Fractured Specimens Research Articles

Decentralized approach for incorporating waste wind turbine blades into 3D printing filaments using mechanical recycling

AbstractThe increasing awareness in environmental safety has led to rapid development in production of electricity using wind energy with wind turbines. The widespread deployment of wind turbines has outpaced the effective recycling of End‐of‐Life wind turbines. This study explores the potential of mechanically recycling decommissioned wind turbine blades (WTB) as reinforcement material in 3D printing processes. Utilizing mechanical grinding, materials were extracted from the waste blades and subsequently analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis to determine optimal processing conditions. The reclaimed materials were then blended with recycled polypropylene through single‐screw extrusion to fabricate tensile test samples via Fused Deposition Modeling. The impact of print orientation on mechanical strength was examined at 0°, 45°, and 90° angles. Morphological analysis was conducted on the fractured specimens to assess the failure characteristics. The findings indicate that samples printed at a 90° orientation exhibited superior mechanical properties, suggesting a viable pathway for incorporating wind turbine waste into sustainable manufacturing cycles.Highlights A decentralized‐mechanical recycling technique to the waste WTB. The necessary material parameters for the operations employed in this study. Reinforced 3D printable filaments from waste WTB. Stronger reinforced filaments obtained from proper fiber alignment.

Investigation of The Effect of CNC Milling Cutting Process on The Tensile Test of PLA Samples Produced Using Two Different 3D Printers with The FDM Method

One of the most commonly used materials in additive manufacturing with the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method is polylactic acid (PLA) filaments. In 3-dimensional (3D) printed products, an external wall is also used in addition to the internal structure pattern. The exterior wall pattern differs from the interior structure pattern. The 3D products obtained by this method contain two different pattern structures, which is not desired when determining the mechanical properties. In this study, tensile test specimens were produced with two different 3D printers using 1.75 mm and 2.85 mm diameter PLA filaments. Some tensile test specimens were directly produced in ASTM D638-14 Type 1 dimensions and subjected to tensile testing. The rest of the specimens were produced in a rectangular shape with 19 mm x 165 mm dimensions and the side edges of those specimens, produced in rectangular shape, were cut with CNC milling to bring their dimensions to ASTM D638-14 Type 1. All tensile test specimens were manufactured with a thickness of 4 mm. The test specimens cut with CNC milling after 3D printing were compared with the specimens tested only by 3D printing. The effects of CNC milling cutting on the tensile test properties of specimens produced on two different 3D printers using 1.75 mm and 2.85 mm diameter PLA filaments were investigated. Consequently, it was observed that cutting the side edges with CNC milling eliminated irregularities caused by 3D printing due to the tensile stress in those areas and allowed for more regular and consistent fractures of test specimens. When compared with only the 3D-printed specimens, the elongation at break of the tensile test specimens whose side edges were cut with CNC milling resulted in 13.45% and 33.55% higher using 1.75 mm and 2.85 mm PLA filaments, respectively. It was determined that the toughness of the samples cut by CNC milling was higher than the test samples that were only 3D printed.

Effect of nanoparticles reinforcement of silicon dioxide derived from prosopis juliflora on Silver-Grey magnesium nanocomposite: utilization of silicon dioxide mechanical and tribological properties

Abstract The automotive and aviation industries require lightweight materials to enhance working efficiency. Composites combine materials such as aluminium, magnesium, titanium, steel, and copper with various forms of reinforcements to offer lightweight alternatives for a range of applications. The present investigation aims to fabricate a Silver-Grey Magnesium (Mg-25%Si) alloy-based nanocomposite with silicon dioxide (SiO2) nano reinforcement at weight % of 0, 3.25, 6.5 and 9.75 utilizing the two step stir casting method. Prosopis juliflora is utilized in the production of different weight percentages of SiO2 nano reinforcements. The microhardness, tensile, wear, and impact tests are performed on the Silver-Grey Magnesium nanocomposites (Mg-25%Si/SiO2) utilizing a computerized tensometer testing machine, a Vicker’s hardness tester, a pin-on-disc tribometer, and an Izod impact, respectively. The x-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) with elemental mapping microstructure were employed to scrutinize the tensile specimen fracture, EDAX, elemental mapping microstructure, wear, CoF, and worn surface characterization and impact strength analysis. When compared to the Silver-Grey Magnesium (Mg-25%Si) base alloy, the results of the Mg-25%Si/SiO2 nanocomposites demonstrated an increase in SiO2 nano reinforcements that significantly increased microhardness, tensile strength, wear resistance, and impact strength. The corresponding values are 113.36 VHN, yield and ultimate tensile strength of 603.25 MPa and 665.84 MPa, 0.00478 mm3 m−1, CoF of 0.38421 and 400 J m−1.

