Spectrophotometric Determination Of Bismuth Research Articles

Statistically designed extractive spectrophotometric determination scheme for bismuth(III) with 2-chlorobenzaldehyde thiocarbohydrazone: Analysis of environmental and real resources

The principle of liquid-liquid extraction followed by spectrophotometric determination of bismuth(III) was elaborated. The yellow complex of bismuth(III) with 2-chlorobenzaldehyde thiocarbohydrazone in presence of potassium iodide is soluble in chloroform and was extracted from HCl-KCl buffer having pH 1.2. The concentration of 2-chlorobenzaldehyde thiocarbohydrazone and potassium iodide ensuring maximum absorbance were optimized well. The effect of foreign ions was also thoroughly elucidated. The maximum absorbance of the complex is witnessed at 420 nm having the values of molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity as 1.086 × 10 4 L mol −1 cm −1 and 0.01923 µg cm −2 , respectively. The Beer's law is obeyed for bismuth(III) concentrations over the range of 4.80 to 16.0 μg mL −1 . The composition of [Bi(III)-2CBTCH-iodide] complex was found to be 1:1:1. The scheme has been applied for the determination of bismuth(III) in environmental and real resources.

Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth (III) via pyrocatecol violet dye as chromogenic reagent

Direct, rapid, simple, precise and an accurate spectrophotometric method for the estimation of bismuth (III) ion was proposed. The reaction of bismuth (III) ion with pyrocatecol violet in aqueous solution in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) CTAB)to form at pH 3.4 a colored complex which was showing maximum absorption at 648 nm. The linearity of the proposed method was obeyed Beer's law over the concentration range of 5-200 µg /25 ml i.e (0.2-8.0) ppm. The molar absorptivity factor found to be 1.72×104 l/mol.cm and, Sandall's sensitivity index was 0.01215 µg/cm. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of bismuth (III) in water and pharmaceutical preperation (Tablet).

Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth after solid-phase extraction using amberlite XAD-2 resin modified with 5-(2′-bromophenylazo)-6-hydroxy pyrimidine-2,4-dione

A highly selective and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of bismuth in various samples. The method is based on the adsorption of Bi(III) after complexation with 5-(2′-bromophenylazo)-6-hydroxy pyrimidine-2,4-dione (BPAHPD) in a pH range of 2.0–2.5 on amberlite XAD-2 resin in the presence of emulsifier-OP. The retained analyte on the resin recovered with 5.0mL of 2.0molL−1 hydrochloric acid and bismuth was analyzed spectrophotometrically at λmax 579nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.1–7.5μgmL−1 Bi(III) in the measured solution. For more accurate results, the Ringbom optimum concentration range was determined to be 0.25–7.25μgmL−1. The linear regression equation was A=0.123C (μgmL−1)+0.002 (r=0.9996). The molar absorptivity was calculated to be 2.56×105Lmol−1cm−1 at 579nm, and the Sandell sensitivity was determined to be 8.15ngcm−2. Various parameters, such as the effect of pH, reagent concentration, surfactant, and flow rate, were studied. The interference of various metal ions on the determination of bismuth has been studied in detail to optimize the conditions for the determination of bismuth in biological samples (i.e., National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES, No. 5 human hair, NIES, No. 7 tea leaves)) and water samples (i.e., spring water, river water, underground water, and sea and tap water).

Spectrophotometric Determination of Bismuth(III) with Arsenazo(III) Reagent in Water samples and Veterinary Preparation

A simple , sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method for the trace determination of bismuth (III) has been developed .This method is based on the reaction of bismuth (III) with arsenazo(III) in acid solution (pH=1.9) to form a blue water soluble complex which exhibits maximum absorption at 612nm .Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2-85 ?g bismuth (III) in a final volume of 20 mL( i.e. 0.1 – 4.25?g.mL-1) with a correlation coefficient of (0.9981) and molar absorptivity 1.9×104 L.mol-1.cm-1 . The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) are 0.0633 and 0.0847 ?g.mL-1 , respectively . Under optimum conditions,the stoichiometry of the reaction between bismuth (III) and arsenazo(III) reagent was found to be 1:2. The recoveries were obtained in the range of 98.9 - 100.0% and a relative standard deviation of ±0.59 to ±2.73% depending on the concentration level of bismuth. The effect of interferences by a number of common cations and anions in the presence of composite mixture has been studied .The proposed method has been applied successfully for determination of bismuth in water samples and veterinary preparation .

Spectrophotometric Determination of Bismuth(III) with Arsenazo(III) Reagent in Water samples and Veterinary Preparation

A simple , sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method for the trace determination of bismuth (III) has been developed .This method is based on the reaction of bismuth (III) with arsenazo(III) in acid solution (pH=1.9) to form a blue water soluble complex which exhibits maximum absorption at 612nm .Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2-85 ?g bismuth (III) in a final volume of 20 mL( i.e. 0.1 – 4.25?g.mL-1) with a correlation coefficient of (0.9981) and molar absorptivity 1.9×104 L.mol-1.cm-1 . The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) are 0.0633 and 0.0847 ?g.mL-1 , respectively . Under optimum conditions,the stoichiometry of the reaction between bismuth (III) and arsenazo(III) reagent was found to be 1:2. The recoveries were obtained in the range of 98.9 - 100.0% and a relative standard deviation of ±0.59 to ±2.73% depending on the concentration level of bismuth. The effect of interferences by a number of common cations and anions in the presence of composite mixture has been studied .The proposed method has been applied successfully for determination of bismuth in water samples and veterinary preparation .

Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth in water samples after preconcentration of its thiourea–bromide ternary complex on activated carbon

A simple, accurate, sensitive and reliable method for the selective extraction and spectrophotometric determination of Bi(III) was developed. Bi(III) was collected on activated carbon after complexation with thiourea and bromide ion in acidic media. The complex retained on activated carbon was then desorbed with the bromide solution in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and determined spectrophotometrically at 375 nm. The linear calibration ranges and limit of detection for the proposed method was 1.00×10 −9–1.50×10 −7 and 8.00×10 −10 mol l −1, respectively. The influence of the interfering cations and anions on the determination of bismuth was investigated. The method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of bismuth in natural water samples.

Chemical compositional analysis of semiconducting bismuth sulphoselenide thin films

A method is proposed for the chemical compositional analysis of mixed chalcogenide semiconducting thin films. The technique presently used for extraction, separation and spectrophotometric determination of bismuth(III) and selenium(IV) from hydrochloric acid media with 1-(4 1-bromophenyl) 4,4,6-trimethyl 1,4 dihydropyrimidine 2-thiol (4 l-bromo PTPT) in chloroform. In acidic conditions (0.3 M HCl) bismuth form a yellow coloured complex with 4 l-bromo PTPT is extracted in chloroform with an absorption maxima 410 nm. In strong acidic conditions (5.5 M HCl) selenium forms yellow complex with the ligand extracted in chloroform which shows absorption maxima 350 nm. The absorbance of bismuth(III) sample in 0.3 M HCl is increases linearly in the concentration range 2–16 ppm. In case of selenium absorbance is increases linearly in the concentration range 10–75 ppm. We propose an extractive spectrophotometric determination method for bismuth and antimony chalcogenide semiconducting thin films. The proposed method is sensitive, selective, rapid, reproducible and has been satisfactorily applied for the separation and determination of trace amounts of Bi(III) from Se(IV) as well as Bi(III) from Sb(III) in presence of Se(IV) from mixed bismuth sulphoselenide thin films. The spectrophotometric determination of the metals requires approximately 15–20 min. Large number of diverse ions with various concentrations are studied to test the reproducibility and sensitivity of the method for the trace analysis of mixed chalcogenide thin films.

Application of Internal Standard for Micro Extraction- Spectrophotometric Determination of Bismuth in Pharmaceutical Formulations

A micro extraction – spectrophotometric procedure is developed for the determination of bismuth in pharmaceutical formulations. The procedure is based on the extraction of tetraiodobismuthate(III) ion paired with benzyltributylammonium cation into chloroform. The application of Nile Blue as internal standard (IS) enabled good analytical performance for micro-scale analysis. The ratio between the absorbances measured at 491 nm (bismuth complex) and at 632 nm (IS) was taken as the analytical signal. The procedure was carried out in Eppendorf tubes, lowering significantly the use of reagents and the volume of organic solvent. In the calibration range up to 60 mgċl−1, the linear regression coefficient was 0.9999, the CV for 15 mgċl−1 and for 50 mgċl−1 Bi were 1.6% and 0.7% respectively. The results obtained in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations were in good agreement with the results of EDTA titration method.

Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth after extraction of tetrabutylammonium tetraiodobismuthate(III) with microcrystalline benzophenone

Bismuth (0–20 μg ml −1) can be determined spectrophotometrically at 485 nm after its adsorptive extraction from dilute sulfuric acid solution as tetrabutylammonium tetraiodobismuthate(III) on microcrystalline benzophenone followed by dissolution of the solid phase in ethyl acetate. The effects of reaction conditions, diverse ions and masking studies are reported. The system has been applied to the determination of bismuth in pharmaceutical samples.

Synthesis and analytical application of 2,6-dichloroarsenazo as a new chromogenic reagent for bismuth

A new sensitive chromogenic reagent, 2-(2-arsonophenylazo)-7-(2,6-dichlorophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid (2,6-dichloroarsenazo), has been synthesized and used in the spectrophotometric determination of bismuth. In aqueous 0.6 mol l −1 HClO 4, 2,6-dichloroarsenazo can react with bismuth(III) immediately at room temperature to form a deep blue complex with a maximum absorption at 631 nm. The apparent molar absorptivity ( ϵ) is 9.87×10 4 l mol −1 cm −1. Beer's law is obeyed over the bismuth concentration range 0–1 μg ml −1. Macroamounts of foreign ions do not interfere. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of bismuth in copper alloys without prior treatment.

