View Of Spectators Research Articles

Augmented Reality Visualization and Quantification of COVID-19 Infections in the Lungs

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact globally, and the understanding of the disease’s clinical features and impacts remains insufficient. An important metric to evaluate the severity of pneumonia in COVID-19 is the CT Involvement Score (CTIS), which is determined by assessing the proportion of infections in the lung field region using computed tomography (CT) images. Interactive augmented reality visualization and quantification of COVID-19 infection from CT allow us to augment the traditional diagnostic techniques and current COVID-19 treatment strategies. Thus, in this paper, we present a system that combines augmented reality (AR) hardware, specifically the Microsoft HoloLens, with deep learning algorithms in a user-oriented pipeline to provide medical staff with an intuitive 3D augmented reality visualization of COVID-19 infections in the lungs. The proposed system includes a graph-based pyramid global context reasoning module to segment COVID-19-infected lung regions, which can then be visualized using the HoloLens AR headset. Through segmentation, we can quantitatively evaluate and intuitively visualize which part of the lung is infected. In addition, by evaluating the infection status in each lobe quantitatively, it is possible to assess the infection severity. We also implemented Spectator View and Sharing a Scene functions into the proposed system, which enable medical staff to present the AR content to a wider audience, e.g., radiologists. By providing a 3D perception of the complexity of COVID-19, the augmented reality visualization generated by the proposed system offers an immersive experience in an interactive and cooperative 3D approach. We expect that this will facilitate a better understanding of CT-guided COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment, as well as improved patient outcomes.

Artificial Intelligence and the World Wide Web: Brain and friend?

This paper looks at artificial intelligence (AI) and society and posits the idea of AI on the World Wide Web as a brain comparing it to the human brain. It frames the WWW as ‘friend’ to all and follows this disturbing train of thought. It speaks to tacit knowledge and tools and compares the work, skill knowledge of the librarians/curators to that of the artisan crafts person. It positions the work of the INSYTE-Cooley Research lab at the heart of this situation.Furthermore, it speaks of an ‘altered reality’ where a dangerous disconnection is occurring, where people are becoming observers of reality because of the abstraction that the screen provides. This spectator view is desensitizing people to what is happening in front of them and will be further fueled by the creation of the ‘metaverse’ in the future.It speaks of the danger of AI going from judgement to calculation without employing human reason and of the danger of humans becoming a passive audience. In this techno centric world it speaks of the amplified importance of tacit knowledge and the development of Human Centered Systems (HCS). It echoes Michael Cooleys thoughts on technology and the place of humanity within a techno-centric world. It speaks of the ethical and moral obligations to society and the danger of disregarding them.

Spectator View: Enabling Asymmetric Interaction between HMD Wearers and Spectators with a Large Display

In this paper, we present a system that allows a user with a head-mounted display (HMD) to communicate and collaborate with spectators outside of the headset. We evaluate its impact on task performance, immersion, and collaborative interaction. Our solution targets scenarios like live presentations or multi-user collaborative systems, where it is not convenient to develop a VR multiplayer experience and supply each user (and spectator) with an HMD. The spectator views the virtual world on a large-scale tiled video wall and is given the ability to control the orientation of their own virtual camera. This allows spectators to stay focused on the immersed user's point of view or freely look around the environment. To improve collaboration between users, we implemented a pointing system where a spectator can point at objects on the screen, which maps an indicator directly onto the objects in the virtual world. We conducted a user study to investigate the influence of rotational camera decoupling and pointing gestures in the context of HMD-immersed and non-immersed users utilizing a large-scale display. Our results indicate that camera decoupling and pointing positively impacts collaboration. A decoupled view is preferable in situations where both users need to indicate objects of interest in the scene, such as presentations and joint-task scenarios, as it requires a shared reference space. A coupled view, on the other hand, is preferable in synchronous interactions such as remote-assistant scenarios.

Experimental Setup Employed in the Operating Room Based on Virtual and Mixed Reality: Analysis of Pros and Cons in Open Abdomen Surgery.