Fracture analysis of seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete beams: Experimental study and analytical model

Seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete (SSRAC) has garnered significant attention from engineers involved in various coastal engineering projects. Fracture constitutes one of the primary failure modes of SSRAC, and the accurate analysis of its fracture behavior is crucial for application. In this present study, SSRAC with 50% aggregate replacement was subjected to three-point bending tests to evaluate its fracture performance. Specific methodologies for calculating SSRAC fracture toughness were introduced, taking into account the effects of material microstructures and specimen boundaries. By comparing the fracture properties of SSRAC specimens with varying initial notch lengths, the size effect was addressed by using established methods, resulting in a constant fracture toughness value. Furthermore, the methods for analyzing the fracture of un-notched specimens were developed, considering fracture path analysis and the influence of internal defects. Notably, this research demonstrated that small specimens and established methodologies efficiently predict the fracture behavior of larger specimens, providing practical insights for engineering applications.

Closed reduction by robot with different modes: Experimental study on tibial fracture specimen

PurposeThis paper evaluates the accuracy and safety of a long bone fracture reduction robot under different surgical modes. MethodsA long bone fracture reduction robot system was developed, which can be controlled via an autonomous surgical mode or a master-slave surgical mode. Reduction experiments were conducted on a long bone cadaver specimen. The accuracy and safety of the robotic reduction were compared across the different surgical modes. ResultsWhen the fracture reduction was completed by the robot, the translational deviation was less than 2 mm, and the angular deviation was less than 3° The autonomous reduction time was 140 s, while the master-slave reduction time was 200 s. ConclusionsBased on CT imaging verification, the accuracy of the robot in both autonomous and master-slave surgical modes meets clinical requirements. Future work will focus on further optimizing the robot system.

Exploring the influence of specimen types on the intralaminar fracture behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites

The accurate determination of fracture toughness of fiber-reinforced composites is critical for the assessment of structural integrity. Although there have been many studies on the intralaminar fracture behavior of composites, satisfactory results have not yet been obtained regarding the influence of specimen types. In this paper, commonly used fracture specimens (DCT, CT, ESET, pin-loaded SENT and clamped SENT specimen) are applied to study their applicability in the fracture behaviors of composites with different orientations. And the impact of data processing methods for the area method, GC-compliance and GC-stress intensity factors on fracture performance was analyzed. The results showed that the above three data processing methods have obtained relatively consistent fracture properties. Different specimens obtained significantly various results, showing a gradually decreasing trend from clamped SENT, ESET, pin-loaded SENT, CT to DCT. Furthermore, considering that the clamped SENT specimen is closest to the Mode-I fracture toughness obtained from the DCB specimen, and there is no compression damage in the experiments under different orientations, this specimen type is the most recommended specimen. Finally, the failure mechanisms of carbon fiber-reinforced composite under different specimen types and orientations were revealed. As the orientation angle increases (β from 0° to 90°), the failure mode gradually transitions from matrix cracking and interface debonding to matrix shear and fiber fracture. The above achievements will contribute to a deeper understanding of the intralaminar fracture process and failure mechanism of fiber-reinforced composites.

Material properties and finite element analysis of adhesive cements used for zirconia crowns on dental implants

