Scope For Speculation Research Articles

Arabic Negation and Speculation Scope Detection: a Transformer-based Approach.

Detecting the negation and speculation linguistic phenomena is vital for the performance of Arabic Natural Language Processing (ANLP) tasks. The negation and speculation scope detection problems have been addressed in a number of studies where most of them focused on the English and Spanish languages. This is due to the lack of corpora annotated for negation and speculation. In this work, the ArNeg corpus, annotated with negation, is extended by annotating it for the speculation to build the ArNegSpec corpus. In addition, we propose a transformer-based learning approach for detecting both the negation and speculation in Arabic texts. The AraBERT models with a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory and a Conditional Random Field (BiLSTM-CRF) as a sequence classification layer to achieve this goal. The results reached an F1 measure of 98% for cue identification for both negation and speculation. The proposed approach enhanced the evaluation results of the negation scope detection by 6% in terms of the F1 measure compared to the previous study. Furthermore, it achieved a 95% F1 measure for the speculation scope detection and a PCS value of 96% for both the negation and speculation scope. This approach shows the feasibility of transformer-based learning models in the sequence classification tasks as the detection of the negation and speculation in Arabic.

Evaluation of Different WQI Methods for Drinking Water Assessment with a Case Study of Groundwater from Vizianagaram District, AP, India

Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) to assess the water quality for drinking water suitability and intensity of contamination is in practice worldwide. Many WQI methods have been in use since their conceptualization, and some are country-specific or use-specific. A generalized and widely acceptable method that can project ground truths in non-dimensional numerical form to evaluate the water quality, especially for drinking uses, is lacking. Complexity and disagreement among different methods are adding to incongruence among the scientists. The concept and a simple calculation method of WQI are deliberated. Five different WQI methods using water chemistry results of Vizianagarm District are discussed. The WQI output obtained from these methods displays discrepancies in the proper projection of water quality. Some samples show similarities in WQI values obtained from two to four methods. However, the suitability status of water for drinking purposes could not be precisely ascertained from these indices. Since the water chemistry results and WQI values are incompatible, the output from these methods could be red herring. Few issues are identified among the studied methods which need improvisation. The use of ideal value in the weighted arithmetic index method and arbitration in assigning Weight for each parameter gives scope for speculation. Non-uniformity in the categorization of water and the suitability statuses of drinking water are discouraging factors. The WQI is an effective tool in screening the vast database for identifying and addressing the issues in water quality. Since drinking water standards and water supply are government-sponsored, an institutional intervention is required to standardize the WQI computation procedure. Such an initiative is necessary for the practical application of water quality data to contain water-borne diseases.

Negation and speculation scope detection using recursive neural conditional random fields

Negation and speculation scope detection is an important task in natural language processing. Previous studies all show that syntactic information is crucial to the task. However, these work mainly focuses on human-designed discrete features and local features extracted from dependency tree, limiting the performance of the task. In this paper, we propose a recursive neural network sequence labeling model, representing whole dependency tree globally and learning automatically syntactic features, for the task. Specifically, recursive neural network first learns a high-level representation for the words in the context of each sentence, and captures the cue word with its target scope through the global dependency structure. Then, CRFs layer takes the representation from recursive neural network as input to jointly decode labels for the whole sentence. Experimental results on English dataset BioScope and Chinese dataset CNeSp show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art systems.

Negation and Speculation Scope Detection in Chinese

Negation and Speculation Scope Detection in Chinese

Accelerated decline in cardiac stem cell efficiency in Spontaneously hypertensive rat compared to normotensive Wistar rat.

