Specific Target Area Research Articles

Low-Salinity Waterflooding for EOR in Field A of Western Offshore Basin: A Pilot Study Analysis with Laboratory and Simulation Studies—Early Observations

Carbonate reservoirs hold vast oil reserves, but their complex properties make traditional enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods challenging. This study explores the application of low-salinity water flooding (LSWF) as a novel EOR method for India’s largest offshore carbonate oil field. Conventional EOR techniques were deemed unsuitable due to reservoir heterogeneity, pressure decline, high temperature, and the offshore location. Favorable factors for LSWF included successful seawater flooding history, medium-weight crude oil, and existing infrastructure. Following core flooding experiments demonstrating a 6–16% increase in oil recovery, a multi-pronged evaluation process was implemented. Single-well chemical tracer tests (SWCTT) and reservoir simulations confirmed the potential of LSWF. A specific target area was chosen based on reservoir characteristics, production data, and available facilities. Simulations predicted a 1.5% incremental oil recovery using diluted seawater (25% salinity) at 30% pore volume injection. After a positive techno-economic analysis, the first offshore LSWF project in India was completed within 3 years. Initial monitoring results are encouraging. This study highlights the successful journey of LSWF from concept to field deployment in a challenging carbonate reservoir, showcasing its potential for revitalizing such fields. Furthermore, this work provides valuable data relevant to Indian offshore environments, where factors like salinity, mineralogy, and crude oil composition pose unique challenges compared to other LSWF applications. These detailed data fill a critical gap in the existing literature.

Sonarlogger: Enabling long-term underwater sonar observations

Coastal seas are under increasing pressure from extreme weather events and sea level rise, resulting in impacts such as changing hydrodynamic conditions, coastal erosion, and marine heat waves. To monitor changes in coastal marine habitats, such as reefs and macrophytes meadows, which add to the resilience of our coasts, consistent, medium- to long-term seafloor observations are needed. This project aims to deliver repeated, high-frequency sonar surveys on a stationary seabed mooring of a specific target area over a period of up to several months. A new stand-alone subsea system, the Sonarlogger, based on a battery pack, low-power logger and a high-resolution scanning sonar, was developed. It allows for long-term deployments with a customisable battery pack, WI-FI download and configurable sleep state. The system has been tested for over 130 days in dynamic coastal environments off the Belgian coast. Combined with auxiliary sensors, such as for measuring currents, waves and turbidity, this system enables comprehensive studies of morphologic changes and changing benthic ecosystems. Moreover, this system has the capacity to provide measurements of coastal environments during storms, where conventional systems may fall short, providing insights into event-based changes of the seafloor.

Choosing the optimal target area for repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury patients: a comparative analysis.

The specific target area of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treating neuropathic pain resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI-NP) remains uncertain. Thirty-four participants with SCI-NP were allocated into three groups, namely, the motor cortex (M1, A) group, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC, B) group, and the control (sham stimulation, C) group. The intervention was administered totally 10 times. Outcome measures assessed pre-(T0) and post-(T1)intervention, including Numerical Rating scale (NRS), anxiety (SAS), depression (SDS), sleep quality (PSQI), brief pain inventory (BPI), and impression of change. All outcomes in groups A and B significantly changed after intervention (p < 0.05), and the delta value (T1-T0) also significantly changed than group C (p < 0.05). The delta value of SDS in the group B was better than the group A, and the change of pain degree in the group B was moderately correlated with the change in PSQI (r = 0.575, p < 0.05). Both patients in the groups A and B showed significant impression of change about their received therapy (p < 0.05). Both targets are effective, but LDLPFC is more effective in reducing depression in SCI-NP. Healthcare providers might select the suitable area according to the specific attributes of their patients.

