Spectrophotometric Determination Of Oxygen Saturation Research Articles

Fifty years ago in the Journal of Pediatrics: The relationship of paranatal experiences to oxygen saturation in newborn infants

Pennoyer MM, Graham FJ, Hartmann AF, Jones B, Mccoy EL, Swarm PA, et al. J Pediatr 1956;49:685-98 This study evaluated the effects of obstetrical variables on oxygen saturation at delivery and at 10, 30, and 60 minutes of life. The methodology involved the then newly developed spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation using cord and then capillary blood samples. The researchers compared duration and depth of anesthesia, and fetal and delivery complications, and they reported that cord saturations were higher in infants delivered following pudendal blocks compared with inhalation or caudal blocks. The cord oxygen saturation varied from 10% to 90% with the most frequent values between 60% and 69%, and capillary values between 80% and 90% at 10 minutes in their 232 vaginally delivered infants. Their cord blood gas saturations were 61% (46%-70%) in their uncomplicated deliveries including those with prenatal complications, compared with 54% in the infants with delivery complications, including the use of fundal pressure, breech presentation, and prematurity. The mean saturation at 10 minutes was approximately 81%, and they also reported that 29% of their prenatal complicated infants and 37% of the delivery complicated infants failed to achieve saturations of 90% by 1 hour compared with 21% of the uncomplicated group. They noted that the presence of prenatal complications alone did not lower the oxygen saturations at birth. Fifty years later, we are still trying to determine the normal values for oxygen saturation at delivery and within the first 10 minutes of life, albeit using pulse oximeters. It is indeed impressive that Pennoyer et al using their techniques reported values on more infants than any of the most recent studies using oximeter values following delivery. Recent studies have reported that the oxygen saturation determined by pulse oximetry (SpO2) at 1 minute was 63% to 70% with a gradual increase to 90% by 8 to 15 minutes. We are now in the midst of the debate as to whether we should use oxygen, room air, or some blended value in between for the resuscitation of newborn infants with difficulty at birth. It is important to remember that cord SpO2 values are normally approximately 50% to 55% in the noncompromised infant and increase to 90% by approximately 10 minutes of age. The best available current information indicates that the majority of term infants with asphyxia can be safely and effectively initially resuscitated with room air, and that such an approach is associated with higher Apgar scores, a shorter interval to initiate sustained breathing, and a lower mortality. The observations of Pennoyer et al combined with those of more recent studies provide potential guidelines for the use of oxygen during resuscitation for those infants whose oxygen saturations are significantly below the established limits of SpO2 during the first 10 to 15 minutes of life. It is astonishing how relevant and useful these observations remain 50 years later.

Performance of an automated six-wavelength photometer (Radiometer OSM3) for routine measurement of hemoglobin derivatives.

A new instrument for spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation (SO2) and the fractions of carboxyhemoglobin (FHbCO) and methemoglobin (FHi), the Hemoximeter OSM3 (Radiometer), was tested by comparative measurements with a multiwavelength method. We found that it gave reliable results for freshly drawn samples from patients. When samples with artificially induced high proportions of HbCO or Hi, or both, were introduced, results were still sufficiently accurate. The presence of sulfhemoglobin (SHb) seriously interfered with the measurement of SO2, FHbCO, and FHi, but the instrument reliably indicated its presence. Because SHb is rarely encountered, a reliable warning for its presence is adequate for clinical practice. Using the instrument in its fetal mode, we obtained accurate results for blood samples from newborns.

Further studies on the functional properties of hemoglobin M Hyde Park.

The oxygen binding properties of Hb M Hyde Park (92 beta, histidine leads to tyrosine) were reinvestigated directing special care to testing the wave length-dependence of the oxygen equilibrium curve and to stabilizing hemoglobin samples using a methemoglobin reductase system. There was no indication that the Hb M Hyde Park fraction separated on a DEAE Sephadex column contained an unknown hemoglobin derivative which appeared in earlier studies. Contrary to earlier observations, there was no significant wave length-dependence of the equilibrium curve of Hb M Hyde Park, verifying the spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation. The reductase system satisfactorily reduced the normal alpha chain met hemes without reducing the abnormal beta chain met hemes. The oxygen binding property of Hb M Hyde Park is characterized by 3 to 4 times higher oxygen affinity than that for normal hemoglobin, complete loss of cooperativity, and substantially preserved Bohr effect. These results are consistent in part but not entirely with those observed by earlier investigators. The oxygen affinity of Hb M Hyde Park is between the affinity of the oxy structure and the deoxy structure of normal hemoglobin. Oxygen equilibrium curve of red cell suspension and whole hemolysate containing Hb M Hyde Park were biphasic, indicating that Hb M Hyde Park also exhibited the high oxygen affinity in those samples.

