Spectroscopic Properties Of Yb3 Research Articles

Spectroscopy of Yb3+,Ho3+,Eu3+-codoped calcium niobium gallium garnet (CNGG) crystal

Calcium niobium gallium garnet (CNGG) crystals codoped with Yb3+, Ho3+ and Eu3+ ions were grown by the Czochralski method. The crystal structure (cubic, sp. gr. O10h - Ia3d, lattice constant a = 12.4748(2) Å) was refined by the Rietveld method. A Raman study revealed high-energy vibrations at 767–846 cm−1 due to the [Nb2|Ga2O4] groups. The spectroscopic properties of Yb,Ho: and Yb,Ho,Eu:CNGG crystals were studied with the goal of developing broadband emitting gain media around 2 μm and 3 μm. The maximum stimulated-emission cross-sections σSE are 0.57 × 10−20 cm2 at 2070 nm (the 5I7 → 5I8 Ho3+ transition) and 1.01 × 10−20 cm2 at 2869 nm (the 5I6 → 5I7 Ho3+ transition) and the emission spectra are smooth and broad owing to the structural disorder of the CNGG host matrix. The evidence of Yb3+(2F5/2) → Ho3+(5I6) energy transfer (ET) in the Yb,Ho:CNGG crystal is shown. Without Eu3+, the luminescence lifetimes of the 5I6 and 5I7 Ho3+ states are 0.30 ms and 7.24 ms, respectively. The Eu3+ codoping leads to the quenching of the 5I7 Ho3+ lifetime due to the Ho3+(5I7) → Eu3+(7F6) ET which is favorable for 3 μm laser operation. The crystal-field splitting of the Ho3+ multiplets is revealed at 12 K. First laser operation in Yb,Ho:CNGG crystals at 2.1 μm is achieved.

The growth and spectroscopic properties of Yb:KNGM crystal: A promising ultrashort pulse laser material

Yb3+-doped mixed laser crystals are widely recognized as materials capable of generating ultrashort pulses and have garnered significant attention in recent times. In this study, we thoroughly examined the structure and spectroscopic properties of a novel mixed molybdate crystal, Yb:KNGM. Notably, we made detailed observations of an exceptionally broad absorption band with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 78 nm. The broad absorption band indicates that the commercially available InGaAs laser diode (LD) can be effectively utilized for high pumping efficiency purpose. The absorption and emission cross-section at 967 and 1014 nm were calculated to be 1.56 × 10−20 cm2 and 2.05 × 10−20 cm2, respectively. The FWHM of the emission band reaches a substantial range of 62 nm, making it highly conducive to the production of ultrashort pulse lasers. The bandgap (Eg) was fitted as 3.26 eV by Tauc formula. Positive gain cross-section can be achieved while the β is only higher than 0.2 and a large FWHM of 41 nm was discovered when β is 0.5. The aforementioned merits provide compelling evidence that Yb:KNGM crystal holds great promise as a laser crystal for the application of wild tunable and ultrashort pulse lasers pumped by LD.

Stark splitting and spectroscopic properties improvement of Yb3+-doped phosphate glass with SiO2 modification

This study focuses on the Stark splitting and spectroscopic properties of Yb3+-doped phosphate glass with SiO2 modification. Stark splitting levels were calculated through deconvolution absorption and emission spectra. The coordination environment of Yb3+ ions was investigated to explain the enlarged Stark splitting. Spectroscopic parameters were given to characterized the effect of SiO2 on spectroscopic properties. The increased crystal field parameter and more asymmetric coordination environment lead to the enlargerd Stark splitting with the increase of SiO2 content. The constantly enhanced absorption cross-section, emission cross-section, and systematic factor values suggest that spectroscopic properties were improved through the addition of SiO2. The glass with 9 mol% SiO2 addition has largest Stark splitting and optimum spectroscopic performances, indicating that it is most likely to be applied to laser application.