Effectiveness of a New-Generation CEW in Human Subjects with a Goal-Directed Task

Conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) have been used by law enforcement agencies worldwide to control and restrain potentially violent persons. As new generations of these weapons are developed, effectiveness and safety need to be evaluated. The new TASER 10 uses an independently targeted probe scheme with floating polarities so that any two probes can form a connection. This is in contrast to older generation weapons, which used paired probes with fixed take-off angles. The expectation is with up to a maximum of 10 shots and independent targeting; the weapon will have a greater effectiveness. In this pilot study, we used our previously published, standardized methodology for measurement of CEW effectiveness on motivated human volunteers for several objectives: (1) to directly compare the effectiveness of the waveform on human subjects to an older generation weapon (the TASER 7), (2) to more broadly compare it to historical controls, and (3) to look at various probe configurations to determine their comparative effectiveness. The task at hand was to reach a suspended martial arts dummy 12 ft (3.65 m) away while being exposed (under power) to the electrical waveform of the TASER devices in various dart configurations. Several intervention groups were examined. We used video review with our standard methodology to rate goal achievement and limb capture. The results demonstrate that the TASER 10 has similar ability to induce neuromuscular incapacitation as the TASER 7. Additionally, the ability of the TASER 10 to place multiple darts on a specific target area to create the desired probe spread is a technological advantage over previous models. This, together with the floating polarity probes, promise to make the TASER 10 potentially more effective and flexible in the field.

Fabrication of magnetic nanocomposite as responsive drug delivery vehicle for cervical cancer therapy

The development of carriers for drug delivery faces significant challenges from a therapeutic perspective. The present study presents an innovative nanocarrier based on combination of functionalized magnetic nanocomposite nano‐chitosan and cisplatin. Hydrophobic drugs such as cisplatin could be delivered using magnetic nanoparticles modified with biocompatible copolymers. This study aimed to determine the antitumor effects of free cisplatin enhancement in cervical cancer cells using cisplatin‐encapsulated Fe3O4@SiO2@N‐Chit‐FA. An additional layer of nanochitosan was coated on top of the magnetic nanocomposite to increase its stability in aqueous solutions. Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of Fe3O4@SiO2@N‐Chit‐FA‐ciscomplex were evaluated against the cervical cancer animal model in C57BL6 mice. An external magnetic field was used to test the in‐vivo uptake and distribution of Fe3O4@SiO2@N‐Chit‐FA‐cisin tumor cells. The results showed that the released drug would induce its effects on a specific target area when an external magnetic field was applied, and Fe3O4@SiO2@N‐Chit‐FA‐ciscan suppress tumor growth more than cisplatin alone via induction of tumor necrosis. Overall, Fe3O4@SiO2@N‐Chit‐FA nanocomposites hold great potential for use in targeted nanomedicine to deliver bio‐functional molecules.

Advancements in cooling techniques and its impact on machining: A review

During any machining process, a huge amount of heat is produced at the cutting zone which aggravates the tool wear. Tool cost is one of the prime concerns during machining. To increase the tool life, the heat produced during machining has to be removed effectively. In the past few decades various new concepts have been developed effectively to remove the heat from the cutting zone so that the tool life increases. In this article various methods that are in use and the recent developments in the field of cooling during different machining operations have been discussed. The various cooling methods like dry machining (natural cooling), air-cooling, flood, cryogenic, MQL cooling, high pressure coolant, solid lubricants and mist cooling are discussed along with their advantages and limitations and the recent advancements in each cooling method. Each cooling process has its own advantages and application area. It is concluded that dry machining is best for environment, MQL is nearer to dry machining with better machinability results and consumes very less lubricants, cryogenic cooling has very less impact on environment, high pressure coolant is better for specific target area and solid lubricants are good for high speed with high temperature. This article will help researchers to understand the methods and to find the best cooling and lubrication method to be adopted in industry with less impact on environment. One can easily find various research gaps which will help researchers to proceed further in this area.

Flow visualization by Matlab® based image analysis of high-speed polymer melt extrusion film casting process for determining necking defect and quantifying surface velocity profiles

Abstract The primary objective of this research paper is to detect and quantify the necking defect and surface velocity profiles in high-speed polymer melt extrusion film casting (EFC) process using Matlab® based image processing techniques. Extrusion film casting is an industrially important manufacturing process and is used on an industrial scale to produce thousands of kilograms of polymer films/sheets and coated products. In this research, the necking defect in an EFC process has been studied experimentally and the effects of macromolecular architecture such as long chain branching (LCB) on the extent of necking have been determined using image processing methodology. The methodology is based on the analysis of a sequence of image frames taken with the help of a commercial CCD camera over a specific target area of the EFC process. The image sequence is then analyzed using Matlab® based image processing toolbox wherein a customized algorithm is written and executed to determine the edges of the extruded molten polymeric film to quantify the necking defect. Alongwith the necking defect, particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) technique is also used in conjunction with the Matlab® software to determine the centerline and transverse velocity profiles in the extruded molten film. It is concluded from this study that image processing techniques provide valuable insights into quantifying both the necking defect and the associated velocity profiles in the molten extruded film.