This study aimed to evaluate the material properties of four dental cements, analyze the stress distribution on the cement layer under various loading conditions, and perform failure analysis on the fractured specimens retrieved from mechanical tests. Microhardness indentation testing is used to measure material hardness microscopically with a diamond indenter. The hardness and elastic moduli of three self-adhesive resin cements (SARC), namely, DEN CEM (DENTEX, Changchun, China), Denali (Glidewell Laboratories, CA, USA), and Glidewell Experimental SARC (GES—Glidewell Laboratories, CA, USA), and a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI—Glidewell Laboratories, CA, USA) cement, were measured using microhardness indentation. These values were used in the subsequent Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to analyze the von Mises stress distribution on the cement layer of a 3D implant model constructed in SOLIDWORKS under different mechanical forces. Failure analysis was performed on the fractured specimens retrieved from prior mechanical tests. All the cements, except Denali, had elastic moduli comparable to dentin (8–15 GPa). RMGI with primer and GES cements exhibited the lowest von Mises stresses under tensile and compressive loads. Stress distribution under tensile and compressive loads correlated well with experimental tests, unlike oblique loads. Failure analysis revealed that damages on the abutment and screw vary significantly with loading direction. GES and RMGI cement with primer (Glidewell Laboratories, CA, USA) may be suitable options for cement-retained zirconia crowns on titanium abutments. Adding fillets to the screw thread crests can potentially reduce the extent of the damage under load.

The Effect of Multiple-Time Applications of Metal Primers Containing 10-MDP on the Repair Strength of Base Metal Alloys to Resin Composite

This experimental study was performed to assess whether applying a metal primer containing 10-MDP multiple times affected the repair shear bonding ability of base metal alloys to resin composites. Ten base metal alloys were randomly assigned to each group in the manner described, following multiple applications of a metal primer (Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus), namely one to five applications, and no primer application as a negative control. On the specimens’ prepared surfaces, the resin composite was pushed into the mold and then light-activated for 40 s. The bonded samples were kept for 24 h at 37 °C in distilled water in an incubator. The shear bond strength was determined using a universal testing device. A stereomicroscope was used to determine the debonded surface. The one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were implemented to statistically analyze. The lowest shear bond strength was found in group 6 (6.14 ± 1.12 MPa), demonstrating a significant difference (p = 0.000) when compared to groups 1 to 5. The shear bond strength of group 3 was highest at 21.49 ± 1.33 MPa; there was no significant difference between group 3 and groups 4 and 5 (20.21 ± 2.08 MPa and 20.98 ± 2.69 MPa, respectively) (p = 0.773, p = 1.000, respectively). All fractured specimens in groups 1, 2, and 6 were identified as adhesive failure. Groups 3 and 4 exhibited the highest percentage of mixed failures. To achieve the repair shear bonding ability of base metal alloys to resin composites, the sandblasted base metal alloys should be coated with three applications of a metal primer before applying the adhesive agent.

Effect of geometric parameters on dynamic fracture toughness of compact tensile specimens

In this paper, the dynamic fracture toughness test and numerical simulation of CT specimens of 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy were carried out by using strain gauge method and finite element method based on Hopkinson tensile bar experiment device. The influence of crack transverse shape, loading hole size and dimension on the dynamic fracture performance of CT specimens was explained. The experimental and simulation results show that for CT specimens with different internal cracks, the time to reach stress equilibrium at the same tensile stress wave loading is roughly the same, while the time of initial cracking varies slightly. The dynamic fracture toughness obtained by concave arc-shaped internal crack and straight line-shaped internal crack is basically the same, while other changes in crack shape have a large impact. For CT specimens with straight line-shaped cracks, the position of the loading hole has a small effect on the dynamic fracture of the CT specimen under the same tensile stress wave. However, when the position of the loading hole is fixed, changing the diameter of the loading hole has a significant effect on the dynamic fracture toughness of the CT specimen.

Fatigue and fracture in dual-material specimens of nickel-based alloys fabricated by hybrid additive manufacturing

The integration of additive manufacturing with traditional processes, termed hybrid additive manufacturing, has expanded its application domain, particularly in the repair of gas turbine blade tips. However, process-related defects in additively manufactured materials, interface formation, and material property mismatches in dual-material structures can significantly impact the fatigue performance of components. This investigation examines the low cycle fatigue and fatigue crack growth behaviors in dual-material specimens of nickel-based alloys, specifically the additively manufactured STAL15 and the cast alloy 247DS, at elevated temperatures. Low cycle fatigue experiments were conducted at temperatures of 950 °C and 1000 °C under a range of strain levels (0.3%–0.8%) and fatigue crack growth tests were conducted at 950 °C with stress ratios of 0.1 and −1. Fractographic and microscopic analyses were performed to comprehend fatigue crack initiation and crack growth mechanisms in the dual-material structure. The results consistently indicated crack initiation and fatigue fracture in the additively manufactured STAL15 material. Notably, fatigue crack growth retardation was observed near the interface when the crack extended from the additively manufactured STAL15 material to the perpendicularly positioned interface. This study highlights the importance of considering yield strength mismatch, as well as the potential effects of residual stresses and grain structure differences, in the interpretation of fatigue crack growth behavior at the interface.