Currently, surgeons in operating rooms are forced to focus their attention both on the patient's body and on flat low-quality surgical monitors, in order to get all the information needed to successfully complete surgeries. The way the data are displayed leads to disturbances of the surgeon's visuals, which may affect his performances, besides the fact that other members of the surgical team do not have proper visual tools able to aid him. The idea underlying this paper is to exploit mixed reality to support surgeons during surgical procedures. In particular, the proposed experimental setup, employed in the operating room, is based on an architecture that put together the Microsoft HoloLens, a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) player and a mixed reality visualization tool (i.e., Spectator View) developed by using the Mixed Reality Toolkit in Unity with Windows 10 SDK. The suggested approach enables visual information on the patient's body as well as information on the results of medical screenings to be visualized on the surgeon's headsets. Additionally, the architecture enables any data and details to be shared by the team members or by external users during surgical operations. The paper analyses in detail advantages and drawbacks that the surgeons have found when they wore the Microsoft HoloLens headset during all the ten open abdomen surgeries conducted at the IRCCS Hospital “Giovanni Paolo II” in the city of Bari (Italy). A survey based on Likert scale demonstrates how the use of the suggested tools can increase the execution speed by allowing multitasking procedures, i.e., by checking medical images at high resolution without leaving the operating table and the patient. On the other hand, the survey also reveals an increase in the physical stress and reduced comfort due to the weight of the Microsoft HoloLens device, along with drawbacks due to the battery autonomy. Additionally, the survey seems to encourage the use of DICOM Viewer and Spectator View both for surgical education and for improving surgery outcomes. Note that the real use of the conceived platform in the operating room represents a remarkable feature of this paper, since most if not all the studies conducted so far in literature exploit mixed reality only in simulated environments and not in real operating rooms. In conclusion, the study clearly highlights that, despite the challenges required in the forthcoming years to improve the current technology, mixed reality represents a promising technique that will soon enter the operating rooms to support surgeons during surgical procedures in many hospitals across the world.

Primeiros jogos mundiais dos povos indígenas: uma análise da percepção dos espectadores

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os Jogos Mundiais dos Povos Indígenas (JMPI), através do ponto de vista de espectadores que foram ao evento, indígenas e não indígenas, de forma a descrever suas percepções sobre questões políticas e sociais dos jogos. A abordagem é qualitativa e o instrumento utilizado na coleta dos dados foi a entrevista semiestruturada. 15 sujeitos participaram do estudo, escolhidos de forma aleatória. Indícios apontam que os JMPI aproximaram a comunidade global da realidade indígena, mas houve falta de autonomia na formulação do evento por parte das lideranças indígenas, e possibilidade de o evento servir para obscurecer a realidade de violência que os povos indígenas enfrentam no Brasil.

Putting On and Removing the Mask: Layers of Performance Pretence

Donning and removing the performer’s mask in full view of spectators creates an instant transformation between performer and spectator. Layers of pretence are created or changed which inform or obscure spectator and/or personage understanding. These moments turn and develop the action of the play in performance. Revelations of the personage are created by both donning the mask and removing it. In mumming practices, removal of the mask takes place in order to reveal the 'participant'. In plays, the moment of transformation reveals changed characteristics or identity of the personage. Not only do these kinds of turning points change performer/audience relationships, but they also affect and condition the structure of the performed event whether this be a play or sequence of mumming. Such pivotal moments are the subject of this article.

A Study on Virtual Studio Application using Microsoft Hololens

Mixed Reality (MR) shows a composite image of a virtual object in the real world. It has been applied to various fields by the introduction of head mounted display (HMD) such as Microsoft's Hololens [1-3]. The virtual studio in broadcasting combines the contents created by computer graphics with the actual set to reproduce the 3D image screen. This requires physical space such as a set of chroma keys. It also requires professional knowledge and manpower and costly equipment to post-process the graphics and information for long periods of time. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to study the implementation of virtual studio based on Mixed Reality using Microsoft Hololens. Through the implementation of 'Holo-studio' application, realistic and virtual objects of broadcasting camera viewpoint were acquired at the same time. Using Microsoft's spectator view library, the frame rate is degraded in objects with high polygons (100,000 polygons). The proposed method maintains 60 fps image transmission in high polygon objects. The results of this paper show the possibility of using virtual studio at low cost which does not need separate physical space.

Urban crisis: Bonfire of vanities to find opportunities in the ashes

This article argues that a critical urban studies needs to examine the reproduction of crisis in cities not just at a macro level, but also in the day-to-day activities in urban administrations. Time and power are implicated in frenetic activities in which officials find themselves beleaguered by the pace of change and the opportunities for learning then evaporate. An urban imaginary, based on permanent possibilities for the future, enables a culture of expertise to emerge that is at odds with democracy through a separation between the forms of justification it deploys and the contexts of its application. That process enables a spectator view of the urban that is fed by an antiseptic scientism in which models and ideas for urban development circulate without sensitivity to context. The article calls for a movement away from these narrowly constituted forms of knowledge production and reception to provide a responsible politics through a more open and inclusive approach to urban development.