Growth, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of Yb,Ho,Pr:LuYAG single crystal: a novel ∼2.9 μm laser material

A novel Yb,Ho,Pr:LuYAG laser crystal was successfully grown and investigated in detail, which belongs to the cubic system with a space group of Ia-3d. The X-ray rocking curve of the as-grown crystal implied high crystalline quality. The dislocation defects were revealed by the chemical method. Moreover, the density, thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity were determined. The absorption coefficient at 935 nm and the emission cross-section at 2.911 μm were obtained to be about 15.18 cm−1 and 2.23 × 10−21 cm2, respectively. The lifetime of the lower laser level 5I7 was shown to decrease from 7.58 to 5.88 ms, while that of the upper laser level 5I6 basically remained unchanged, suggesting that the co-doped Pr3+ possessed an efficient deactivation effect and was beneficial in attaining population inversions of Ho3+. The corresponding findings illustrate that the Yb,Ho,Pr:LuYAG crystal can serve as a novel promising gain medium for realizing the 2.911 μm laser pumped by ~ 940 nm high-power InGaAs laser diode.

Spectroscopic properties of Yb3+-doped fluorophosphate glasses with low phosphate content

A series of new fluorophosphate glasses of 5Ba(PO3)2–10BaF2–18.5CaF2–10MgF2–18.5SrF2–(38–x)AlF3–xYbF3 (x = 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 8, 10) composition was synthesized. Experimental characterization, including absorption, luminescence, and luminescence kinetics measurements, was performed. Based on experimental data, the optimal concentration of Yb3+ ions, providing the highest gain, was established. To characterize potential laser performance of the studied glasses several parameters, including pump saturation, minimal pump intensity, and minimal fraction of excited ions needed to balance gain and absorption, were calculated. Dependence of gain cross section on the excited state population was determined to characterize amplifying properties of the glasses.

Spectroscopic properties of Yb3+, Ho3+-doped Y3Al5O12 single crystals grown by the micro-pulling-down method

Y3Al5O12 (YAG) single crystals doped with a fixed Ho3+ content of 0.5 at.% and various Yb3+ contents (Yb = 5, 10 and 15 at.%) have been successfully grown by the micro-pulling-down (μ-PD) method. The absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra and fluorescence decay curves were recorded at room temperature. The intense emission of Yb,Ho:YAG crystal centered at 2 μm corresponds to the 5I7 → 5I8 transition. Three intense emissions centered at 524–569 nm, 623–691 nm and 744–746 nm, correspond to the 5F4 + 5S2 → 5I8, 5F5 → 5I8 and 5F4 + 5S2 → 5I7 transitions, respectively. The possible energy transfer mechanisms were discussed intensively.

Investigation of the Electronic Structure and Optical, EPR, and ODMR Spectroscopic Properties for 171Yb3+-Doped Y2SiO5 Crystal: A Combined Theoretical Approach.

Various spectroscopic properties of Yb3+-doped Y2SiO5 crystal have been extensively investigated due to its promising application in quantum information processing. However, the local structure, electronic structure of Yb3+:Y2SiO5 crystal, and its optical and magnetic properties have not been comprehensively studied from a theoretical viewpoint. In this work, the geometric and electronic structures of Yb3+ that replaces two crystallographic Y3+ sites in the Y2SiO5 crystal are first obtained by the method of density functional theory (DFT). Then, the optical, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra for 171Yb3+ (nuclear spin I = 1/2) at such two sites are simultaneously calculated in the framework of the complete diagonalization (of energy) matrix (CDM) based on the optimized local structure around 171Yb3+ ion by DFT. The various calculated spectroscopic properties by such combined theoretical approach are consistent with the experimental ones, which demonstrates that CDM is effective and particularly suitable for calculating hyperfine A-tensors under zero, low, and intermediate magnetic field. More importantly, based on the obtained accurate hyperfine structure of 171Yb3+ in Y2SiO5 crystal, the possible "clock transitions", which can enhance the optical coherence time, can be assigned or predicted by the present approach. This study successfully explains the spectroscopic properties of 171Yb3+-doped Y2SiO5 and provides a feasible method to design and search for practical rare-earth-doped quantum information materials for the community.

Spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ and Nd3+ co-doped tellurite glass for 1.0 μm laser application

The Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doped tellurite glasses were prepared using the traditional melt quenching method. The spectroscopic properties of 1.0 μm emission in Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doped tellurite glasses were studied under 808 nm excitation. The concentration effect of Yb3+ ions on emission spectra of tellurite glass singly doped with Nd3+ ions was investigated. The results showed that the intensity and full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of the emission spectra change with the addition of Yb3+ ions, and the luminescence lifetime increased from 0.18 ms to 0.83 ms as the Yb3+ ions content rise from 0 to 6.0 (mol%). Besides, there was an improvement in the quantum yield of co-doped glass (from 0.31 to 0.82), as the Yb3+ ions increased from 0 to 5.0 (mol%). Moreover, laser generation of Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doped tellurite glass around 1.02 μm was attained. All results indicate the potential applications of this Nd3+/Yb3+ co-doped tellurite glass in laser materials.

Temperature-dependent thermal and spectroscopic properties of Yb:YALO3 perovskite crystal for a cryogenically cooled near IR laser

Temperature dependent thermal and spectroscopic properties of Yb:YAlO3 (Yb:YAP) perovskite crystal at temperatures ranging from 77 to 298 K are presented. Thermal properties including specific heat, thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity were investigated. Thermal shock resistance parameters were evaluated and the thermal shock resistance parameters were significantly increased from 0.68 × 106 W m-1 to 12.32 × 106 W m-1 in Yb:YAP as temperature varies from 298 to 77 K. The spectroscopic parameters, such as absorption, fluorescence, lifetime were also studied. The results of our study indicate that Yb:YAP crystal is a promising laser medium for high-power solid-state laser. The calculated cross-sections together with relevant thermal properties provide important information for the design in a new generation of cryogenically cooled near infrared laser.

Electronic structure and luminescent properties of undoped and Yb3+, Er3+ co-doped YSGG single crystals

In this study, undoped and Yb3+, Er3+ co-doped YSGG single crystals were grown successfully by the Czochralski method. The crystal structure and crystalline quality were determined by XRD and XRC, respectively. A theoretical calculation based on density functional theory method was performed on the YSGG and the calculated band structure as well as density of states were presented. The spectroscopic properties of Yb, Er:YSGG crystal were revealed according to the measured absorption spectrum, fluorescence spectrum and fluorescence decay curve. All the obtained results suggest that Yb, Er:YSGG crystal is very promising for realizing 1.55 μm laser with laser diode pumping.

Diode-pumped laser and spectroscopic properties of Yb,Ho:GGAG at 2 µm and 3 µm

In this paper, spectroscopy and laser results obtained with new active medium Yb,Ho:GGAG (gadolinium–gallium–aluminum–garnet) emitting laser radiation at 2.09 m and 2.94 m are shown. The absorption, emission cross-section, and radiative decay time for several energy levels Yb3+ (2F5/2), Ho3+ (5I6 and 5I7) are presented. Using longitudinal diode pumping the laser action at 2 m and 3 m together with the wavelength tunability at several spectral bands 2063–2113 nm, 2860 nm, and 2912–2942 nm were reached.

Thermo-optic and spectroscopic properties of Yb:GAGG, Nd:GAGG and Nd:GGG laser materials at cryogenic temperature

The solid-state lasers provide an attractive approach to enhance the laser performance benefitting from significant improvements in both thermo-optic and spectroscopic properties of the gain mediums under cryogenic temperature. Here, thermo-optic properties of Yb:Gd3(AlxGa1-x)5O12 (x = 0.1, Yb:GAGG) and Nd:Gd3(AlxGa1-x)5O12 (x = 0.2, Nd:GAGG) laser crystals, including thermal conductivity (κ), thermal expansion coefficient (α) and specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) were measured from 77 to 298 K. In addition, the thermal shock resistance parameters were also calculated. The spectroscopic properties and the fluorescence lifetimes of laser gain mediums Yb:GAGG, Nd:GAGG and Nd:Gd3Ga5O12 (Nd:GGG) were characterized at 77, 150, 298 K.