Mašine za aplikaciju sredstva za zaštitu bilja

The purpose of pesticide application equipment is to enable uniform application of plant protection products (pesticides) to a specific target area, while minimizing the exposure of persons applying plant protection products. This can be achieved if the equipment are used only for the tasks for which they are intended and if they are properly set up, calibrated and maintained. A typical sprayer consists of a tank, pump, mixing system, supply pipes, control and monitoring unit and nozzles. In order to reduce drift, a nozzle must be selected that will provide the largest droplet size while at the same time adequately covering the treated object at a certain application rate. All elements and assemblies on the sprayer must be in good condition in order to ensure a good horizontal distribution of plant protection products. In the case of pesticide application machines, the technical correctness of all components is checked and their calibration is performed. Calibration is the process of measuring and adjusting the amount of plant protection product applied to the target area with specific plant protection product application equipment. Proper calibration is a basic but often overlooked task. What is crucial is that the right amount of plant protection products should be used. Insufficient plant protection products can result in inadequate control and thus waste of money, time and resources. Applying larger amounts of plant protection products than recommended may result in damage to crops or plantations, higher amounts of plant protection product residues, swelling or other movement outside the target area, poisoning of people, pets or wild animals entering the treated area, and lawsuits and penalties.

Two-phase flow model based bubble packing algorithm for optimization of multiprobe cryosurgery

Cryosurgery is a surgical process of exploiting extreme cold heat circulating through one or more probes to demolish abundant benign and malignant lesions in biological tissues. However, the proper cryosurgical factors including probe number and multiple probe locations assigned to a specific target area are critical to freeze the tumor vicinity with maximum cryoinjury while diminishing the destruction of healthy tissue. In this study, we inaugurate a novel three-dimensional modeling analysis incorporated with optimal cryosurgical factors to improve the freezing efficacy of the multiprobe cryoablative process. A planning system based bubble-packing algorithm was exploited to acquire optimum cryoprobe layouts from multiple triangular cryoprobe arrays with the placement variants of 7, 14, and 20 mm in equidistance from each probe. Two-phase flow with coupled thermal transport model was used to explore thermal evolution in living tissues and optimize the ablation outputs during multiprobe cryosurgery. The results show that when the probes are in faraway (20 mm), the algorithm yields the minimum value of the objective function during multiprobe optimization of cryosurgery. In-vitro multiprobe experiments of bio-gel phantom and porcine live tissue were also implemented and acquired approximately 7 cm in diameter of iceball after t = 1400 s in both cases.

An Emerging Era for Targeted Drug Delivery: Nanosponges

Many forms of Pharmaceutical product like nanosponge, nanoemulsion, nano-micelles, and nanosomes have been developed using nanotechnology. The size of Nanosponges is like that of a virus. They are very tiny in size and can permeate through the skin easily. Nanosponges can be distributed throughout the body until they reach their specific target area, where they adhere to the surface and the drug is released in a controlled manner, rather than circulating throughout the body. Nanosponge is a promising strategy to overcome problems associated with formulations such as poor bioavailability, drug toxicity, drug degradation, drug solubility and site specificity of drug. Both lipophillic and hydrophilic drug are incorporated in nanosponge. They can also act as biocatalysts and carrier for enzymes, antibodies, protein and vaccines. The use of a biodegradable polymer can help to maintain a constant drug level by allowing the drug to be released in a controlled way. Technologies employed in nanosponge formulations have been widely studied for drug delivery by topical, oral as well as parenteral administration. Improvement of solubility of poorly water soluble drug is another significant characteristic of Nanosponges. The primary goal of this review article is to provide a basic understanding of nanosponges, including their preparation process, advantages and disadvantages, as well as methods of evaluation and applications.

