value of this work is to identify and update the ways of using English tongue twisters in the modern methodology of teaching oral English speech. The article offers specific methods of using tongue twister technique in the educational process and provides examples of exercises with the studied material.

Аpproaches to the medical and social rehabilitation for children with organic lesions of the nervous system: history and current trends

Preschool children with organic lesions of the nervous system need a comprehensive approach to medical and social rehabilitation. These pathologies (organic lesions of the organs of hearing, vision, vestibular and speech apparatus) are quite common among children nowadays. The process of speech formation and social behavior of such patients is complex in structural and functional organization. The purpose of the article is to investigate the history and current state of social and medical rehabilitation for sensory and other CNS defects. The novelty of the reserch. The problem of forming life competence in children with special needs from an early age remains undeveloped. Research methods are based on historical and comparative-analytical principles. Conclusions. Thus, considering various aspects of rehabilitation care for early preschool children with CNS defects and speech disorders, it was possible to determine the paramount importance of speech development in rehabilitation work with early preschool children, because successes in learning Ukrainian in this sensitive period, or their absence will significantly affect all aspects of further medical and social rehabilitation.

Преодоление интерференционных трудностей при обучении студентов-монголов русскому произношению на основе коммуникативного подхода

The purpose of the study is to develop and describe a model for teaching Russian pronunciation to Mongolian students taking into account interference difficulties in the context of a communicative approach. Main attention is paid to an array of techniques aimed at adapting the speech apparatus to the pronunciation of Russian sounds, words, utterances in relation to the phonetic features of the mother tongue and at developing articulatory-auditory skills in appropriate communicative situations that are set using specially selected texts. The paper describes the advisability of using certain techniques when working with foreigners. The study is novel in that it proposes a model for the formation of correct Russian pronunciation among Mongolian students on the basis of nationally oriented and communicative approaches, which helps to minimise the efforts and time spent during preparation and points the way to the pragmatics of an utterance as early as at a very low level of learning Russian. As a result of using the proposed model, the perceptual-motor structure of the Russian language is actualised in the minds of Mongolian students, articulatory skills are formed that can be used in speech in various communicative situations, self-control and self-correction skills are developed.

The process of word formation as the main problem of stage language

In the scientific article, the authors considered one of the main problems of stage speech - the features of the process of word formation and ways to develop it. In general, it is known that the language of the stage has a special place in the art of acting. This is because the five sections, which are the basis of the stage language, have a great role to play. Speaking on stage is one thing, word formation is another. While it is not easy to speak, the task of creating words is even more difficult and responsible for an actor. He was taught the language of the scene. Stage language, along with actors, is a subject that develops the speaking skills of directors, TV and radio presenters, lecturers, team leaders and public figures, as well as lawyers and judges. The authors of the scientific article analyzed the topic with many examples. For example, he analyzes the peculiarities of its pronunciation on the stage, quoting from the literary works of classical writers. Speaking on stage on a piece of paper, that is, the process of birth of the word, is widely discussed. In addition, it is clearly stated that the main parts of the stage language - diction, breathing, voice, orthoepy, work with the text are very useful in the process of word formation on stage. The method and method of learning the word is very similar and common for drama theater actors, musical theater actors, chamber or pop artists, opera artists, masters of rhetoric. Creating words on stage begins with controlling your inner feelings and mental agility. Avoiding the search for phonetics in speech, on the contrary, will only succeed if you try to reveal the psychology of the character. After all, through the word comes the image of the character. Speech skills and speech activity are mainly developed through the sense organs that influence the process of word formation. In particular, the process of word formation on stage begins with the development of speech techniques, recognition of the speech apparatus, mastering the breath and voice. Similarly, the authors of the article professionally analyze the internal and external words, which are important in the process of word formation, and provide evidence.

