Spectrum Of Ruthenium Research Articles

4p 54d 2 configuration in the spectra of rubidium-like Ru VIII and Rh IX ions

The spectra of ruthenium and rhodium excited in a low-inductive vacuum spark have been obtained using a vacuum grazing-incidence spectrograph with a grating of 3600 lines/mm 3 m in radius in the range of 180–350 A. The bidium-like spectra of Ru VIII and Rh IX were analyzed. Ten spectral lines of the 4p64d-4p54d2 transitions are identified and six energy levels in the 4p54d2 configuration with an excited internal electron were found for each ion for the first time.

Resonance Raman and time‐resolved resonance Raman studies of ruthenium(II) complexes of 2,2′‐bipyridine and 5‐monomethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine. Evidence for polarization of the 3MLCT state electron density in the asymmetric ligand

AbstractThe resonance Raman and time‐resolved resonance Raman (TR3) spectra of ruthenium(II) complexes containing the asymmetric (RR)(5‐methyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) ligand, Ru(5‐mmb), and its methyl‐deuterated analogue, Ru(5‐d3‐mmb), are reported. The spectra are compared to those of tris(2, 2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II), Ru(bpy), and tris(5,5′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II), Ru(5,5′‐dmb), and its deuterated analogue, Ru(5,5′‐d6‐dmb). The ground‐state spectrum for the asymmetric chelate is interpretable in terms of vibrationally isolated fragments with the exception of the modes involving the inter‐ring and adjacent bonds. In addition, the TR1 spectra are shown to be consistent with slight polarization of the (triplet) metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer, 3MLCT, excited‐state charge distribution toward the pyridinc fragment of the chelated anion.

X-ray photoelectron spectra of ruthenium(II) phthalocyanines

The Ru 3d5/2 and 3p3/2 x-ray photoelectron spectra of mono-and non-chlorinated ruthenium phthalocyanines were measured and the collected data on the core-level binding energies of ruthenium have been used to assess the oxidation state of the metal and the composition of the macrocyclic ligands.

A reflected light investigation of ruthenium

The reflectance spectra of ruthenium were measured from 400 to 700 nm in air and in oil with polarized light for the ordinary and the extraordinary ray. The character of the bireflectance changes at about 500 nm from negative (at shorter wave lengths) to positive. Absorption coefficients, indices of refraction and absorption indices were calculated, compared to literature values and related to the HCP structure of ruthenium.

Valency State of Ruthenium in Glass

Absorption spectra of ruthenium in simple soda silica glasses were determined. Absorption maximum occurred at 680–690 milli micron in all glasses and at 465 and 510 milli micron in basic and relatively acidic glasses. Absorption spectra of a tetravalent ruthenium complex in KOH solution was reported. Comparison of absorption spectra of ruthenium in glass with that of the known spectra of ruthenium in solution indicated that ruthenium may be present in glass as tri-, tetra- and hexavalent ruthenium depending on glass composition.

Analysis of the First Spectrum of Ruthenium (Ru I).

The analysis of the first spectrum of ruthenium has been extended with the aid of digital computers. A total of 105 even and 206 odd levels are listed with observed Landé g-factors for 54 even and 148 odd levels. A complete list of approximately 3,400 classified lines in the range 2013 to 11484 A is presented. The ionization limit calculated from a two member series is 59410 cm−1 or 7.364 v.

Supplementary Zeeman Data for the First Spectrum of Ruthenium (Ru I).

Zeeman data are listed for 207 lines of Ru I between 2400 and 5400 A, all of which have been classified. The spectrograms were made at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and were analyzed there and at the National Bureau of Standards.

Low Even Configurations in the First Spectrum of Ruthenium (Ru I), part 2.

A published calculation for the 4d8, 4d 75s, and 4d6 5s2 configurations of Ru I (R. E. Trees, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 49, 838 (1959).) is repeated in steps. Displacements produced by configuration interaction are evaluated, and departures of term positions from familiar expectations in the absence of configuration interaction are explained. The weaker perturbations produced by second-order effects of the spin-orbit interaction are then determined. It is shown that the neglect of these effects in published hand computations has obscured the remarkably good agreement between theory and observation that is obtainable in spectra of the second long period. The eigenvectors are based on “third-order eigenfunctions” which describe the levels simply, and show the degree of LS-coupling in a more quantitative manner.

Low Even Configurations in the First Spectrum of Ruthenium (Ru i)

The theory of intermediate coupling with configuration interaction is used to calculate energy levels and g values in the 4d65s2, 4d75s, and 4d8 configurations of Ru i. By using fifteen parameters, the positions of fifty-seven observed levels are calculated with a mean deviation of ±54 cm−1 between theory and experiment. There are unexplained differences greater than 500 cm−1 for two other levels, one of which is well confirmed by experiment. Over-all agreement between observed and calculated g values is within ±0.006. Linear relations are obtained between similarly defined electrostatic parameters in the three configurations.

The 2nd spectrum of ruthenium (Ru II)

The 2nd spectrum of ruthenium (Ru II)

Hyperfine Structure of the Spectrum of Ruthenium

The hyperfine structure of the spectrum of Ru I was studied, and a displacement effect of the order of 0.015 cm -1 between even isotopes having the difference of two neutron numbers was found in the lines corresponding to the transition 5 s –5 p . The spins of the odd isotopes were found to be 9/2≧ I /≧5/2, the nuclear magnetic moments being negative.