Peatland Fire Geotagging Photo for Investigation Tool using Smartphone

One of the ways to control tropical peat fires is to use a combination of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and smartphones for monitoring, reporting, and verification of the location of the fires. The latest smartphones have many sensors, such as a compass, accelerometer, GPS, and a camera, to collect forest activity data from a specific target area. The collected data were then transferred to a cloud server through global mobile communication. This paper discusses a mobile and web application-based approach to collect and analyze user-generated geographical information of human activity data. The paper aims is to promote law enforcement agencies, local government, and fire patrol to consider the use of this low-cost, easy-to-use technology in controlling and reducing the risk of tropical peatland fires. Our mobile application has an easy-to-use mapping technology that allows its users to locate addresses quickly and provides cartographic maps augmented with digital information and high-resolution aerial imagery. This study proposes online citizen reporting as a new approach for law enforcement by aiding local government and fire patrols to conduct monitoring, reporting, and verification to reduce the risk of peat forest fires.

Full-waveform inversion of intensity-focused seismic data

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a promising tool for the comprehensive analysis of seismic data because it involves modeling the complete elastodynamic phenomena in 3D for the estimation of medium parameters. However, the application for reservoir characterization is still limited in achieving the inverse problem solution using reasonable computational resources and the required model resolution. Following a data-driven approach, we have implemented the isotropic elastic FWI with sensitivity emphasis on a prescribed target zone of the propagation volume, showing that the method is useful in improving the estimation over the target zone compared with nonlocalized methods. Our method uses the superposition principle to construct multipoint sources that focus the primary wave intensity (seismic illumination) over the specific target area. Thus, the secondary wavefield scattered from the target area to the receivers increases, providing improved information on the model parameters that control the property heterogeneity within the target zone. We design two types of focused macrosource (FMS) configurations that accomplish this objective: the convergent FMS and the combined beam FMS. Although multipoint seismic sources are not implemented in the field for practical reasons, they can be synthetized computationally using the superposition principle, interpolation, and the current seismic survey data (point-source) to compose the FMS observed gathers, which are then used as input data for the FWI. We perform elastic FWI synthetic tests in a 2D modified Marmousi model to compare the inversion performance with focused and nonfocused data, under the same computational conditions, with and without the presence of noise. Our tests show faster convergence and improved estimation in the target zone with the use of the intensity-focused seismic data for FWI; improved focusing effects are expected in 3D. Being target-oriented, the method is suitable for reducing computational requirements in elastic FWI application for reservoir description.

A User-Friendly Software Package to Develop Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) Inputs and Suggest Low Impact Development Scenarios

Increases in imperviousness due to urbanization and industrialization increases stormwater runoff and nonpoint source pollution. Approaches reducing these hydrological impacts include low impact development (LID) methods. Various methods have been developed and applied to date, and an evaluation of stormwater runoff and a reduction of non-point source pollution has been conducted. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is capable of simulating various LID approaches, although selecting and implementing a suitable method for a specific target area, when considering the cost of various low impact development approaches, requires significant time and effort. A software program called Storm Water Management Model–low impact development design program (SWMM-ING), that can be optimally applied to deal with the cost of low impact development methods, was developed in this study. For SWMM-ING, an optimization process was conducted for low impact development, which can reduce stormwater runoff by 10%, suspended solid by 15%, and total phosphorus by 15%. The spatial arrangement and the area of the permeable pavement, bioretention cells, infiltration trenches, and green roofs were determined. Because SWMM-ING has a user-friendly graphical interface, and the optimization process of the low impact development approach is simple and straightforward, it has the advantage of not requiring specialized knowledge.

Feedback-Dubins-RRT Recovery Path Planning of UUV in an Underwater Obstacle Environment

In this paper, a UUV (Unmanned Underwater Vehicle) recovery path planning method of a known starting vector and end vector is studied. The local structure diagram is designed depending on the distance and orientation information about the obstacles. According to the local structure diagram, a Rapidly exploring Random Tree (RRT) method with feedback is used to generate a 3D Dubins path that approaches the target area gradually, and the environmental characteristic of UUV reaching a specific target area is discussed. The simulation results demonstrate that this method can effectively reduce the calculation time and the amount of data storage required for planning. Meanwhile, the smooth spatial path generated can be used further to improve the feasibility of the practical application of UUV.

