Specific T-cell Responses Research Articles

Magnitude of antigen-specific T-cell immunity the month after completing vaccination series predicts the development of long-term persistence of antitumor immune response

BackgroundFor best efficacy, vaccines must provide long-lasting immunity. To measure longevity, memory from B and T cells are surrogate endpoints for vaccine efficacy. When antibodies are insufficient for protection, the...

M protein ectodomain-specific immunity restrains SARS-CoV-2 variants replication.

The frequent occurrence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein, with up to dozens of mutations, poses a severe threat to the current efficacy of authorized COVID-19 vaccines. Membrane (M) protein, which is the most abundant viral structural protein, exhibits a high level of amino acid sequence conservation. M protein ectodomain could be recognized by specific antibodies; however, the extent to which it is immunogenic and provides protection remains unclear. We designed and synthesized multiple peptides derived from coronavirus M protein ectodomains, and determined the secondary structure of specific peptides using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to detect IgG responses against the synthesized peptides in clinical samples. To evaluate the immunogenicity of peptide vaccines, BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally immunized with peptide-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) conjugates adjuvanted with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). The humoral and T-cell immune responses induced by peptide-KLH conjugates were assessed using ELISA and ELISpot assays, respectively. The efficacy of the S2M2-30-KLH vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants was evaluated in vivo using the K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model. The inhibitory effect of mouse immune serum on SARS-CoV-2 virus replication in vitro was evaluated using microneutralization assays. The subcellular localization of the M protein was evaluated using an immunofluorescent staining method, and the Fc-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of the S2M2-30-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) was measured using an ADCC reporter assay. Seroconversion rates for ectodomain-specific IgG were observed to be high in both SARS-CoV-2 convalescent patients and individuals immunized with inactivated vaccines. To assess the protective efficacy of the M protein ectodomain-based vaccine, we initially identified a highly immunogenic peptide derived from this ectodomain, named S2M2-30. The mouse serum specific to S2M2-30 showed inhibitory effects on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 variants in vitro. Immunizations of K18-hACE2-transgenic mice with the S2M2-30-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) vaccine significantly reduced the lung viral load caused by B.1.1.7/Alpha (UK) infection. Further mechanism investigations reveal that serum neutralizing activity, specific T-cell response and Fc-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) correlate with the specific immuno-protection conferred by S2M2-30. The findings of this study suggest that the antibody responses against M protein ectodomain in the population most likely exert a beneficial effect on preventing various SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Ferritin nanoparticle-based Nipah virus glycoprotein vaccines elicit potent protective immune responses in mice and hamsters

Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus in the genus Henipavirus that is prevalent in Southeast Asia. NiV leads to severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans and animals, with a mortality rate of up to 75%. Despite the grave threat to public health and global biosecurity, no medical countermeasures are available for humans. Here, based on self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles (FeNPs), we successfully constructed two candidate FeNP vaccines by loading mammalian cells expressing NiV sG (residues 71–602, FeNP-sG) and Ghead (residues 182–602, FeNP-Ghead) onto E. coli-expressed FeNPs (FeNP-sG and FeNP-Ghead, respectively) through Spycatcher/Spytag technology. Compared with sG and Ghead alone, FeNP-sG and FeNP-Ghead elicited significant NiV specific neutralizing antibody levels and T-cell responses in mice, whereas the immune response in the FeNP-sG immunized group was greater than that in the FeNP-Ghead group. These results further demonstrate that sG possesses greater antigenicity than Ghead and that FeNPs can dramatically enhance immunogenicity. Furthermore, FeNP-sG provided 100% protection against NiV challenge in a hamster model when it was administered twice at a dose of 5 μg/per animal. Our study provides not only a promising candidate vaccine against NiV, but also a theoretical foundation for the design of a NiV immunogen for the development of novel strategies against NiV infection.

SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Lymphocytes Analysis in mRNA-Vaccinated Patients with B-Cell Lymphoid Malignancies on Active Treatment.