Compositional dependence of Stark splitting and spectroscopic properties in Yb3+-doped lead silicate glasses

In this work, we explore the effect of ionic field strength of modifiers (Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+) on room-temperature Stark splitting and spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ ions in lead silicate glasses. Our measurements show that the ‘crystal-field’ parameter and asymmetry degree of Yb3+ ion ligands are increased as a function of modifier field strength due to the corresponding higher electronegativity and bonding energy. Higher field strengths produce greater absorption σa and emission σe cross-sections, effective emission linewidth Δλeff and spontaneous emission probability Arad of Yb3+ ions. We report a 57% enhancement on σa, σe and Δλeff by doubling the field strength of the modifier cations, implying Yb3+ ion doped lead silicate glass with high field strength modifiers (Li+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) may be a promising candidate for efficient laser emission operation.

Spectroscopic investigations on Yb3+ doped and Pr3+/Yb3+ codoped tellurite glasses for photonic applications

In this work, we report on structural and spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ doped and Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped TeO2-Bi2O3-ZnO-Li2O-Nb2O5 (TBZLN) tellurite glasses. Bending and stretching modes of TeO2 and Te–OH bond (strong and weak) were analysed from the deconvolution of observed Raman and FT-IR spectra. Based on the absorption measurements, the energy bands of Yb3+ and Pr3+ ions are assigned. The spectroscopic properties for the radiative transitions of Yb3+ and Pr3+ ions were reported using McCumber and Judd-Ofelt theories. Visible emission bands originating from 3P1 and 3P0 to lower lying levels of Pr3+ were registered under 447 nm excitation. The emission band around 1334 nm assigned to the Pr3: 1G4→3H5 was observed when excited at 980 nm. The stimulated emission cross-section (σemi(λ)) and effective linewidth (Δλeff) for the 3P1→3H6, 3P1→3H5, 3P0→3H6, 3P0→3F2, 3P1→3F3, 3P1→3F4, 3P0→3F4 and 1G4→3H5 transitions of Pr3+ are reported. Upconversion luminescence in Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped glass upon 980 nm excitation was measured. Possible resonant transfer processes between Yb3+ and Pr3+ ions are presented and discussed. The chromaticity co-ordinates were also evaluated from the visible emission spectra showing that Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped glass may be suitable for the development of yellow-orange (λexc = 447 nm) and near white light (λexc = 980 nm) emitting devices in photonics.

Spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ doped TeO2–TiO2–Bi2O3 laser glasses

Series of (90% – x) TeO2 – 10% TiO2 – x Bi2O3 (x = 0, 5 and 10 mol %) tellurite laser glasses doped by Yb2O3 were prepared. The spectroscopic properties were characterized by the Raman spectrum, absorption spectrum and the fluorescence decay curves, respectively. The research achievements show that with the increase of Bi2O3, the emission cross-section increases from 1.20 to 1.31 pm2, the fluorescence lifetime decreases from 0.68 to 0.65 ms firstly, and then increases to 0.70 ms. These properties show that the system of 80% TeO2-10% TiO2-10% Bi2O3 glasses may have potential be used as Yb2O3 doped large emission cross-section gain medium for solid laser.

