Spectral Response Properties Research Articles

Structural, morphological, optical and down-conversion studies of NaLaMgTeO6:Dy3+ single phase phosphor for white light emitting applications and solar spectral converter for photovoltaic applications

Researches on rare earth activated phosphors in solid state lighting and enhancement in efficiency of solar cells pave attention to develop efficient phosphor materials. In the present work, Dy3+ doped NaLaMgTeO6 phosphors are synthesized using solid state reaction method. The structural studies using XRD analysis confirmed the successful formation of the compound. SEM analysis reveals that the particles are closely packed, which in turn exhibit intense luminescence intensity due to low scattering and high packing density. Elemental configuration were analyzed using EDS analysis. FTIR analysis revealed the vibrational bands of the host matrix. Optical energy bandgap was calculated using DRS spectra. The luminescence characteristics of the samples were investigated using excitation and emission spectra. Upon most intense 351 and 388 nm excitation, sharp yellow emission peak at 572 nm dominates blue emission at 478 nm, further reveals that Dy3+ ions occupy low symmetry site in the host lattice. The optimum concentration of Dy3+ in the present host is x = 0.04 mol and concentration quenching is due to dipole-quadrupole interaction of adjacent Dy3+ ions. The thermal quenching phenomenon is studied using temperature dependent photoluminescence analysis. The CIE chromaticity coordinates and CCT values conclude NaLaMgTeO6:Dy3+ phosphors are good candidate for cool near-white light emitting materials for outdoor illumination. The study on solar spectral response and down-conversion property of the synthesized phosphor demonstrate its applicability as solar spectral converters in solar cell applications.

A Biodegradable, Stretchable, Healable, and Self-Powered Optoelectronic Synapse Based on Ionic Gelatins for Neuromorphic Vision System.

Optoelectronic synapses have gained increasing attentions as a fundamental building block in the development of neuromorphic visual systems. However, it remains a challenge to integrate multiple functions into a single optoelectronic synapse that can be widely applied in wearable artificial intelligence and implantable neuromorphic vision systems. In this study, a stretchable optoelectronic synapse based on biodegradable ionic gelatin heterojunction is successfully developed. This device exhibits self-powered synaptic plasticity behavior with broad spectral response and excellent elastic properties, yet it degrades rapidly upon disposal. After complete cleavage, the device can be fully repaired within 1min, which is mainly attributed to the non-covalent interactions between different molecular chains. Moreover, the recovery and reprocessing of the ionic gelatins result in optoelectronic properties that are virtually indistinguishable from their original state, showcasing the resilience and durability of ionic gelatins. The combination of biodegradability, stretchability, self-healing, zero-power consumption, ease of large-scale preparation, and low cost makes the work a major step forward in the development of biodegradable and stretchable optoelectronic synapses.

Toward Full‐Color Vision Restoration: Conjugated Polymers as Key Functional Materials in Artificial Retinal Prosthetics

AbstractFor the prosthetic retina, a device replacing dysfunctional cones and rods, with the ability to mimic the spectral response properties of these photoreceptors and provide electrical stimulation signals to activate residual visual pathways, can relay sufficient data to the brain for interpretation as color vision. Organic semiconductors including conjugated polymers with four different bandgaps providing wavelength‐specific electrical responses are ideal candidates for potential full‐color vision restoration. Here, conjugated polymer photocapacitor devices immersed in electrolyte are demonstrated to elicit a photovoltage measured by a Ag/AgCl electrode 100 microns from the device of ≈−40 mV for 15–39 µW mm−2 of incident light power density at three wavelengths: 405 nm for blue photoreceptor candidate material, 534 nm for green, 634 nm for red. Photoresponse is substantially improved by introducing polymer donor/acceptor molecules bulk heterojunctions. Devices with bulk heterojunction configurations achieved at least −70 mV for green candidates with the highest at −200 mV for red cone candidates. These findings highlight the potential for organic materials to bridge the gap toward natural vision restoration for retinal dystrophic conditions such as age‐related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, or retinitis pigmentosa and contribute to the ongoing advancements in visual prosthetic devices.