Patients with B-lymphocyte malignancies (BCMs) receiving B-lymphocyte-targeted therapies have increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes and impaired antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in comparison to non-hematologic oncologic patients or general population. Consequently, it is vital to explore vaccine-induced T-lymphocyte responses in patients referred for the understanding of immune protection against SARS-CoV2 infections. The objective of the present study was to analyze the recall immune responses carried out by T lymphocytes after two COVID-19 mRNA vaccine doses. We enrolled 40 patients with BCMs and 10 healthy controls (HCs) after 4 weeks from the second mRNA vaccine dose. Spike (S)-specific T-lymphocyte responses were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes (PBMCs) by intracellular IFN-γ staining combined with flow cytometry. Furthermore, the humoral response was assessed with the measurement of anti-spike antibodies. From March to July 2021, 40 patients (median age 68) received mRNA vaccines. The overall antibody response for BCMs was 52.5% versus 100% for the healthy controls (p = 0.008). The antibody response was different across BCMs: 18.75% for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 54.5% for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and 92.3% for multiple myeloma. Responses varied by malignancy type and treatment, with anti-CD20 therapies showing the lowest response (6.7%). T-lymphocyte analysis revealed reduced numbers and altered differentiation stages in patients compared to the controls. However, the vaccine-induced T response was generally robust, with variations in specific T subpopulations. mRNA vaccines induced significant humoral and cellular immune responses in B-cell lymphoid malignancy patients, although responses varied by treatment type and malignancy. Further research is needed to optimize vaccination strategies in this population.

Irreversible electroporation of localised prostate cancerdownregulates immune suppression andinduces systemic anti-tumour T-cell activation - IRE-IMMUNO study.

To prospectively compare systemic anti-tumour immune responses induced by irreversible electroporation (IRE) and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in patients with localised intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa). Between February 2021 and June 2022, before and after treatment (at 5, 14 and 30 days) peripheral blood samples of 30 patients with localised PCa were prospectively collected. Patient inclusion criteria were: International Society of Urological Pathologists Grade 2-3, clinical cancer stage ≤T2c, prostate-specific antigen level <20 ng/mL). Patients were treated with IRE (n = 20) or RARP (n = 10). Frequency and activation status of lymphocytic and myeloid immune cell subsets were determined using flow cytometry. PCa-specific T-cell responses to prostatic acid phosphatase(PSAP) and cancer testis antigen (New York oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 [NY-ESO-1]) were determined by interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot). Repeated-measures analysis of variance and two-sided Student's t-tests were used to compare immune responses over time and between treatment cohorts. Patient and tumour characteristics were similar between the cohorts except for age (median 68 years [IRE] and 62 years [RARP], P = 0.01). IRE induced depletion of systemic regulatory Tcells (P = 0.0001) and a simultaneous increase in activated cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4)+ cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ (P < 0.001) and CD8+ (P = 0.032) Tcells, consistent with reduction of systemic immune suppression allowing for effector T-cell activation, peaking 14 days after IRE. Effects were positively correlated with tumour volume/ablation size. Accordingly, IRE induced expansion of PSAP and/or NY-ESO-1 specific T-cell responses in four of the eight immune competent patients. Temporarily increased activated myeloid derived suppressor cell frequencies (P = 0.047) were consistent with transient immunosuppression after RARP. Irreversible electroporation induces a PCa-specific systemic immune response in patients with localised PCa, aiding conversion of the tumour microenvironment into a more immune permissive state. Therapeutic efficacy might be further enhanced by combination with CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibition, potentially opening up a new synergistic treatment paradigm for high-risk localised or (oligo)metastatic disease.

Combination of oncolytic Maraba virus with immune checkpoint blockade overcomes therapy resistance in an immunologically cold model of advanced melanoma with dysfunctional T-cell receptor signalling

BackgroundOver the past decade, cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of melanoma; however, responses vary across patient populations. Recently, baseline tumor size has been identified as an independent prognostic factor...