Articulatory Suppression Effects on Induced Rumination

This study explores whether the speech motor system is involved in verbal rumination, a particular kind of inner speech. The motor simulation hypothesis considers inner speech as an action, accompanied by simulated speech percepts, that would as such involve the speech motor system. If so, we could expect verbal rumination to be disrupted by concurrent involvement of the speech apparatus. We recruited 106 healthy adults and measured their self-reported level of rumination before and after a rumination induction, as well as after five minutes of a subsequent motor task (either an articulatory suppression -silent mouthing- task or a finger tapping control task). We also evaluated to what extent ruminative thoughts were experienced with a verbal quality or in another modality (e.g., visual images, non-speech sounds). Self-reported levels of rumination showed a decrease after both motor activities (silent mouthing and finger-tapping), with only a slightly stronger decrease after the articulatory suppression than the control task. The rumination level decrease was not moderated by the modality of the ruminative thoughts. We discuss these results within the framework of verbal rumination as simulated speech and suggest alternative ways to test the engagement of the speech motor system in verbal rumination. Pre-registered protocol, preprint, data, as well as reproducible code and figures are available at: https://osf.io/3bh67/.

Peculiarities of Voice, Intonation and Speech Tone of the Actor in the Role

The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the voice work during the role of the actor by studying the main aspects of the speech act implementation, the work of the registers and the speech apparatus; to carry out a comparative analysis of different types of the actor’s existence in the role and reading of the literary text. The research methodology is based on the main principles of the actor’s speech tools, the definition and comparison of different methods of voice, support, breathing, and the use of basic actor’s techniques in the process of reading a literary text by separating and embodying them during the actor’s speech act. The scientific novelty of the research is to study the main aspects of existence during artistic reading and the use of non-standard for acting voice techniques, interpreting them for use during the role. Identification of new approaches to the implementation of speech, the creative act and the latest ways to express the psycho-emotional state of the character through the use of unusual principles of the speech apparatus in ordinary life situations. Conclusions. The results of studies identify the basic principles of the human speech apparatus and the problems of voice control during the arousal of the psycho-emotional condition of the actor in the role, problems and errors in various methods and scientific works of masters in the field of stage language. Through experiments and interpretations of various approaches to working with voice, new, universal methods of speech control have been borrowed, borrowed by studying the process of reading a literary text by actors and applying these principles to the role.

Ocena kompetencji komunikacyjnej dziecka z zespołem Aspergera (OKKA) — własne narzędzie diagnostyczne

The article presents the author’s own tool to diagnose the level of communicative competence in a child with Asperger Syndrome at an early age. The diagnostic tool includes an interview with the parents, the diagnosis site, and exercises to check the functioning of the speech apparatus. The article presents exercises for diagnosing the level of linguistic social, situational, pragmatic, and systemic proficiency. At the end, there is a card for assessing the level of communicative competence of a child with Asperger Syndrome which will help systematize knowledge and prepare an appropriate therapy.

Speech disorders in preschool children in Republic of North Macedonia – cross sectional study

Abstract Background Speech communication is a complex process based on the function of the central nervous system, and also on speech mechanisms conditioned and controlled by auditory perception, verbal memory, intellectual activity and peripheral speech apparatus. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the most common phonological articulation disorders in preschool children, from 4-6 years old. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2018 year on a representative sample of 550 preschool children aged 4 - 6 years, who attend preschool institutions-kindergartens in the city of Skopje. The study used standardized articulation tests: the Global Articulation Test (GAT) and the Triple Test (vocals, plasia, africative, fricative, nasal, and lateral), and a questionnaire filled out by a social worker at the kindergarten for socioeconomic status and the child's health condition. Results Using GAT, we found that 260 (47.3%) children didn't have a phonological articulation disorders, and 290 (52.7%) had disorders. The analysis of gender-based data showed a higher percentage of speech disorders in 57% of boys and 46.9% of girls. The highest percentage of speech disorder is sigmatism with 24.5% in boys and 20.4% in girls, rhotachism was found in 17.8% in boys and 16.5% in girls. Lambdacism with 8.3% was found in boys and 4.2% in girls. A mixed form (sigmatism, rotacism, and lambdacism) was also found in 2.4% of boys and 3.5% of girls. Conclusions The prevalence of phonological articulation disorders in preschool children is 52.7%, 57.9% in boys and 46.9% in girls, or every second child in kindergarden at age 4-6 years has speech disorder. These findings indicate that the treatment of speech disorders should be started in appropriate services as soon as possible, because early detection and treatment of speech disorders enable to child normal intellectual development. Key messages Speech disorders are important public health issue because these children will require in some cases emotional and behavioral support, not only speech-related intervention. The treatment of speech disorders should be started in appropriate services because early detection and treatment of speech disorders gives the child more confidence to build his intellect.