Spectrophotometric monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation in the fingertip.

A noninvasive oximeter that analyses the oxygen saturation of arterial blood in the fingertip is described. The light, after attenuating the infrared portion to avoid thermal injury, is applied to the fingertip through an optical transmitter made of glass fibres. The transmitted light is transferred to an optical reception system where a spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation is performed. The determination is performed by considering only the change in the attenuation of light caused by the inflow of arterial blood into the fingertip. The correlation between the oxygen saturation measured with the present instrument (y) and that with the blood-gas method (x), was y=0·907x+8·592 with a standard deviation and a correlation coefficient of 0·135% and 0·983, respectively. The reproducibility was assessed in a healthy subject by measuring the oxygen saturation repeatedly 60 times. The mean saturation was 95·82±0·675% (mean±standard deviation). The instrument has been useful in monitoring arterial oxygenation in patients with respiratory failure in our intensive-care unit. One of the disadvantages of the instrument is that the measurement is interrupted when the fingertip changes its position against the light beam.

Spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation of blood independent of the presence of indocyanine green

The strong absorbance of indocyanine green in a broad band around lambda = 800 nm invalidates the usual spectrophotometric two-wavelength methods for measuring oxygen saturation operating in the red and near infrared region. By proper wavelength selection, however, the effect of the dye can be eliminated. With the two-wavelength method utilising lambda = 660 and 860 nm oxygen saturation is measured virtually independent of the presence of indocyanine green.

On the validity of the spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. The wavelength dependence of observed oxygen equilibrium parameter values.

Spectral changes of oxyhemoglobin induced by such anions as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, inositol hexaphosphate, and Cl- may affect the validity of the spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. Therefore, the anion-induced difference spectra were extensively measured under a variety of conditions and accurate oxygen equilibrium curves were determined under representative conditions with detection at different wavelengths selected from peaks, troughs, and zero difference points of the difference spectra in the visible and Soret regions. Oxygen equilibrium parameters including the four Adair constants (i.e., equilibrium constants for four steps of oxygenation) estimated from the equilibrium curves did not show any dependence on wavelength within the limits of experimental error. These results indicate that anion-induced spectral changes do not invalidate the spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation and confirm the validity of the previous conclusions drawn in our series of studies on the effects of anions, pH and temperature on oxygen equilibrium parameters.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Oxygen Saturation of Hemoglobin in the Presence of Carboxyhemoglobin

Spectrophotometric Determination of Oxygen Saturation of Hemoglobin in the Presence of Carboxyhemoglobin

Spectrophotometric Determination of Oxygen Saturation of Hemoglobin in the Presence of Carboxyhemoglobin

Spectrophotometric Determination of Oxygen Saturation of Hemoglobin in the Presence of Carboxyhemoglobin

TECHNICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS IN THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN SATURATION.

The method of Deibler, Holmes, Campbell, and Gans (1959) is a quick, accurate, and reliable method for the determination of oxygen saturation. The results should be calibrated against those obtained by the Van Slyke method, and the setting, sensitivity, and reliability of the spectrophotometer should be carefully established. This is especially necessary to meet the stringent requirements for accurate setting at the isobestic point 805 mmu. This method is superior to a method using saponin as a haemolytic agent and reading at only one wavelength.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Oxygen Saturation in Capillary Blood

Spectrophotometric Determination of Oxygen Saturation in Capillary Blood

Spectrophotometric Determination of Oxygen Saturation in Capillary Blood

The oxygen saturation of capillary blood (approximately 25 μpl) is determined spectrophotometrically on hemolyzed packed red cells at 600 and 505 nm. The blood is centrifuged and the packed red cells hemolyzed by successive freezing and thawing. For a 0.1 mm cuvette an ordinary blood counting chamber is found convenient.

Spectrophotometric determination of hemoglobin oxygen saturation

AbstractA rapid and accurate method for spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation in slightly diluted, hemolyzed blood is described. This method proved to be as accurate as the manometric method (van Slyke‐Neill) 1), but to take much less time.

Spectrophotometric determination of hemoglobin oxygen saturation: the method of Drabkin & Schmidt as modified for its use in clinical routine analysis.

A rapid and accurate method for spectrophotometric determination of oxygen saturation in slightly diluted, hemolyzed blood is described. This method proved to be as accurate as the manometric method (van Slyke-Neill) 1), but to take much less time.