Cardiac hypertrophy is recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiac failure. Efficient management of hypertensive heart disease requires identification of factors that can possibly mediate the transition from hypertrophy to failure. Resident cardiac stem cells have a prominent role in the maintenance of cardiac tissue homeostasis. Decline in the proportion of healthy cardiac stem cells (CSCs) can affect tissue regeneration. In pathological conditions, apart from natural aging, an adverse microenvironment can lead to decrease in efficiency of CSCs. A systematic analysis of cardiac stem cell characteristics in pathological conditions has not been reported so far. Therefore, this study was designed with the objective of examining the age associated variation in stem cell attributes of Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) in comparison with normotensive Wistar rat. Spontaneously hypertensive rat was used as the experimental model since the cardiac remodeling resembles the clinical course of hypertensive heart disease. CSCs were isolated from atrial explants. Stem cell attributes were assessed in 1-week, 6, 12 and 18-month-old male SHR, in comparison with age matched Wistar rats. In 1-week-old pups, stem cell attributes of SHR and Wistar were comparable. Migration potential, proliferative capacity, TERT expression, telomerase activity and the proportion of c-kit+ cells decreased with age, both in SHR and Wistar. DNA damage and the proportion of senescent CSCs increased with age both in SHR and Wistar rats. Age associated increase was observed in the oxidative stress of stem cells, possibly mediated by the enhanced oxidative stress in the microenvironment. The changes were more pronounced in SHR, and as early as six months of age, there was significant decrease in efficiency of CSCs of SHR compared to Wistar. The density of healthy CSCs determined as a fraction of the differentiated cells was remarkably low in 18-month-old SHR. Age associated decrease in functionally efficient CSCs was therefore accelerated in SHR. Considering the vital role of CSCs in the maintenance of a healthy myocardium, decrease in functionally efficient CSCs can be a precipitating factor in pathological cardiac remodeling. Elevated ROS levels in CSCs of SHR lends scope for speculation that decrease in efficiency of CSCs is mediated by oxidative stress; and that modulation of the microenvironment by therapeutic interventions can restore a healthy stem cell population and facilitate maintenance of cardiac homeostasis and prevent cardiac decompensation.

Failure modeling of ACA-glued flip-chip on flex assemblies

This paper addresses the reliability of flip-chip on flex (FCOF) assemblies glued with an Ag-particle filled anisotropic conductive adhesive (ACA). As the description of FCOF failure gives still much scope for speculation, a physics of failure based approach is developed here, taking into account the changing thermo-mechanical properties of the ACA under temperature and moisture. A failure hypothesis is formulated based on the loss of contact pressure. Material analysis, material characterisation, finite element (FE) modeling and lifetime tests have been employed to establish correlations to support this failure hypothesis. It was found, that moisture plays the most important role for interconnect failure. The model is able to predict quantitative changes of force as function of loading parameters and correlate them qualitatively to the experimental mean time to failure. New insights are provided about the stress fields at the ACA bump. The model is discussed with respect to a direct prediction of failure versus time.

Microstructural simulation and imaging of granular flows in two- and three-dimensional hoppers

Abstract Distinct element simulations of granular flows in two- and three-dimensional hoppers are compared with imaging data from conventional photography and gamma-ray tomography where information of the order of the particle size can be extracted. A novel feature of these comparisons is that both particle and vessel dimensions are matched exactly between the experiments and the computer simulations, thereby leaving little scope for speculation regarding śscale effects’ which are often used to justify scepticism over the validity of simulation predictions. Another novel feature of the work is that quantitative comparisons are provided during the entire period of filling and discharge events rather than selecting an arbitrary ‘snapshot’ in time, as is often the case in such simulation studies. Microstructural inspection of two-dimensional photographs of systems with large disc particles provides quantitative information which shows good agreement with simulation in terms of packing height, static and flowing voidage, stagnant/flow boundaries in funnel flow and heap/repose angles. Three-dimensional solids fraction data from packed beds of 7 mm diameter maple peas obtained by transmission gamma-ray tomography show encouraging agreement with simulation. An important result of these investigations is the degree of correlation between the flowing voidage and flow velocity of particles which are individually both affected by variations in particle size and shape but are mutually compensating in their effects on the simulated and measured discharge rates. In general, the simulations produce a less dilated assembly moving at smaller velocities.