Neural processing in the primary auditory cortex following cholinergic lesions of the basal forebrain in ferrets

Cortical acetylcholine (ACh) release has been linked to various cognitive functions, including perceptual learning. We have previously shown that cortical cholinergic innervation is necessary for accurate sound localization in ferrets, as well as for their ability to adapt with training to altered spatial cues. To explore whether these behavioral deficits are associated with changes in the response properties of cortical neurons, we recorded neural activity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of anesthetized ferrets in which cholinergic inputs had been reduced by making bilateral injections of the immunotoxin ME20.4-SAP in the nucleus basalis (NB) prior to training the animals. The pattern of spontaneous activity of A1 units recorded in the ferrets with cholinergic lesions (NB ACh–) was similar to that in controls, although the proportion of burst-type units was significantly lower. Depletion of ACh also resulted in more synchronous activity in A1. No changes in thresholds, frequency tuning or in the distribution of characteristic frequencies were found in these animals. When tested with normal acoustic inputs, the spatial sensitivity of A1 neurons in the NB ACh– ferrets and the distribution of their preferred interaural level differences also closely resembled those found in control animals, indicating that these properties had not been altered by sound localization training with one ear occluded. Simulating the animals’ previous experience with a virtual earplug in one ear reduced the contralateral preference of A1 units in both groups, but caused azimuth sensitivity to change in slightly different ways, which may reflect the modest adaptation observed in the NB ACh– group. These results show that while ACh is required for behavioral adaptation to altered spatial cues, it is not required for maintenance of the spectral and spatial response properties of A1 neurons.

Quantifying Fluorescence Lifetime Responsiveness of Environment-Sensitive Probes for Membrane Fluidity Measurements.

The structural diversity of different lipid species within the membrane defines its biophysical properties such as membrane fluidity, phase transition, curvature, charge distribution, and tension. Environment-sensitive probes, which change their spectral properties in response to their surrounding milieu, have greatly contributed to our understanding of such biophysical properties. To realize the full potential of these probes and avoid misinterpretation of their spectral responses, a detailed investigation of their fluorescence characteristics in different environments is necessary. Here, we examined the fluorescence lifetime of two newly developed membrane order probes, NR12S and NR12A, in response to alterations in their environments such as the degree of lipid saturation, cholesterol content, double bond position and configuration, and phospholipid headgroup. As a comparison, we investigated the lifetime sensitivity of the membrane tension probe Flipper in these environments. Applying fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) in both model membranes and biological membranes, all probes distinguished membrane phases by lifetime but exhibited different lifetime sensitivities to varying membrane biophysical properties (e.g., cholesterol). While the lifetime of Flipper is particularly sensitive to the membrane cholesterol content, the NR12S and NR12A lifetimes are moderately sensitive to both the cholesterol content and lipid acyl chains. Moreover, all of the probes exhibit longer lifetimes at longer emission wavelengths in membranes of any complexity. This emission wavelength dependency results in varying lifetime resolutions at different spectral regions, which are highly relevant for FLIM data acquisition. Our data provide valuable insights on how to perform FLIM with these probes and highlight both their potential and limitations.

Chromatic processing and receptive-field structure in neurons of the anterior optic tract of the honeybee brain.

Color vision in honeybees is a well-documented perceptual phenomenon including multiple behavioral tests of trichromaticity and color opponency. Data on the combined color/space properties of high order visual neurons in the bee brain is however limited. Here we fill this gap by analyzing the activity of neurons in the anterior optic tract (AOT), a high order brain region suggested to be involved in chromatic processing. The spectral response properties of 72 units were measured using UV, blue and green light stimuli presented in 266 positions of the visual field. The majority of these units comprise combined chromatic-spatial processing properties. We found eight different neuron categories in terms of their spectral, spatial and temporal response properties. Color-opponent neurons, the most abundant neural category in the AOT, present large receptive fields and activity patterns that were typically opponent between UV and blue or green, particularly during the on-tonic response phase. Receptive field shapes and activity patterns of these color processing neurons are more similar between blue and green, than between UV and blue or green. We also identified intricate spatial antagonism and double spectral opponency in some receptive fields of color-opponent units. Stimulation protocols with different color combinations applied to 21 AOT units allowed us to uncover additional levels of spectral antagonism and hidden inhibitory inputs, even in some units that were initially classified as broad-band neurons based in their responses to single spectral lights. The results are discussed in the context of floral color discrimination and celestial spectral gradients.

Contributed Session I: Spectral, Spatial and Temporal Response Properties of Foveal Ganglion Cells.