Highly transparent Yb:Y2O3 ceramics obtained by solid-state reaction and combined sintering procedures

(Y0.87-xLa0.1Zr0.03Ybx)2O3 (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.05) transparent ceramics were obtained by solid-state reaction and combined sintering procedures with La2O3 and ZrO2 as sintering additives. A method based on two-step intermediate sintering in air followed by vacuum sintering was applied in order to control the densification and grain growth of the samples during the final sintering process. The results indicate that La2O3 and ZrO2 co-additives can improve the microstructure and optical properties of Yb:Y2O3 ceramics at relatively low sintering temperature. On the other hand, the addition of Zr4+ ions leads to the formation of dispersed scattering volumes in the ceramic bodies. Transmittance of 78.8% was measured for the 2.0 at% Yb:Y2O3 ceramic sample at the wavelength of 1100 nm. The spectroscopic properties of Yb:Y2O3 ceramics were investigated at room temperature. The obtained results show that the absorption cross-section at 978 nm is in the range of 2.08 × 10–20 to 2.36 × 10–20 cm2, whereas the emission cross-section at 1032 nm is ~1.0 × 10–20 cm2.

Structural and spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ doped borophosphate glasses for IR laser application

Ytterbium (Yb3+) doped borophosphate (BPYb) glasses have been prepared and studied by means of their physical, optical, structural and spectroscopic properties aiming laser performance parameters. The main structural groups, PO32−, P2O74− and BO4 of the borophosphates were analyzed through their FTIR-ATR and Raman spectra. A linear increment of the absorption coefficient and of the integrated emission intensity were observed with increase of Yb3+ ions. The absorption and emission cross-sections have been evaluated and reported. Decay lifetimes were found to decrease with the increase of Yb3+ ions. The evaluated laser performance parameters (Isat and Imin), figure of merit and cross-sections (absorption and emission) suggest that 0.5 mol% of Yb3+ doped borophosphate glass is the most appropriate candidate for solid state infrared (IR) laser applications.

Spectroscopic Properties of Yb3+/Nd3+ Co-doped Ions in SiO2-Al2O3-Na2CO3-SrF2-CaF2 Oxyfluoride Glasses for Photonic Applications

The Yb3+ and Yb3+/Nd3+ co-doped SiO2-Al2O3-Na2CO3-SrF2-CaF2 oxyfluorosilicate glasses have been prepared by high temperature melt-quenching method. The prepared glasses are excited with 808 nm, and the near infrared emission bands are observed. The intensified emission band was centered at 1030 nm (2F5/2 -> 2F7/2) of Yb3+ ions. Stimulated emission cross-section was evaluated for the prominent 2F5/2 -> 2F7/2 transition of Yb3+ ion by using the Mc-Cumber theory. The energy transfer from Nd3+ to Yb3+ ions in co-doped silicate based oxyfluoride glasses are described under the 514 nm excitation wavelength. Full Text: PDF ReferencesN. Chiodini, A. Paleari, G. Brambilla, E. R. Taylor, "Erbium doped nanostructured tin?silicate glass?ceramic composites", Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 4449 (2002). CrossRef D. Jaque, J. Capmany, F. Molero, Z. D. Luo, J. G. Sole, "Up-conversion luminescence in the Nd3+:YAB self frequency doubling laser crystal", Opt. mater. 10, 211 (1998). CrossRef H. Lin, G. Meredith, S. Jiang, X. Peng, T. Luo, N. Peyghambarian, E. Yue-Bun Pun, "Optical transitions and visible upconversion in Er3+ doped niobic tellurite glass", J. Appl. Phys. 93, 186 (2003) CrossRef Atul D. Sontakke, K. Annapurna, "Phonon assisted effective non-resonant energy transfer based 1 ?m luminescence from Nd3+?Yb3+ codoped zinc?boro?bismuthate glasses", J. Lumin. 138, 229 (2013). CrossRef F. Liegard, J.L. Doualan, R. Moncorge, M. Bettinelli, "Nd3+ ? Yb3+ energy transfer in a codoped metaphosphate glass as a model for Yb3+ laser operation around 980 nm", Appl. Phys. B 80, 985 (2005) CrossRef A. Miguel, B. Fan, R. Balda, X. Zhang, J. Fernandez, J.L. Adam, "Spectroscopy and energy transfer in Nd3 +/Yb3 + codoped chalcohalide glasses", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 377, 110 (2013). CrossRef G. Devarajulu, B. Deva Prasad Raju, "Effect of concentration variation on 2.0 ?m emission of Ho3+-doped SiO2?Al2O3?Na2CO3?SrF2?CaF2 oxyfluorosilicate glasses", App. Phy. A, 124 (2018). CrossRef Radoslaw Lisiecki, Elzbiecta Augustyn, Witold Ryba-Romanowski, Michal Zelechower, "Er-doped and Er, Yb co-doped oxyfluoride glasses and glass?ceramics, structural and optical properties", Opt. Mater. 33, 1630 (2011). CrossRef G. Chen, Q. Zhang, G. Yang, and Z. Jiang, "Mid-Infrared Emission Characteristic and Energy Transfer of Ho3+-Doped Tellurite Glass Sensitized by Tm3+", J. Fluoresc. 17, 301 (2007). CrossRef D. E. McCumber, "Theory of Phonon-Terminated Optical Masers", Phys. Rev. 134, 299 (1964). CrossRef D.L. Deloach, S.A. Payne, L.K. Smith, W.L. Kway, W. F. Krupke, "Laser and spectroscopic properties of Sr5(PO4)3F:Yb", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 269 (1994). CrossRef K. Venkata Krishnaiah, R. Rajeswari, K. UpendraKumar, S. Surendra Babu, I.R. Martin, C.K. Jayasankar, "Spectroscopy and radiation trapping of Yb3+ ions in lead phosphate glasses", J.Quant. Spect. Rad. Trans. 140, 37 (2014). CrossRef