Differences in microstructure and properties of Ti-based amorphous composites between recrystallization and partial remelting and semi-solid isothermal treatment

The as-cast specimens of Ti48Zr18V12Cu5Be17 amorphous composites were prepared by copper mold suction casting. Next, the as-cast specimens were treated using semi-solid isothermal treatment (SSIT) and recrystallization and partial remelting (RAP). The effects of SSIT and RAP on the microstructure and plasticity were analyzed. The results showed that the microstructure changed from fine crystals in the as-cast specimens to coarse bar crystals and near-spherical crystals in the SSIT and RAP specimens, respectively. The crystals of RAP specimens were finer and rounder than those of SSIT specimens due to recrystallization. In addition, the RAP specimens had high plasticity (20.93%), which is 428.5% and 45.2% higher than the as-cast and SSIT specimens, respectively. By observing the shear bands of the fractured specimens, it was found that the expansion of shear bands could not be impeded by the fine β-Ti crystals in the as-cast specimens, leading to an infinite extension that induces brittle fracture in the specimens. The essential cause of the poor plasticity of the as-cast specimens was revealed. In addition, the coarse β-Ti crystals effectively blocked the shear band expansion in the SSIT specimens, and a large number of shear bands were generated in these crystals. In contrast, the crystals of the RAP specimens had a greater number and density of shear bands compared to those of the SSIT specimens, and these shear bands intersected with each other in different directions. This revealed the mechanism by which the SSIT and RAP methods enhance the plasticity of amorphous composites.

Effects of lactic acid etching on immediate and aged bond strength of resin-dentin bonding interface.

To investigate the effects of lactic acid etching on the immediate and aged bond strength of the resin-dentin bonding interface, the resin-dentin bonding interface was evaluated 24 hours and 6 months later. A total of 42 isolated third molars were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups according to different lactate concentration (35%, 40%, 45%) and acid etching time (30 s, 45 s), with 37% phosphoric acid etching 15 s as a control. In each group, dentin samples were etched under different acidic conditions and bonded with Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE) as directed. The immediate group was immediately stored in deionized water at 37 °C for 24 h, and the aging group was stored in artificial saliva at 37 °C for 6 months. Immediate and aged bond strengths were measured by a micro-tensile tester, and the specimen fracture surface was observed under a microscope. 14 isolated third molars were randomly divided into 7 groups, and each group was etched with acid. Collagen fibers morphology in dentin was examined after gradient dehydration with ethanol by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistically, there was no difference between the resin-dentin immediate bonding strength of 35% lactic acid for 30 s and 37% phosphoric acid for 15 s, but the aged bond strength was greater than that of the phosphoric acid group. According to scanning electron microscope observations, the collagen fiber morphology in 35% and 40% lactate etching dentin 30 s groups was relatively intact compared with other groups. In conclusion, 35% lactic acid etching of dentin 30 s ensures both immediate and aged resin-dentin bond strength.

Stress sensitivity and its influence on high-temperature creep behavior of a novel 2nd-generation low-cost nickel based single crystal superalloy

To meet the application requirements under complex service conditions for aero engine blades, the influence of stress-state on creep behavior of a self-designed Re-low Ni-based single crystal superalloy at 1038 °C over a wide stress range of 137–207 MPa was investigated. With applied stress decreasing from 172 to 137 MPa, the creep life rapidly extends by a factor of 2.41, showing strong stress dependence. Further, the creep mechanisms under different stresses are discussed based on microstructural characterization and threshold stress calculation results. With the increasing applied stress, interfacial dislocation networks exhibit sparse and irregular shapes. Particularly, in necking zone of the fractured specimen at 1038 °C/137 MPa, due to the long-duration accumulation of deformation storage energy, dislocation arrays within γ′ rafts gradually evolve into dislocation walls through recombination and annihilation of dislocations, then develop into subgrain boundaries. Finally, some recrystallization grains with large misorientations (>10°) form by subgrain-rotation. Moreover, based on the calculated threshold stress, dislocations climbing can play a major role in creep deformation throughout the steady-state stage under a stress range of 137–207 MPa. Nevertheless, with the arrival of tertiary stage, the increasing actual stress resulted from necking deformation can also promote dislocations to cut or bypass γ′ rafts under lower stresses (137 and 172 MPa), which is consistent with the final evolution of dislocation substructures. Overall, the findings from this work are helpful to understand the high-temperature creep mechanism of low-cost single crystal superalloys, so as to improve the creep resistance of materials.