While the fovea is best known for its high spatial acuity mediated by a high density of midget ganglion cells (RGCs), anatomy and transcriptomics show ~15 rarer RGC types are also present. However, our understanding of the visual information these RGCs convey to the brain is limited as both the fovea and rarer RGC types have been difficult to address with standard physiology techniques. We addressed this gap in knowledge in vivo, with two macaques expressing GCaMP6s in the foveal ganglion cell layer. Using a fluorescence adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope, we presented stimuli to the cones while measuring the responses of hundreds of distinct cells. We classified cells with stimuli assessing polarity, spectral tuning, receptive field size, temporal tuning and motion sensitivity. 21% of cells had response properties inconsistent with midget RGCs, including ON-OFF responses, non-canonical spatial receptive fields, direction selectivity and suppressed-by-contrast responses. Our classification enables in vivo functional identification of the rarest foveal RGCs, laying the foundation for future experiments targeting these elusive cells to determine their roles in vision. While the dominance of midget RGCs observed is consistent with the fovea's specialization for acuity, the unappreciated functional diversity we observed indicates that far more visual processing occurs within the primate fovea than classically thought.

Gradients of response latencies and temporal precision of auditory neurons extend across the whole inferior colliculus.

Neural responses to acoustic stimulation have long been studied throughout the auditory system to understand how sound information is coded for perception. Within the inferior colliculus (IC), a majority of the studies have focused predominantly on characterizing neural responses within the central region (ICC), as it is viewed as part of the lemniscal system mainly responsible for auditory perception. In contrast, the responses of outer cortices (ICO) have largely been unexplored, though they also function in auditory perception tasks. Therefore, we sought to expand on previous work by completing a three-dimensional (3-D) functional mapping study of the whole IC. We analyzed responses to different pure tone and broadband noise stimuli across all IC subregions and correlated those responses with over 2,000 recording locations across the IC. Our study revealed there are well-organized trends for temporal response parameters across the full IC that do not show a clear distinction at the ICC and ICO border. These gradients span from slow, imprecise responses in the caudal-medial IC to fast, precise responses in the rostral-lateral IC, regardless of subregion, including the fastest responses located in the ICO. These trends were consistent at various acoustic stimulation levels. Weaker spatial trends could be found for response duration and spontaneous activity. Apart from tonotopic organization, spatial trends were not apparent for spectral response properties. Overall, these detailed acoustic response maps across the whole IC provide new insights into the organization and function of the IC.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Study of the inferior colliculus (IC) has largely focused on the central nucleus, with little exploration of the outer cortices. Here, we systematically assessed the acoustic response properties from over 2,000 locations in different subregions of the IC. The results revealed spatial trends in temporal response patterns that span all subregions. Furthermore, two populations of temporal response types emerged for neurons in the outer cortices that may contribute to their functional roles in auditory tasks.

Improving the irradiation resistance of inverted flexible 3J solar cells by adjusting the structure

Highly efficient, flexible, and lightweight thin-film solar cells play an important role in the aerospace field. To improve the radiation resistance of GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs triple-junction inverted metamorphic (IMM3J) solar cells under intense electron irradiation in space, the back field of the top cell and band gap of the middle cell were optimized. Under 1 × 1015 e/cm2 electron irradiation, compared with the reference cell, the attenuation of the conversion efficiency of the backfield-optimized cell and bandgap-adjusted cell was reduced by 10.3 % and 2.8 %, respectively. According to the spectral response and electrical properties, the current-limiting units of the different cells before and after irradiation were analyzed. The increase in the aluminum (Al) component increased the barrier of the AGaInP back surface field, promoted the carrier absorption of the top cell, and increased the initial current of the solar cell. Optimization of the bandgap in the middle cell enables the bottom cell with a redundant current to resist irradiation attenuation. Both adjustments optimize the current-matching relationship between the sub-cells after irradiation. The decay coefficient of the minority carrier was calculated using the electrical displacement damage theory, and the lifetime decay coefficient of the minority carrier was further estimated, which indicated that the radiation resistance was improved. In addition, the mechanism of improving the radiation resistance is discussed in detail by the characteristics of carrier transport, which provides an optimal direction for improving the irradiation characteristics of solar cells in the future.