Extraction, Separation and Spectrophotometric Determination of Bismuth(III) Using 1(4′-Bromophenyl) 4,4,6-Trimethyl (1H,4H)-Pyrimidine-2-Thiol

The operating conditions for the spectrophotometric determination of bismuth(III) with 1-(4′-bromophenyl)-4,4,6-trimethyl-(1H,4H)-pyrimidine-2-thiol (4′bromo PTPT) as a ligand by a liquid-liquid extraction technique are presented. In acidic conditions bismuth(III) forms a yellow complex with the ligand which can be extracted in chloroform with an absorption maxima at 410 nm. The molar absorptivity is 1.5×104 l mole−1 cm−1 and Sandell's sensitivity is 14.3 ng cm−2. The difference in the absorbance between the chloroform blank and bismuth(III) sample increases linearly in the concentration range 2-14 ppm at 0.3 M hydrochloric acid. The proposed method is extremely sensitive, rapid, reproducible and has been satisfactorily applied to the determination of trace amounts of bismuth(III) in synthetic mixtures, alloys and pharmaceutical formulations and also provides binary separation of bismuth(III) from selenium, tellurium, lead, antimony, copper and gold. The overall process of extraction and determination takes about 15 to 20 min.

Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth after extraction of benzyltributylammonium tetraiodobismuthate(III)

Bismuth (0–120 μg) can be determined spectrophotometrically at 495 nm after its extraction as benzyltributylammonium tetraiodobismuthate into chloroform. The effects of reagent conditions, diverse ions and masking studies are reported. The system has been applied to the determination of bismuth in a range of copper-based alloys.

Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth in pharmaceutical samples by extraction of the tetraiodobismuthate(III) anion into propylene carbonate

Bismuth (0–160 μg) can be determined spectrophotometrically at 486 nm after its extraction as hydrogen tetraiodobismuthate (III) into propylene carbonate. The effects of reagent conditions, ionic strength and diverse ions are reported. The system has been applied to the determination of bismuth in pharmaceutical samples.

The spectrophotometric determination of bismuth after extraction of protriptylinium tetraiodobismuthate(III)

Bismuth (0–300 μg) can be determined spectrophotometrically at 482 nm after its extraction as protriptylinium tetraiodobismuthate(III) into chloroform. The effects of reagent conditions and diverse ions are reported. The system has been applied to the determination of bismuth in pharmaceutical samples.

Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth(III and V) in water after ion-pair liquid–liquid extraction using tetramethylammonium cation as counter ion

A simple extractive spectrophotometric method for the determination of bismuth has been developed. It is based upon oxidation of bismuth(III) to bismuthate with potassium periodate at pH 7–8. The resulting species is then extracted with tetramethylammonium iodide in chloroform followed by direct spectrophotometric measurement at 513 nm. The optimum concentration range evaluated by Ringbom’s method was found to be 0.05–10 mg l-1. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity for the formed ion-pair at 513 nm have been found to be 4.2×104 mol-1 cm-1 and 0.09 μg/cm2, respectively.

Extraction and spectrophotometric determination of bismuth(III) with Cyanex 301

A spectrophotometric method for the determination of microgram amounts of bismuth(III) is described based on the solvent extraction of bismuth(III) from 0.5–3.0 mol dm–3 HCl with Cyanex 301 in toluene. The BiIII complex with Cyanex 301 in toluene gives a yellow colour (λmax, 439 nm; molar absorptivity, 5.53 × 103 l mol–1 cm–1). Bismuth has been determined in alloys and pharmaceutical samples.

Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth after extraction of 1-naphthylmethyltriphenylphosphonium tetraiodobismuthate(III) with microcrystalline benzophenone

Bismuth (0–120 μg) can be determined spectrophotometrically at 495 nm after its adsorptive extraction as 1-naphthylmethyltriphenylphosphonium tetraiodobismuthate(III) on microcrystalline benzophenone and dissolution of the solid phase in dichloromethane. The effects of reagent conditions, diverse ions and masking studies are reported. The system has been applied to the determination of bismuth in a range of copper-based alloys and pharmaceutical samples.

Extraction flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of bismuth with lead tetramethylenedithiocarbamate

Extraction flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of bismuth with lead tetramethylenedithiocarbamate

Spectrophotometric Determination of Bismuth after Collection and Elution of Its Thiourea Complex on Chitin

Spectrophotometric Determination of Bismuth after Collection and Elution of Its Thiourea Complex on Chitin

Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth with semi-xylenol orange and its application in metal analysis

Semi-Xylenol Orange forms a 2 : 1 chelate with bismuth(III), which has a logarithmic value of 3.08 for its conditional formation constant and a molar absorptivity of 4.2 × 10 4 l.mole −1.cm −1. Beer's law is obeyed at 540 nm over the range 10–30 μg of Bi(III), with a standard deviation of 1.1 μg ( n = 18). Lactic acid is used as an auxiliary complexing agent to prevent olation and oxolation. Interference from up to 1.3 mg of copper can be eliminated by the combined use of masking Cu(II) with thiourea, ascorbic acid and thiosemicarbazide and “post-masking” Bi(III) with sodium chloride. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the direct determination of ⩾ 0.002% of Bi in lead metal, with a coefficient of variation varying from 3.7 to 6.9%.