Coherent energy projection of modulated signals from a sparse array

In this article, coherent energy projection is generalized to modulated signals, enabling the precise delivery of energy to a specific target area. The system and mathematical model are established to characterize the far-field energy interference from a randomized sparse transmitting array. By using the method of transmitting delay pre-compensation and spatial coherent combination, the coherent energy of the modulated signals increases significantly after demodulation at the receiving end. The coherent energy scape is presented to describe the spatial distribution of projected energy in the target area, rather than the commonly used performance metric of front-end energy analysis. Then the simulations set out to examine the spatial grating lobes and potential for expanding the focal spot using multi-foci accumulation. We also employ the particle swarm optimization to find the optimum distribution of foci to match the focal spot with the desired target area and energy level. Analysis and numerical results are provided to demonstrate the correctness of the theoretical results and effectiveness of the proposed coherent energy projection method.

First Evaluation of Topography on GNSS-R: An Empirical Study Based on a Digital Elevation Model

Understanding the effects of Earth’s surface topography on Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) space-borne data is important to calibrate experimental measurements, so as to provide accurate soil moisture content (SMC) retrievals. In this study, several scientific observables obtained from delay-Doppler maps (DDMs) ⟨ | Y r , t o p o ( τ , f ) | 2 ⟩ generated on board the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CyGNSS) mission were evaluated as a function of several topographic parameters derived from a digital elevation model (DEM). This assessment was performed as a function of Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP)-derived SMC at grazing angles θ e ~ [20,30] ° and in a nadir-looking configuration θ e ~ [80,90] °. Global scale results showed that the width of the trailing edge (TE) was small T E ~ [100, 250] m and the reflectivity was high Γ ~ [–10, –3] dB over flat areas with low topographic heterogeneity, because of an increasing coherence of Earth-reflected Global Positioning System (GPS) signals. However, the strong impact of several topographic features over areas with rough topography provided motivation to perform a parametric analysis. A specific target area with little vegetation, low small-scale surface roughness, and a wide variety of terrains in South Asia was selected. A significant influence of several topographic parameters i.e., surface slopes and curvatures was observed. This triggered our study of the sensitivity of T E and Γ to SMC and topographic wetness index ( T W I ). Regional scale results showed that T E and Γ are strongly correlated with the T W I , while the sensitivity to SMC was almost negligible. The Pearson correlation coefficients of T E and Γ with T W I are r Γ ~ 0.59 and r T E ~−0.63 at θ e ~ [20, 30] ° and r Γ ~ 0.48 and r T E ~ −0.50 at θ e ~ [80, 90] °, respectively.

Directional Radiation Technique for Maximum Receiving Power in Microwave Power Transmission System

Directional radiation (DR), a distinguishing feature of a microwave power transmission (MPT) system, suitably shapes and properly steers an intensified beam toward a specific target area. Coupling more radiated energy to the receiving aperture, DR technique benefits system efficiency and brings great flexibility, which entails further investigation. This article addresses DR realization from a system perspective. A novel architecture of MPT transmitter is proposed, which equips the system with multiple independently controlled RF power outputs and serves as a solid hardware basis for DR realization. Three DR algorithms are also introduced, providing convenient methods to obtain maximum receiving power for the receiver via software control. A 915 MHz/100 W MPT transmitter is fabricated in the lab, and an MPT verification platform is also constructed. Proposed architecture and algorithms are fully verified with experiments, which show a good performance in DR realization.

Porphyrin Functionalized Gelatin Nanoparticle-Based Biodegradable Phototheranostics: Potential Tools for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy.

Photomedicine-based antimicrobial therapy has emerged as an alternative treatment for antibiotic-resistant microbial infections. Although various photosensitizers (PSs) have been reported as efficient antimicrobial agents, their efficient delivery to the specific target area requires further investigation. In the current study, development of a biodegradable phototheranostic nanoagent (PTNA) by incorporation of a PS (trans-AB-porphyrin) and gelatin nanomatrix is described. The antimicrobial efficacy of the PTNA against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeast strains, along with other properties including hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and targeting ability, is evaluated. Unlike the commonly used membrane permeabilizing chemicals that are toxic, the delivery vehicle gelatin used in this study is biocompatible and biodegradable. Here, the method offers a sustainable synthesis of gelatin-based stable formulation of nanotheranostic agents with high loading (>85%). The study revealed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated in situ by the PTNAs, are primarily responsible for microbial cell death. The developed PTNAs described herein featured "nano size (<200 nm), have high fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields, retain photophysical properties of PS after incorporation into the gelatin matrix, could be activated by a cost-effective light irradiation, and have efficient antimicrobial photodynamic activity." This antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using the newly synthesized phototheranostic nanoagent has manifested its competence, therapeutic modality of general acceptance, and wide-spectrum antimicrobial action.