Effect of thickness on structural, electrical, and spectral response properties of thermal evaporated CdTe films

Effect of thickness on structural, electrical, and spectral response properties of thermal evaporated CdTe films

Role of Vacancy Defects in Reducing the Responsivity of AlGaN Schottky Barrier Ultraviolet Detectors.

The spectral response properties of AlGaN Schottky barrier detectors with different Al content were investigated. It was found that the responsivity of AlGaN detectors decreases with increase in Al content in AlGaN. It was found that neither dislocation density nor the concentration of carbon and oxygen impurities made any remarkable difference in these AlGaN devices. However, the positron annihilation experiments showed that the concentration of Al or Ga vacancy defects (more likely Ga vacancy defects) in AlGaN active layers increased with the increase in Al content. It is assumed that the Al or Ga vacancy defects play a negative role in a detector’s performance, which increases the recombination of photogenerated carriers and reduces the detector responsivity. It is necessary to control the concentration of vacancy defects for the high performance AlGaN detectors.

Design and Optimize the Performance of Self-Powered Photodetector Based on PbS/TiS3 Heterostructure by SCAPS-1D.

Titanium trisulphide (TiS3) has been widely used in the field of optoelectronics owing to its superb optical and electronic characteristics. In this work, a self-powered photodetector using bulk PbS/TiS3 p-n heterojunction is numerically investigated and analyzed by a Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator in one-Dimension (SCAPS-1D) software. The energy bands, electron-holes generation or recombination rate, current density-voltage (J-V), and spectral response properties have been investigated by SCAPS-1D. To improve the performance of photodetectors, the influence of thickness, shallow acceptor or donor density, and defect density are investigated. By optimization, the optimal thickness of the TiS3 layer and PbS layer are determined to be 2.5 μm and 700 nm, respectively. The density of the superior shallow acceptor (donor) is 1015 (1022) cm−3. High quality TiS3 film is required with the defect density of about 1014 cm−3. For the PbS layer, the maximum defect density is 1017 cm−3. As a result, the photodetector based on the heterojunction with optimal parameters exhibits a good photoresponse from 300 nm to 1300 nm. Under the air mass 1.5 global tilt (AM 1.5G) illuminations, the optimal short-circuit current reaches 35.57 mA/cm2 and the open circuit voltage is about 870 mV. The responsivity (R) and a detectivity (D*) of the simulated photodetector are 0.36 A W−1 and 3.9 × 1013 Jones, respectively. The simulation result provides a promising research direction to further broaden the TiS3-based optoelectronic device.

Dendron-Polymer Hybrids as Tailorable Responsive Coronae of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.

Functional composite materials that can change their spectral properties in response to external stimuli have a plethora of applications in fields ranging from sensors to biomedical imaging. One of the most promising types of materials used to design spectrally active composites are fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), noncovalently functionalized by synthetic amphiphilic polymers. These coated SWCNTs can exhibit modulations in their fluorescence spectra in response to interactions with target analytes. Hence, identifying new amphiphiles with interchangeable building blocks that can form individual coronae around the SWCNTs and can be tailored for a specific application is of great interest. This study presents highly modular amphiphilic polymer-dendron hybrids, composed of hydrophobic dendrons and hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) that can be synthesized with a high degree of structural freedom, for suspending SWCNTs in aqueous solution. Taking advantage of the high molecular precision of these PEG-dendrons, we show that precise differences in the chemical structure of the hydrophobic end groups of the dendrons can be used to control the interactions of the amphiphiles with the SWCNT surface. These interactions can be directly related to differences in the intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence emission of the various chiralities in a SWCNT sample. Utilizing the susceptibility of the PEG-dendrons toward enzymatic degradation, we demonstrate the ability to monitor enzymatic activity through changes in the SWCNT fluorescent signal. These findings pave the way for a rational design of functional SWCNTs, which can be used for optical sensing of enzymatic activity in the near-infrared spectral range.