Long-term humoral and cellular responses elicited by Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine in hemodialysis patients: A prospective cohort study

&lt;b&gt;Purpose: &lt;/b&gt;The aim of this study is to assess long-term immunogenicity of the recombinant adenoviruses 26 and 5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V, developed by N. F. Gamaleya National Research Centre, Russia) in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (HD) compared to healthy subjects.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Materials &amp;amp; methods: &lt;/b&gt;A prospective cohort study included patients treated with maintenance HD (n=23) and healthy volunteers (n=28). The levels of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 specific IgG as well as specific T-cell responses were quantified in all participants at two time points: one and six months after complete vaccination. All participates were adults, had been vaccinated twice with Gam-COVID-Vac and had no prior history of confirmed COVID-19.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results: &lt;/b&gt;In both groups, IgG levels decreased from month one to six, however, antibodies did not decline more rapidly in HD group (analysis of variance p=0.7214 for the “time×group” interaction, non-adjusted model). At the end of the study, 48.0% of non-HD and 67.0% of HD participants showed T-cell positivity. T-spot counts dropped over time in non-HD controls, but not in HD subjects (p=0.0080 and p=0.1800, respectively).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/b&gt;Patients receiving HD maintain significant long-term humoral response after Gam-COVID-Vac vaccination, which is comparable to that in subjects with normal kidney function. Cellular response turned up to be more sustained over time in HD group.

Humoral and cellular immune response after mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in children on treatment for cancer: A pilot observational study

Immunocompromised children are at risk of developing severe COVID-19 infection. We conducted a pilot prospective study to evaluate the impact of cancer treatment and stem cell transplantation on immunogenicity of two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine in pediatric patients.Humoral, B- and T-cell responses to the BNT162b2 vaccine were assessed before, after the first and the second dose in patients aged 5–12 years (n = 35) and in a group of healthy donors (HD, n = 12). Patients were divided in three groups: solid tumors (ST, n = 11), hematological malignancies (HM, n = 14) and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) recipients (n = 10). After two vaccine doses, the seroconversion rate was 79.3 % (72.7 % in ST, 66.7 % in HM and 100 % in HSCT). The antibodies production was not associated to the presence of memory B and T-cells. Memory B-cells were measurable in 45.5 % ST, 66.6 % HSCT and in 22.0 % HM. The specific T-cell response was observed in most ST (81.8 %) and HSCT (85.7 %) patients and at lesser extent in those with HM (55.5 %). The combination of all immunological parameters (antibodies, memory B and T cells) showed that a significant fraction of HM (33.3 %) and ST (18.2 %) patients completely failed to respond to vaccination. Although able to produce antibodies, 11.1 % of HM and 27.3 % of ST had no B- and T-cell memory. HSCT subgroup showed the best immune function, with 80 % complete response and optimal T-cell function.Combination of anti-RBD antibody, and specific memory B- and T-cell responses represents a reliable read-out of vaccine immune efficacy in frail patients.

Safety and feasibility of third-party cytotoxic T lymphocytes for high-risk patients with COVID-19

AbstractCytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) destroy virally infected cells and are critical for the elimination of viral infections such as those caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Delayed and dysfunctional adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are associated with poor outcomes. Treatment with allogeneic SARS-CoV-2–specific CTLs may enhance cellular immunity in high-risk patients providing a safe, direct mechanism of treatment. Thirty high-risk ambulatory patients with COVID-19 were enrolled in a phase 1 trial assessing the safety of third party, SARS-CoV-2–specific CTLs. Twelve interventional patients, 6 of whom were immunocompromised, matched the HLA-A∗02:01 restriction of the CTLs and received a single infusion of 1 of 4 escalating doses of a product containing 68.5% SARS-CoV-2–specific CD8+ CTLs/total cells. Symptom improvement and resolution in these patients was compared with an observational group of 18 patients lacking HLA-A∗02:01 who could receive standard of care. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed at any dosing level. Nasal swab polymerase chain reaction testing showed ≥88% and >99% viral elimination from baseline in all patients at 4 and 14 days after infusion, respectively. The CTLs did not interfere with the development of endogenous anti–SARS-CoV-2 humoral or cellular responses. T-cell receptor β analysis showed persistence of donor-derived SARS-CoV-2-specific CTLs through the end of the 6-month follow-up period. Interventional patients consistently reported symptomatic improvement 2 to 3 days after infusion, whereas improvement was more variable in observational patients. SARS-CoV-2–specific CTLs are a potentially feasible cellular therapy for COVID-19 illness. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT04765449.