Quality Perception of the 2012 World Indoor Athletics Championships

The objective of this study was to compare the views of spectators concerning the quality perception of the World Indoor Athletics Championships. The study group consisted of 568 spectators who watched the events. A measurement scale of event quality in spectator sports (SEQSS) developed by Ko et al. (2011) was used as a data collection tool in the study. In order to determine the views of the spectators concerning the quality of the Indoor Athletics Championships, the dimensions constituting the scale were compared according to the demographic features of the sample group. As a consequence, important differences in most of the dimensions of the scale were revealed with respect to the demographic data of the subjects. The most relevant finding of the study is that the dimension of “physical environment quality”, which is one of the dimensions constituting the event quality, differed significantly in all comparisons that were made according to demographic features.

Non-mega sporting events' social impacts: a sensemaking approach of local governments' perceptions and strategies

Research question: The literature investigating non-mega sport events' social impacts remains limited. Furthermore, these impacts have mainly been examined from the point of view of spectators or residents. This article explores how these impacts are perceived by local governments. Based on the theoretical framework of strategic sensemaking, we analyze how local sport officials collect and interpret information concerning these impacts, and how these interpretations lead them to develop impact management strategies.Research methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with local sports officials from 25 medium-sized French cities and subjected to content analysis.Results and findings: Results show that while they perceive more positive than negative impacts, they are nonetheless proportionally more involved in the management of negative impacts. Two main gaps are identified in their sensemaking process. One gap relates to the understandability of positive impacts, and the other relates to their controllability. Four ways of managing these impacts are presented with supporting evidence, namely organizer relationship management, direct management, community mobilization, and partnerships with local corporations.Implications: These results are summarized in a model of sensemaking process, which provides new theoretical insights into the literature on sport events' social impacts. Practical suggestions are also made in order to increase the social leveraging of sport events.

State-to-State Time-of-Flight Measurements of NO Scattering from Au(111): Direct Observation of Translation-to-Vibration Coupling in Electronically Nonadiabatic Energy Transfer

Translational motion is believed to be a spectator degree of freedom in electronically nonadiabatic vibrational energy transfer between molecules and metal surfaces, but the experimental evidence available to support this view is limited. In this work, we have experimentally determined the translational inelasticity in collisions of NO molecules with a single-crystal Au(111) surface-a system with strong electronic nonadiabaticity. State-to-state molecular beam surface scattering was combined with an IR-UV double resonance scheme to obtain high-resolution time-of-flight data. The measurements include vibrationally elastic collisions (v = 3→3, 2→2) as well as collisions where one or two quanta of molecular vibration are excited (2→3, 2→4) or de-excited (2→1, 3→2, 3→1). In addition, we have carried out comprehensive measurements of the effects of rotational excitation on the translational energy of the scattered molecules. We find that under all conditions of this work, the NO molecules lose a large fraction (∼0.45) of their incidence translational energy to the surface. Those molecules that undergo vibrational excitation (relaxation) during the collision recoil slightly slower (faster) than vibrationally elastically scattered molecules. The amount of translational energy change depends on the surface temperature. The translation-to-rotation coupling, which is well-known for v = 0→0 collisions, is found to be significantly weaker for vibrationally inelastic than elastic channels. Our results clearly show that the spectator view of the translational motion in electronically nonadiabatic vibrational energy transfer between NO and Au(111) is only approximately correct.