Activation experiment and spectral response properties analysis of graded-bandgap AlGaAs/GaAs electron-injection cathode

A cesium/oxygen activation experiment was conducted on a gallium-arsenide-based electron-injection cathode in an ultra-high vacuum system connected to a spectral response measuring instrument. Before activation, high-temperature cleaning was performed at 650 °C to obtain an atomically clean surface. The cathode surface impurities before and after the experiment were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Because of the cathode Ti/Pt/Au electrode properties, the sample could not be cleaned chemically. High-temperature cathode treatment before activation could not remove the oxides completely, which led to a low cathode emission capacity in the photocurrent and spectral response. The experimental quantum efficiency curve was fitted by a two-minima diffusion model, and parameters, such as the electron diffusion length and escape probability, which characterize the cathode performance, were calculated. According to the fitting results, the residual impurities on the cathode surface and the thin emitter layer resulted in a low probability of electron escape, which resulted in a low quantum efficiency.

Anomalous spectral response of plasmon-exciton strong coupling beyond J-C model

The strong coupling between plasmons and excitons has aroused tremendous interest in recent years, due to its implications for diverse important quantum technologies. Understanding the spectral response properties of these strongly coupled systems is crucial for both the fundamental physics science and the practical applications. Here, we numerically and theoretically demonstrate the spectrum responses of plasmon-exciton strong coupling beyond the J-C model based upon the Au nanorod/dye molecules hybrid system. With increasing the number or oscillator strength of dye molecules, a third/fourth mode in the normal Rabi splitting emerges. These anomalous spectrum Rabi splitting beyond the J-C model are revealed by a unified quantum theory model, which gives the quantified contributions from the plasmon and exciton channels to the total photon absorption spectrum of the hybrid system. Our work not only enriches the understanding of the plasmon-exciton strong coupling, but also may stimulate further researches in this field.

Conduction Band Energy-Level Engineering for Improving Open-Circuit Voltage in Antimony Selenide Nanorod Array Solar Cells.

Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) nanorod arrays along the [001] orientation are known to transfer photogenerated carriers rapidly due to the strongly anisotropic one‐dimensional crystal structure. With advanced light‐trapping structures, the Sb2Se3 nanorod array‐based solar cells have excellent broad spectral response properties, and higher short‐circuit current density than the conventional planar structured thin film solar cells. However, the interface engineering for the Sb2Se3 nanorod array‐based solar cell is more crucial to increase the performance, because it is challenging to coat a compact buffer layer with perfect coverage to form a uniform heterojunction interface due to its large surface area and length–diameter ratio. In this work, an intermeshing In2S3 nanosheet‐CdS composite as the buffer layer, compactly coating on the Sb2Se3 nanorod surface is constructed. The application of In2S3‐CdS composite buffers build a gradient conduction band energy configuration in the Sb2Se3/buffer heterojunction interface, which reduces the interface recombination and enhances the transfer and collection of photogenerated electrons. The energy‐level regulation minimizes the open‐circuit voltage deficit at the interfaces of buffer/Sb2Se3 and buffer/ZnO layers in the Sb2Se3 solar cells. Consequently, the Sb2Se3 nanorod array solar cell based on In2S3‐CdS composite buffers achieves an efficiency of as high as 9.19% with a V OC of 461 mV.

Carbon dots modified bismuth antimonate for broad spectrum photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants: Boosted charge separation, DFT calculations and mechanism unveiling

• A novel CDs-BiSbO 4 photocatalyst was successfully fabricated. • The CDs in CDs-BiSbO 4 composite displayed excellent up-converted property. • The optimal composite exhibited enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance. • A strong interfacial interaction exists in the interlayer of CDs and BiSbO 4 . • The degradation pathways were proposed in detail by analyzing the intermediates. Developing a photocatalyst that simultaneously has broad spectral response and strong redox property of photoinduced carriers still remains challenging. Herein, carbon dots modified BiSbO 4 composites (CDs-BiSbO 4 ) were synthesized via a simple ultrasonication-calcination method without changing the electron property in the bulk of BiSbO 4 and perfectly reserving its strong oxidation ability. The admirable up-converted property of CDs efficiently converts long wavelength from 550 to 900 nm to short wavelength from 320 to 500 nm, endowing BiSbO 4 with a broad spectral response property. Moreover, CDs can serve as electron sinks, greatly inhibiting the recombination of photoinduced carriers originated from BiSbO 4 . X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations together validate a strong electron screening effect exists between the interlayer of CDs and BiSbO 4 , forming an ultrahigh electron transfer tunnel at the interlayer. More interestingly, the adsorption energy (E ads ) of O 2 onto CDs (−0.338 eV) was more negative than that onto BiSbO 4 (−0.230 eV), demonstrating the O 2 adsorbed on the CDs is more stable than that on BiSbO 4 . When O 2 molecules are adsorbed on the surface of CDs, all electrons at the interlayer are inclined to accumulate on O 2 , offering an ideal platform for the activation of molecular oxygen. This work offers an idea for constructing novel photocatalysts with both powerful redox property and broad spectral response for efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.