Tales of the Extraordinary: An Inquiry into the Contents, Nature, and Authorship of the Sui chŏn

The [ Silla ] Sui chŏn is a lost collection of "tales of the extraordinary," fragments of which have been preserved in works dating from the thirteenth century to the sixteenth century. Its title affords much scope for speculation, and its authorship and date are still uncertain. Presented are annotated translations of eleven fragments from the Sui chŏn and compared are several of its tales with corresponding versions in Iryŏn's Samguk yusa . It is pointed out that the most interesting story, a fictitious episode in the life of Ch'oe Ch'iwŏn (b. 857), was influenced by the Yu hsien-k'u , China's first love story ( circa 700) and an important specimen of the T'ang period literary genre known as ch'uan-ch'i hsiao-shuo (tales of the miraculous). Approaching the problem of title and authorship from various angles, it is concluded that the oldest version of this work dates from the early Koryŏ period, and that the author of the definitive version is undoubtedly Pak Illyang (d. 1096).

The Mission of Palladius

The origins of Irish Christianity are unknown. Even the history of the Irish Church during the fifth and sixth centuries is somewhat shrouded in obscurity, and leaves a wide scope for speculation. This is particularly true with regard to the careers of the earliest missionaries of Ireland known to us by name—Palladius and Patrick. Contemporary evidence is extremely meagre in the case of Palladius and conflicting in the case of Patrick; and the more eloquent witnesses of later times often contradict either each other or our primary sources. It is not, then, surprising that the relation between these two missionaries and their respective missions was fervently discussed by scholars during the last one hundred and fifty years. Looking back at the vast amount of diligent labour and learned argument devoted to this problem, one is surprised to find the status quaestionis almost the same at the end as at the beginning. Only in recent years has a way been opened which gives hope to attain reasonable certainty on some at least of the disputed points. With Professor T. F. O'Rahilly's pamphlet The Two Patricks (Dublin 1942) the problem has entered its critical phase. By his lucid statement of the principal issue and its implications, based on a firsthand knowledge of the complete evidence, Professor O'Rahilly has put under a lasting obligation even those who, like the present writer, find it impossible to accept his main thesis. If I offer a different solution of the vexed problem, I do so in a spirit of gratitude to the pioneer whose work alone has made the present study possible.

"Montpelier" and "Seven Gables" Knox's Estate and Hawthorne's Novel

R EADERS Nathaniel Hawthorne's romances have long been familiar with his method mixing fact and fiction, in carefully selected portions, to create scenes and characters for his novels. These scenes and characters are, he says, always of his own making, or, at all events, his own mixing. 1 Again and again, jottings or fully expanded paragraphs from his notebooks make their reappearance in his novels, none which provides more scope for speculation concerning this practice than does The House the Seven Gables.

Problems of Filterable Viruses

THE frequency in recent years of viruses and virus diseases as subjects for discussion at international congresses testifies alike to the wide interest manifested in the biological problems that await solution and to the far-reaching economic importance of this type of infection in the animal and plant worlds. In NATTJBE of Oct. 10 appeared the main part of Dr. H. H. Dale's presidential address to Section I of the British Association. This address dealt strictly with the biological nature of viruses, an aspect of the general virus problem which, in spite of intensive research in many countries, is likely to offer for some considerable time yet abundant scope for speculation. Dr. Dale's careful analysis of the available information led him, on the whole, to favour as the best working hypothesis one which postulates that the viruses are independent living entities and not of the nature of intrinsic cell ferments or catalysts.

Note on the Hyrcanian Sea

THE resolution of the problems which are involved in the physical aspects of Western Turkestan, and which have offered so ample a scope for speculation, will probably be one of the earliest and most important consequences of the occupation of the banks of the Amú Darya by Russia. But, whatever may be the light which will thus be afforded to geographers, ethnologists, or historians, it is to be expected that the field of inquiry will widen and recede, in proportion as each step forward is made, along paths which have hitherto been shrouded in obscurity.