Fracture characterization of fractured rock bodies based on acoustic and optical characteristics

Crack propagation is an important cause of damage to rock bodies. In this study, uniaxial compression tests were conducted on specimens with rock-like mass containing fissures with different inclination angles to study the effect of crack angle on the crack evolution and fracture characteristics of rock bodies. The specimen surface deformation and internal response characteristics during fracture were analyzed via digital image correlation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. The results indicated that the AE characteristics of the fractured specimens exhibited a high degree of activity during the pore compaction and crack propagation stages. The prefabricated fissure configuration affected the stress state at the fissure tip, leading to differences in the crack evolution paths and rupture modes of fissure specimens with different angles. Under the uniaxial peak intensity, the relative position of the normalized global strain curve peak point gradually shifted from the specimen tip to the middle of the specimen as the crack angle increased, which corresponded to the shear damage-tension-shear mixed damage-tension damage modes of the specimen. The findings of this study indicate that normalized global strain curves can reflect the characteristics of crack evolution and provide a basis for the discrimination of fissured rock mass damage modes.

Theoretical analysis of mode I fracture of adhesively bonded bi-material DCB joints

There has been a disputation about how to achieve a pure mode I fracture and thus measure its toughness for an adhesively bonded bi-material double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen. This paper therefore develops a theoretical methodology to calculate the normal and shear stress distributions in the adhesive layer and to perform data reduction and mode partitioning for generic bi-material DCB specimens. The theoretical model is validated using experimental data. The adhesive layer in a generic bi-material DCB joint is loaded both in normal and shear based on the predicted stress distributions in the adhesive layer, resulting in a mixed mode fracture behavior. The prediction results substantiate that a strain-based design principle eliminates the shear stresses and thus leads to pure mode I fracture in bi-material DCB specimens. This paper justifies that the established data reduction method is applicable for measuring mode I fracture toughness when a bi-material DCB is designed according to the strain-based design criterion.

On the Mechanical Behavior of LP-DED C103 Thin-Wall Structures

Laser Powder Directed Energy Deposition (LP-DED) can produce thin-wall features on the order of 1 mm. These features are essential for large structures operating in extreme environments such as regeneratively cooled nozzles and heat exchangers, which often make use of refractory metals. In this work, the mechanical behavior of LP-DED C103 was investigated via quasi-static tensile testing and low cycle fatigue (LCF) testing. The effects of vacuum stress relief (SR) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) heat treatments were investigated for specimens in the vertical and horizontal build orientations during tensile testing. The AB and SR properties were lower than literature values for wrought and laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) bulk components but higher than electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF). The application of a HIP cycle improved strength by 7% and ductility by 27% past the initial as-built condition. Fracture images reveal that interlayer stress concentration sites are responsible for fracture in specimens in the vertical orientation. Meanwhile, fracture in the horizontal specimens mainly propagates at a slanted angle typical of plane stress conditions. The LCF results show cycles to failure ranging from 100 cycles to 8000 cycles for max strain levels of 2% and 0.5%, respectively. Fractography on the fatigue specimens reveals an increasing propagation zone as max strain levels are increased. The impact of these findings and future work are discussed in detail.