Sparsely PEGylated poly(beta-amino ester) polyplexes enhance antigen specific T-cell response of a bivalent SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine

DNA technology has emerged as a promising route to accelerated manufacture of sequence agnostic vaccines. For activity, DNA vaccines must be protected and delivered to the correct antigen presenting cells. However, the physicochemical properties of the vector must be carefully tuned to enhance interaction with immune cells and generate sufficient immune response for disease protection. In this study, we have engineered a range of polymer-based nanocarriers based on the poly(beta-amino ester) (PBAE) polycation platform to investigate the role that surface poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) density has on pDNA encapsulation, formulation properties and gene transfectability both in vitro and in vivo. We achieved this by synthesising a non-PEGylated and PEGylated PBAE and produced formulations containing these PBAEs, and mixed polyplexes to tune surface PEG density. All polymers and co-formulations produced small polyplex nanoparticles with almost complete encapsulation of the cargo in all cases. Despite high gene transfection in HEK293T cells, only the fully PEGylated and mixed formulations displayed significantly higher expression of the reporter gene than the negative control in dendritic cells. Further in vivo studies with a bivalent SARS-CoV-2 pDNA vaccine revealed that only the mixed formulation led to strong antigen specific T-cell responses, however this did not translate into the presence of serum antibodies indicating the need for further studies into improving immunisation with polymer delivery systems.

Immunogenicity of an AI-designed personalized neoantigen vaccine, EVX-01, in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma.

9561 Background: Personalized vaccines, targeting mutation-derived neoantigens (neoAg), represent a promising frontier in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we characterize the vaccine-induced immune response in seven melanoma patients treated with the AI-generated personalized cancer vaccine, EVX-01, in the ongoing single arm multicenter trial (NCT05309421). Data from an additional five patients will be available at the time of presentation. Methods: Tumor-specific neoAgs were identified and selected using the proprietary vaccine target discovery AI-Immunology platform based on tumor DNA- and RNA-sequencing data. The top-ranked neoAgs for each patient were manufactured as synthetic long peptides and formulated with an adjuvant, creating the personalized cancer vaccine, EVX-01, tailored to the individual tumor and immune system characteristics. Patients initiated anti-PD1 therapy (Pembrolizumab) 12 weeks prior to EVX-01 administration. Each patient received six priming doses of EVX-01 administered bi-weekly and will be followed by four booster immunizations at later timepoints. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from blood samples collected at different timepoints to evaluate the effect of anti-PD1 therapy, EVX-01 priming immunizations and EVX-01 booster immunizations on T-cell immunogenicity. NeoAg-specific T-cell responses were evaluated by IFN-γ ELISpot assay and intracellular cytokine staining after T cell in vitro expansion with vaccine neoAgs. Results: Immunogenicity analysis of PBMC samples from seven patients demonstrated that EVX-01 induced neoAg-specific immune responses in all patients after the priming phase. The effect of booster immunizations on neoAg-specific T-cell responses was analyzed in the patients who had reached these late visits of the study, and it demonstrated a clear trend towards increased immune responses after the first booster dose. The observed responses were mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ neoAg-specific T-cells. Investigations of the response induced by the individual vaccine neoAgs revealed that the majority of the EVX-01 neoAgs triggered a specific T-cell response, affirming the ability of the AI-Immunology™ platform to precisely select effective vaccine targets. Data from an additional five patients will be available at the time of presentation. Importantly EVX-01 was safe and well-tolerated, with only grade 1 and 2 ADRs related to EVX-01 even after boosting. The combination of EVX-01 and anti-PD1 also appeared safe and well tolerated. Conclusions: EVX-01 induced neoAg-specific immune responses in all analyzed patients and a broad response against the neoAgs. These results further validate the precision and predictive power of our proprietary vaccine target discovery AI-Immunology platform. The combination of EVX-01 and anti-PD1 was safe and well tolerated. Clinical trial information: NCT05309421 .

Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 interferon gamma release assay in BNT162b2 vaccinated healthcare workers.

To predict protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2, cellular immunity seems to be more sensitive than humoral immunity. Through an Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) Release Assay (IGRA), we show that, despite a marked decrease in total antibodies, 94.3% of 123 healthcare workers have a positive cellular response 6 months after inoculation with the 2nd dose of BNT162b2 vaccine. Despite the qualitative relationship found, we did not observe a quantitative correlation between IFN-γ and IgG levels against SARS-CoV-2. Using stimulated whole blood from a subset of participants, we confirmed the specific T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 by dosing elevated levels of the IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α. Through a 20-month follow-up, we found that none of the infected participants had severe COVID-19 and that the first positive cases were only 12 months after the 2nd dose inoculation. Future studies are needed to understand if IGRA-SARS-CoV-2 can be a powerful diagnostic tool to predict future COVID-19 severe disease, guiding vaccination policies.

Interferon-γ Release Assay in the Assessment of Cellular Immunity-A Single-Centre Experience with mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

Background: As the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains one of the main causes of severe respiratory system infections, the Food and Drug Administration strongly advises the continuation of current vaccination programs, including the distribution of updated boosters, especially in high-risk groups of patients. Therefore, there is an unceasing need for further research on the safety and, no less importantly, the clinical effectivity of the vaccines, with an extra focus on cohorts of patients with underlying health problems. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in possibly immunocompromised children with rheumatic disease while utilizing the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) as a marker for COVID-19 immunity in the study follow-up. Methods: This prospective study was performed in a group of 55 pediatric patients diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Eight participants were immunized with the Comirnaty mRNA vaccine before the research commenced, while the rest of the group (n = 47) had not been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. At the study baseline, the cellular response to the virus antigen was measured using a specific quantitative IGRA in whole blood; subsequently, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 test was performed, marking the antibodies' levels in serum. Around four months after the enrollment of the last patient in the study, a follow-up survey regarding the events of COVID-19 infection within the cohort was conducted. Results: The study confirmed that all the vaccinated children developed specific T-cell (p = 0.0016) and humoral (p = 0.001 for IgA antibodies, p = 0.008 for IgG antibodies) responses to the inoculation, including those receiving biological treatment and those on conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. The study also showed the different patterns of immunity elicited both after infection and post-vaccination, with higher levels of antibodies and T-cell response after inoculation than after natural exposure to the pathogen. According to the follow-up survey, six children developed PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas the additional 10 patients admitted to having COVID-like symptoms with no laboratory verification. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations elicit valid immune responses in pediatric rheumatic patients. Including the assessment of T-cell immunity in the evaluation of inoculation-induced immunization can enhance the accuracy of sole humoral response assays.

Immunogenicity of COVID-19 booster vaccination in IEI patients and their one year clinical follow-up after start of the COVID-19 vaccination program.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the majority of patients with an inborn error of immunity (IEI) develop a spike (S)-specific IgG antibody and T-cell response after two doses of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine, but little is known about the response to a booster vaccination. We studied the immune responses 8 weeks after booster vaccination with mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines in 171 IEI patients. Moreover, we evaluated the clinical outcomes in these patients one year after the start of the Dutch COVID-19 vaccination campaign. This study was embedded in a large prospective multicenter study investigating the immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines in IEI (VACOPID study). Blood samples were taken from 244 participants 8 weeks after booster vaccination. These participants included 171 IEI patients (X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA;N=11), combined immunodeficiency (CID;N=4), common variable immunodeficiency (CVID;N=45), isolated or undefined antibody deficiencies (N=108) and phagocyte defects (N=3)) and 73 controls. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG titers, neutralizing antibodies, and T-cell responses were evaluated. One year after the start of the COVID-19 vaccination program, 334 study participants (239 IEI patients and 95 controls) completed a questionnaire to supplement their clinical data focusing on SARS-CoV-2 infections. After booster vaccination, S-specific IgG titers increased in all COVID-19 naive IEI cohorts and controls, when compared to titers at 6 months after the priming regimen. The fold-increases did not differ between controls and IEI cohorts. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses also increased equally in all cohorts after booster vaccination compared to 6 months after the priming regimen. Most SARS-CoV-2 infections during the study period occurred in the period when the Omicron variant had become dominant. The clinical course of these infections was mild, although IEI patients experienced more frequent fever and dyspnea compared to controls and their symptoms persisted longer. Our study demonstrates that mRNA-based booster vaccination induces robust recall of memory B-cell and T-cell responses in most IEI patients. One-year clinical follow-up demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infections in IEI patients were mild. Given our results, we support booster campaigns with newer variant-specific COVID-19 booster vaccines to IEI patients with milder phenotypes.