Fabrication, microstructure and spectroscopic properties of Yb:Lu2O3 transparent ceramics from co-precipitated nanopowders

Ytterbium doped lutetium oxide (Yb:Lu2O3) transparent ceramics were fabricated by vacuum sintering combined with hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of the powders synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The effects of calcination temperature on the composition and morphology of the powders were investigated. Fine and well dispersed 5 at% Yb:Lu2O3 powders with the mean particle size of 67 nm were obtained when calcined at 1100 °C for 4 h. Using the synthesized powders as starting material, we fabricated 5 at% Yb:Lu2O3 ceramics by pre-sintering at different temperatures combined with HIP post-treatment. The influence of pre-sintering temperature on the densities, microstructures and optical quality of the 5 at% Yb:Lu2O3 ceramics was studied. The ceramic sample pre-sintered at 1500 °C for 2 h with HIP post-treating at 1700 °C for 8 h has the highest in-line transmittance of 78.2% at 1100 nm and the average grain size of 2.6 µm. In addition, the absorption and emission cross sections of the 5 at% Yb:Lu2O3 ceramics were also calculated.

Replacement of glass-former B2O3 by GeO2 in amorphous host evidenced by optical methods

Two completely different glass-host matrices containing lead, i.e. borate and germanate glasses doped with erbium were studied. Replacement of glass-former B2O3 by GeO2 in amorphous host was evidenced by optical methods. The luminescence decay from the 4I13/2 upper laser state of Er3+ ions is relatively short, whereas up-converted emission signal is reduced definitely in borate glass containing lead due to its high B-O stretching vibrations. The results indicate that germanate glasses containing lead are promising for near-infrared luminescence and up-conversion applications. Full Text: PDF ReferencesR. Balda, A. Oleaga, J. Fernandez, J.M. Fdez-Navarro, "Spectroscopy and frequency upconversion of Er3+ ions in lead niobium germanate glasses", Opt. Mater. 24, 83 (2003). CrossRef H. Yamauchi, Y. Ohishi, "Spectroscopic properties of Er3+-doped PbO?Ga2O3?GeO2 glass for optical amplifiers", Opt. Mater. 27, 679 (2005). CrossRef W.A. Pisarski, Ł. Grobelny, J. Pisarska, R. Lisiecki, W. Ryba-Romanowski, "Spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ and Er3+ ions in heavy metal glasses", J. Alloys Compd. 509, 8088 (2011). CrossRef M.B. Saisudha, J. Ramakrishna, "Effect of host glass on the optical absorption properties of Nd3+, Sm3+, and Dy3+ in lead borate glasses", Phys. Rev. B 53, 6186 (1996). CrossRef C.K. Jayasankar, V. Venkatramu, S. Surendra Babu, P. Babu, "Luminescence properties of Dy3+ ions in a variety of borate and fluoroborate glasses containing lithium, zinc, and lead", J. Alloys Compd. 