Multi-objective Heuristic Design Approach for SAR Mission for Monitoring Local Target Area

The Korea first synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite with a 1-m resolution—Korea Multi-purpose Satellite-5 (KOMPSAT-5)—was successfully launched in Korea in 2013, and its successors will be launched continuously to monitor specific target areas. The major requirements of the orbit design for KOMPSAT-5 are that the mean average revisit time (ART) over the Korean peninsula is no longer than 24 h and that the repeat ground track orbit is guaranteed. For this type of problem, an iterative and tedious process may be used to derive the appropriate mission orbit to satisfy the mission requirements. During the design process, sophisticated coverage analysis software should be employed to evaluate the mean ART over a specific local target area. Moccia et al. (Acta Astronaut 47(11):819–829, 2000) presented a feasibility study of a new space-based observation technique using a bistatic SAR and performed a numerical simulation to estimate the measurement accuracy for the bright point target position and velocity. Kim and Chang (Aerosp Sci Technol 40:17–32, 2015) developed an optimal scheduling method employing a genetic algorithm (GA) to reduce the system response time for an SAR satellite constellation. Wei and Chunsheng (Adv Sp Res 50:272–281, 2012) proposed a new design method for a distributed satellite-borne SAR system with an error-propagation model and used a monostatic design to determine the key parameters of a single SAR satellite. Apart from the SAR mission, the orbit design for Earth-observation missions over a specific area or target has been studied by others. Abdelkhlik et al. (J Guid Control Dyn 29(5):1231–1235, 2006) utilized the RGT concept to design natural orbits for visiting a target area without the use of propulsion systems. Kim et al. (J Spacecr Rocket 46(3):725–728, 2009) proposed a new strategy employing a GA to search the current mission orbit for a temporary target orbit to achieve a temporary reconnaissance mission over a particular target site using a low-Earth-orbit satellite during a specific period. We propose an effective approach for the design of the SAR mission for a local target area. Here, the ART and average transmitted power are key parameters for the mission requirements and the bus system, respectively. To our knowledge, no previous studies have considered this kind of problem. To satisfy the mission requirements for the ART over a local target area and simultaneously consider the average transmitted power, multi-objective heuristic algorithms including GEs, particle swarm optimization, and differential evolution are used, and their performances are compared. The computational approach of the design strategy proposed by the authors is based on the optimization algorithms in Matlab® and the powerful coverage analysis tool STK®. Therefore, the proposed strategy is adaptable for various types of SAR mission designs having complex requirements regarding both the orbit and the bus system, particularly for monitoring a specific local target area.

Optimum Deployment of Multiple UAVs for Coverage Area Maximization in the Presence of Co-Channel Interference

The use of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as the aerial base stations can provide wireless communication services in the form of UAV-based small cells (USCs). Thus, the major design challenge that needs to be addressed is the coverage maximization of such USCs in the presence of co-channel interference generated by multiple UAVs operating within a specific target area. Consequently, the efficient deployment strategy is imperative for USCs while optimizing the coverage area performance to compensate for the impact of interference. To this end, this paper presents a coordinated multi-UAV strategy in two scenarios. In the first scenario, symmetric placement of UAVs is assumed at a common optimal altitude and transmit power. In the second scenario, asymmetric deployment of UAVs with different altitudes and transmit powers is assumed. Then, the coverage area performance is investigated as a function of the separation distance between UAVs that are deployed in a certain geographical area to satisfy a target signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the cell boundary. Finally, the system-level performance of a boundary user is studied in terms of the coverage probability. The numerical results unveil that the SINR threshold, the separation distance, and the number of UAVs and their formations should be carefully selected to achieve the maximum coverage area inside and to reduce the unnecessary expansion outside the target area. Thus, this paper provides important design guidelines for the deployment of multiple UAVs in the presence of co-channel interference.