Introduction

Introduction Matthew Solomon, editor (bio) Performances of various kinds have been fundamental to moving pictures since even before the inception of cinema. Eadweard Muybridge's sequential photographs of movement—representations of which he projected onto a screen with a zoopraxis-cope— typically made use of subjects trained to perform the depicted actions.1 In preparing his magnum opus, Animal Locomotion, between 1884 and 1887, Muybridge photographed student athletes from the University of Pennsylvania, models, and a professional dancer, all of whom were adept at comporting their bodies and were accustomed to performing for the view of spectators.2 The performative character of many of the human movements depicted in Animal Locomotion was further emphasized by Muybridge's penchant for photographing his subjects while acting out little scenarios with a range of props. While Muybridge's work thus looks forward to both the narratives and the fantasies of cinema, as Linda Williams and Marta Braun have argued, his serial photographs also encapsulate the crucial dialectic between performance and mechanical reproduction that helps define the entire history of moving images.3 These photographs captured people performing in particular ways under uniquely modern circumstances. Blanche Epler, Edith Tadd, and more than ninety other subjects performed not so much for an audience of people as for an audience of cameras. A bank of adjacent cameras pixelated their movements in both time and space. With sequentially operated shutters, these cameras captured series of staccato instantaneities that were each from an incrementally different point of view. As the recent rediscovery of the [End Page 119] Animal Locomotion proofs makes clear, Muybridge also subsequently altered the resulting photographs by carefully cropping, enlarging, eliminating, adding, and reordering individual images within a series.4 Muybridge recorded, parsed, and reformatted hundreds of performances to create composite and virtual renderings of movement. As such, Muybridge's Animal Locomotion photographs mark the advent of a new and unprecedented relationship between performance and mechanical reproduction— one in which performances were recalibrated in relation to the apparatus both post facto and, to a lesser extent, pre facto. The battery of cameras before which Muybridge's subjects moved effectively created a new set of temporal and spatial parameters that altered their performances, whether or not the subjects consciously chose to alter their performances for these peculiar conditions. This subtle (or perhaps not-so-subtle) dialectic of performance and mechanical reproduction would come to define the making of moving images, even though it has not received adequate consideration. Film theory, for example, has grappled long and hard with the concepts of mechanical reproducibility and photographic ontology, but the other side of the performance-reproduction dialectic has almost always tended to get short shrift. This "In Focus" aims to open up a fuller consideration of performance in Cinema and Media Studies, as well as to point to several possible directions for further research. While rethinking the relation between the performer and the apparatus is one potential area for consideration and elaboration, another is investigating the role performance has played in exhibition and reception. Historically, cinema was itself a performance before the adoption of synchronized recorded sound: no two screenings were ever truly identical despite the often-noted mechanical reproducibility of the films. Most projectors were hand-cranked, and so the varying speeds at which a film was unspooled constituted an unseen manual performance by the projectionist, however rote and monotonous these laborious "performances" might typically have been. Sound accompaniment—whether musical, verbal, or otherwise—was a central nexus between projection and performance during the so-called silent period.5 Sound cinema tended to systematize and mechanize the experience of cinema, but in many exhibition venues, performances of various kinds retained an important place in the movie program as preludes to a feature film. Nor did all performance take place on the stage. While the disciplining of audience members (who were strongly encouraged to remain more or less silent in their seats once the lights dimmed) was a precondition for theater's emergence as a mass medium at the end of the nineteenth century, neither theater nor movie audiences have always been compliant. Indeed, stories of quasi-performative audience behavior are ubiquitous and would likely constitute a fascinating...

Fair Air: Distributive Justice and Environmental Economics

Are fairness concerns of relevance to environmental economics and, if so, are they sufficiently structured to improve analysis in this field? On both of these questions, we answer in the affirmative, arguing that people's fairness views are based on both general rules and the context, where context refers to the set of variables and persons employed to interpretandapplytheprinciples.Thefairnessrulesanalyzedareaccountability(i.e.,rewards that are proportional to contributions individuals control), efficiency, need and equality. We conclude that stakeholders typically exhibit a "fairness bias", i.e., they tend, consciously or not, to interpret and apply fairness principles in a self-serving manner, whereas the views of spectators, or impartial third parties, tend to converge significantly more. Further, we argue that fairness considerations are relevant to both descriptive and prescriptive analysis in environmental economics. These fairness concerns are reflected in the behavior of private and public decision-makers and have potentially important policy implications through the overall social objective function.

‘FAIR-SEXING IT’

This paper considers the abundance of addresses to women in the early eighteenth century and notes that Mr Spectator's approach is conspicuous by his apparently objective treatment of them as a different species of humanity, an approach which is consistent with a two-sex model which is emergent at this time. This second sex is characterized by ‘animal spirits’ that are ‘light and volatile’ and require counterbalancing by the natural gravity of the male, but which nevertheless offer the possibility of charming and refining male behaviour. Mr Spectator does not advance any of the programmes for educating women, such as we find in Astell and Defoe. Analysis of The Spectator's view of women as mentally, morally and physically delicate serves to correct recent readings which have tended to see it as offering an improving view of women.

A Spectator's View of the Results of the Development of an Olympic Host Town, Before and After the Games

A Spectator's View of the Results of the Development of an Olympic Host Town, Before and After the Games

Some Moral Issues in Public Problems of Reproduction

Over the past century in the United States, social change has been marked by struggles over public problems of reproduction—not simply over the solutions of particular problems but over the authority to define reproduction, morality, and human nature itself. These struggles attended the emergence and growth of professionalization and they are an important part of a dynamic resistance to dominance by experts. In this context, the question of professional responsibility is an urgent one. John Dewey offers help, both through his criticism of the mind/body dualism and the spectator view of knowledge, and through his understanding of the importance of democracy in resolving social problems.