374, 22 (2004). CrossRef W.A. Pisarski et al. "Luminescence spectroscopy of rare earth-doped oxychloride lead borate glasses", J. Lumin. 131, 649 (2011). CrossRef M. Kochanowicz, W. Mazerski, J. Żmojda, K. Czajkowski, D. Dorosz, "Green upconversion emission in tellurite optical fibre codoped with Yb3+/Er3+", Phot. Lett. Poland 5, 35 (2013). CrossRef J. Dorosz, "Novel constructions of optical fibers doped with rare ? earth ions", Ceramics 86 (2005). CrossRef J. Żmojda, D. Dorosz, M. Kochanowicz, J. Dorosz, "Spectroscopic properties of Yb3+/Er3+ - doped antimony-phosphate glasses for fiber amplifiers", Phot. Lett. Poland 2, 76 (2010). CrossRef J. Dorosz, R. S. Romaniuk, "Development of Optical Fiber Technology in Poland", INTL J. Electron. Telecom. 57, 191 (2011). CrossRef Q.Y. Zhang et al. "Effects of PbF2 doping on structure and spectroscopic properties of Ga2O3?GeO2?Bi2O3?PbO glasses doped with rare earths", J. Appl. Phys. 99, 033510 (2006) CrossRef W.A. Pisarski, G. Dominiak-Dzik, W. Ryba-Romanowski, J. Pisarska, "Role of PbO substitution by PbF2 on structural behavior and luminescence of rare earth-doped lead borate glass", J. Alloys Compd. 451, 220 (2008). CrossRef M. Sołtys, J. Pisarska, L. Żur, T. Goryczka, W.A. Pisarski, "Influence of M2O3 (M = Al, Ga) glass modifiers on structure, thermal and spectroscopic properties of rare earth ions in lead phosphate based systems", Proc. SPIE 9228, 92280A (2014). CrossRef J. Janek, J. Pisarska, W.A. Pisarski, "Rare earth doped lead-free germanate glasses for modern photonics", Phot. Lett. Poland 6, 71 (2014). CrossRef W.A. Pisarski et al. "Infrared-to-visible conversion luminescence of Er3+ ions in lead borate transparent glass-ceramics", Opt. Mater. 31, 1781 (2009). CrossRef J. Pisarska, L. Żur, W.A. Pisarski, "Optical spectroscopy of Dy3+ ions in heavy metal lead-based glasses and glass?ceramics", J. Mol. Struct. 993, 160 (2011). CrossRef L. Żur, M. Sołtys, J. Pisarska, W.A. Pisarski, "Absorption and luminescence properties of terbium ions in heavy metal glasses", J. Alloys Compd. 578, 512 (2013). CrossRef W.A. Pisarski, L. Żur, M. Kowal, J. Pisarska, "Enhancement and quenching photoluminescence effects for rare earth ? Doped lead bismuth gallate glasses", J. Alloys Compd. 651, 565 (2015). CrossRef M. Shojiya, Y. Kawamoto, K. Kadono, "Judd?Ofelt parameters and multiphonon relaxation of Ho3+ ions in ZnCl2-based glass", J. Appl. Phys. 89, 4944 (2001). CrossRef