Polarization of HIV-1- and CMV-Specific IL-17-Producing T Cells among People with HIV under Antiretroviral Therapy with Cannabis and/or Cocaine Usage.

This study evaluated the influence of cannabis and/or cocaine use in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T-cell responses of people with HIV (PWH). There was a higher percentage of IL-17-producing HIV-Gag-specific CD8+ T-cells in all drug users than that in PWH non-drug users. Stratifying the drug-user groups, increased percentages of IL-17-producing HIV-Gag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were found in PWH cannabis plus cocaine users compared to PWH non-drug users. In response to CMV, there were higher percentage of IL-17-producing CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell in PWH cocaine users than that in PWH non-drug users. Considering all drug users together, there was a higher percentage of SEB-stimulated IL-17-producing CD4+ T-cells than that in PWH non-drug users, whereas cannabis users had higher percentages of IL-17-producing CD4+ T-cells compared to non-drug users. Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 37 PWH undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) using cannabis (10), cocaine (7), or cannabis plus cocaine (10) and non-drug users (10) were stimulated with HIV-1 Gag or CMV-pp65 peptide pools, or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and evaluated for IFN-γ- and/or IL-17A-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells using flow cytometry. Cannabis plus cocaine use increased HIV-specific IL-17 producing T-cells and cocaine use increased IL-17 CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses which could favor the inflammatory conditions associated with IL-17 overproduction.

COVID-19 vaccination induces distinct T-cell responses in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients and immunocompetent children

Immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination are attenuated in adult solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) and additional vaccine doses are recommended for this population. However, whether COVID-19 mRNA vaccine responses are limited in pediatric SOTRs (pSOTRs) compared to immunocompetent children is unknown. Due to SARS-CoV-2 evolution and mutations that evade neutralizing antibodies, T cells may provide important defense in SOTRs who mount poor humoral responses. Therefore, we assessed anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers, surrogate neutralization, and spike (S)-specific T-cell responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in pSOTRs and their healthy siblings (pHCs) before and after the bivalent vaccine dose. Despite immunosuppression, pSOTRs demonstrated humoral responses to both ancestral strain and Omicron subvariants following the primary ancestral strain monovalent mRNA COVID-19 series and multiple booster doses. These responses were not significantly different from those observed in pHCs and significantly higher six months after vaccination than responses in adult SOTRs two weeks post-vaccination. However, pSOTRs mounted limited S-specific CD8+ T-cell responses and qualitatively distinct CD4+ T-cell responses, primarily producing IL-2 and TNF with less IFN-γ production compared to pHCs. Bivalent vaccination enhanced humoral responses in some pSOTRs but did not shift the CD4+ T-cell responses toward increased IFN-γ production. Our findings indicate that S-specific CD4+ T cells in pSOTRs have distinct qualities with unknown protective capacity, yet vaccination produces cross-reactive antibodies not significantly different from responses in pHCs. Given altered T-cell responses, additional vaccine doses in pSOTRs to maintain high titer cross-reactive antibodies may be important in ensuring protection against SARS-CoV-2.

Immunogenicity Assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 Protein Subunit Recombinant Vaccine (CoV2-IB 0322) in a Substudy of a Phase 3 Trial in Indonesia.