Analysis of the effect of aggregate type on the dynamic behaviour of concrete

This paper focuses on how different aggregate types affect the dynamic response of concrete. While Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) is commonly used to assess dynamic behaviour through the dynamic increase factor (DIF), the specific influence of aggregate type, a major component of concrete, remains unclear. This influence is investigated using fast Fourier transform analysis of strain signals. Two different types of aggregates, sandstone and schist, with distinct geological origins and mineral compositions, are used to examine this effect. Energy analysis is performed to understand how aggregate type affects energy absorption. The fineness modulus of fractured specimens is also determined which allow the comparison of post-fracture grain sizes. A crucial link between aggregate type and dynamic response of concrete is observed. Stiffer aggregates lead to stiffer concrete, which influence the frequency of energy responsible for damage initiation. At lower strain rates, concrete with stiffer aggregates absorbs lower-frequency energy. However, as strain rate increases, the frequency of absorbed energy becomes more dependent on the extent of damage within the aggregates themselves. The type of aggregate also significantly affects the size distribution of the fractured material. To analyse the stress distribution under dynamic loading, numerical simulations are carried out. These simulations showed that the maximum stress in concrete is related to the stiffness of the aggregate.

Study on crack initiation mechanism of notched TC4 titanium alloy plate based on acoustic emission information entropy

ABSTRACT Titanium alloys are widely used in high-end manufacturing fields such as aerospace and nuclear energy due to their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, but it is prone to cracking under load, seriously affecting its performance and safety. Therefore, studying the crack initiation process of titanium alloys is of great significance for improving their service life and safety. In this study, TC4 titanium alloy material is taken as the research object, and the crack emergence mechanism during its tensile fracture process is investigated by combining tensile test and AE test. The experiments were carried out under displacement-controlled conditions, and crack emergence detection was carried out by two methods: AE characterisation parameters and AE information entropy, and SEM was used to observe and analyse the specimen fracture. The results indicate that the AE characteristic parameters of different notched specimens have the same evolution pattern, and this method can be used to predict crack initiation, but there is a certain degree of uncertainty. Compared with the former, the information entropy theory can more accurately predict crack initiation. Therefore, the analysis of the entropy of AE information can be used as a highly practical real-time condition detection method to provide effective detection means for engineering applications.

Experimental investigation of Lord Kelvin’s isentropic thermoelastic cooling and heating expression for tensile bars in two engineering alloys

ABSTRACT Solids change temperature when rapidly and elastically stressed. The effect proposed by W. Thomson, who was ennobled as Lord Kelvin, is adiabatic thermoelastic cooling or heating depending on the sign of the stress. A highly sensitive radiometrically calibrated, cooled infrared camera was employed to measure temperatures both decreasing and increasing. Temperature measurements made from the reversible, elastic part of the stress–strain curve during rapid uniaxial tensile loading and unloading were investigated. The quasi-isentropic cooling temperature from the stress loading curve is recovered by heating after the specimen fractures when the load is released. These measurements establish for the first-time isentropic temperature recovery. The materials tested are an AISI 4340 steel and an aluminium 2024 alloy. Measurements of the stress cooling are − 0.65 ± 0.05 K/GPa for steel and − 1.8 ± 0.3 K/GPa for aluminium alloy. The thermoelastic heating is − 1.2 ± 0.3 K/GPa for steel and − 1.8 ± 0.2 K/GPa for aluminium. These values are compared to Thomson’s theoretical thermoelastic prediction; comparisons are also made to equations of state tables. The experimental values are below theoretical predictions. The quasi-isentropic, elastic part of the temperature change is fully recovered after extensive plastic deformation by the fracture stress release wave.

On energy mechanism of rate-dependent failure mode evolution in plain weave composite

The intricate failure modes and the yet unclear rate dependency of carbon fiber reinforced plain weave composite materials pose a challenge to mechanics researchers. This study establishes an energy-based evolution mechanism for the compressive failure modes of plain weave composite materials as the strain rate varies. This mechanism illustrates how the rate dependency of failure modes arises from the competitive relationship between strain potential energy and deformation kinetic energy. At low loading rates, the specimen exhibits a progressive crushing failure mode characterized by low peak stress and significant geometric deformation. As the loading strain rate increases, the energy required for this geometric deformation also increases. When the energy expenditure surpasses that needed to elevate the stress level of the specimen, it transitions to an instantaneous failure mode with high peak stress. In this mode, the specimen fractures into multiple small fragments immediately upon failure, lacking the large geometric deformations observed at lower rates. Through calculating this energy mechanism, a transition strain rate of 180 s−1 was determined for both failure modes. The accuracy of this mechanism was further verified by tests conducted near the critical strain rate. The energy-based evolution mechanism for failure modes provides a simplified and concise framework for simplifying complex models of composite material failures.