The SensorOverlord predicts the accuracy of measurements with ratiometric biosensors

Two-state ratiometric biosensors change conformation and spectral properties in response to specific biochemical inputs. Much effort over the past two decades has been devoted to engineering biosensors specific for ions, nucleotides, amino acids, and biochemical potentials. The utility of these biosensors is diminished by empirical errors in fluorescence-ratio signal measurement, which reduce the range of input values biosensors can measure accurately. Here, we present a formal framework and a web-based tool, the SensorOverlord, that predicts the input range of two-state ratiometric biosensors given the experimental error in measuring their signal. We demonstrate the utility of this tool by predicting the range of values that can be measured accurately by biosensors that detect pH, NAD+, NADH, NADPH, histidine, and glutathione redox potential. The SensorOverlord enables users to compare the predicted accuracy of biochemical measurements made with different biosensors, and subsequently select biosensors that are best suited for their experimental needs.

A novel setup for simultaneous two-photon functional imaging and precise spectral and spatial visual stimulation in Drosophila

Motion vision has been extensively characterised in Drosophila melanogaster, but substantially less is known about how flies process colour, or how spectral information affects other visual modalities. To accurately dissect the components of the early visual system responsible for processing colour, we developed a versatile visual stimulation setup to probe combined spatial, temporal and spectral response properties. Using flies expressing neural activity indicators, we tracked visual responses in the medulla, the second visual neuropil, to a projected colour stimulus. The introduction of custom bandpass optical filters enables simultaneous two-photon imaging and visual stimulation over a large range of wavelengths without compromising the temporal stimulation rate. With monochromator-produced light, any spectral bandwidth and centre wavelength from 390 to 730 nm can be selected to produce a narrow spectral hue. A specialised screen material scatters each band of light across the visible spectrum equally at all locations of the screen, thus enabling presentation of spatially structured stimuli. We show layer-specific shifts of spectral response properties in the medulla correlating with projection regions of photoreceptor terminals.

Spectro-Temporal Processing in a Two-Stream Computational Model of Auditory Cortex.

Neural processing of sounds in the dorsal and ventral streams of the (human) auditory cortex is optimized for analyzing fine-grained temporal and spectral information, respectively. Here we use a Wilson and Cowan firing-rate modeling framework to simulate spectro-temporal processing of sounds in these auditory streams and to investigate the link between neural population activity and behavioral results of psychoacoustic experiments. The proposed model consisted of two core (A1 and R, representing primary areas) and two belt (Slow and Fast, representing rostral and caudal processing respectively) areas, differing in terms of their spectral and temporal response properties. First, we simulated the responses to amplitude modulated (AM) noise and tones. In agreement with electrophysiological results, we observed an area-dependent transition from a temporal (synchronization) to a rate code when moving from low to high modulation rates. Simulated neural responses in a task of amplitude modulation detection suggested that thresholds derived from population responses in core areas closely resembled those of psychoacoustic experiments in human listeners. For tones, simulated modulation threshold functions were found to be dependent on the carrier frequency. Second, we simulated the responses to complex tones with missing fundamental stimuli and found that synchronization of responses in the Fast area accurately encoded pitch, with the strength of synchronization depending on number and order of harmonic components. Finally, using speech stimuli, we showed that the spectral and temporal structure of the speech was reflected in parallel by the modeled areas. The analyses highlighted that the Slow stream coded with high spectral precision the aspects of the speech signal characterized by slow temporal changes (e.g., prosody), while the Fast stream encoded primarily the faster changes (e.g., phonemes, consonants, temporal pitch). Interestingly, the pitch of a speaker was encoded both spatially (i.e., tonotopically) in Slow area and temporally in Fast area. Overall, performed simulations showed that the model is valuable for generating hypotheses on how the different cortical areas/streams may contribute toward behaviorally relevant aspects of auditory processing. The model can be used in combination with physiological models of neurovascular coupling to generate predictions for human functional MRI experiments.