COVID-19 is one of the most devastating pandemics of the 21st century. Vaccination is one of the most effective prevention methods in combating COVID-19, and one type of vaccine being developed was the protein subunit recombinant vaccine. We evaluated the efficacy of the CoV2-IB 0322 vaccine in Depok, Indonesia. This study aimed to assess the humoral and cellular immune response of the CoV2-IB 0322 vaccine compared to an active control vaccine (COVOVAX™ Vaccine). A total of 120 subjects were enrolled and randomized into two groups, with 60 subjects in each group. Participants received either two doses of the CoV2-IB 0322 vaccine or two doses of the control vaccine with a 28-day interval between doses. Safety assessments were conducted through onsite monitoring and participant-reported adverse events. Immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring IgG anti-RBD SARS-CoV-2 and IgG-neutralizing antibodies. Cellular immunity was assessed by specific T-cell responses. Whole blood samples were collected at baseline, 14 days, 6 months, and 12 months after the second dose for cellular immunity evaluation. Both vaccines showed high seropositive rates, with neutralizing antibody and IgG titers peaking 14 days after the second dose and declining by 12 months. The seroconversion rate of anti-S IgG was 100% in both groups, but the rate of neutralizing antibody seroconversion was lower in the CoV2-IB 0322 vaccine group at 14 days after the second dose (p = 0.004). The CoV2-IB 0322 vaccine showed higher IgG GMT levels 6 and 12 months after the second dose (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01). T-cell responses, evaluated by IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 production by CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, showed similar results without significant differences between both groups, except for %IL-2/CD4+ cells 6 months after the second dose (p = 0.038). Both vaccines showed comparable B- and T-cell immunological response that diminish over time.

Personalized Neoantigen DNA Cancer Vaccines: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Tumor mutation-derived neoantigens are considered promising targets for cancer immunotherapy. Personalized vaccines have emerged as an approach to deliver neoantigens and thereby trigger the induction of specific T-cell responses that can find and eliminate tumor cells based on the cell-surface presence of neoantigens. To this end, several neoantigen vaccine formats have provided encouraging results in clinical trials, resulting in neoantigen immunogenicity and clinical benefit. DNA offers a versatile and safe platform to deliver neoantigens and immune stimulants in a single entity through vaccination. Herein, we provide an overview of how DNA vaccines are being used as a means to deliver personalized neoantigens to cancer patients. We summarize the developments in DNA vaccine formulation and delivery technologies that contribute to elicit robust immune responses after vaccination. We outline the main results from central preclinical and clinical investigations, showing that neoantigen DNA vaccines induce a specific immune response directed against tumor neoantigens. Lastly, we discuss the opportunities and challenges for neoantigen DNA vaccines as an individualized approach to immunotherapy of cancer.

Abstract 1193: Peripheral immune analyses from phase I trial of HPV vaccine PRGN-2009 in combination with bintrafusp alfa in patients with HPV-associated cancers

Abstract Background: PRGN-2009 is a novel gorilla adenovirus vaccine targeting HPV16/18, and bintrafusp alfa (BA) is a bifunctional anti-PD-L1/TGFβ fusion protein. Patients with pretreated advanced HPV-associated malignancies received PRGN-2009 vaccine (5 × 1011 particle units, subcutaneous administration) q2 weeks for 3 administrations and biweekly 1200mg BA followed by q4 weeks vaccine and biweekly BA (NCT04432597), with an overall response rate of 30%. We report here correlative analyses from this first-in-human Phase I study using peripheral blood from 10 patients with HPV16+ (n=8), HPV18+ (n=1), or HPV45+ (n=1) disease to identify immune correlates associated with clinical response. Methods: Peripheral HPV-specific T cell responses, HPV circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from plasma, serum cytokines and soluble factors, and peripheral immune cell subsets were assessed to evaluate changes induced with treatment and peripheral correlates associated with clinical activity. Patients with complete response (CR, n=1), partial response (PR, n=2; 1 confirmed) or stable disease (SD, n=1) (n=4 total) were compared to patients with progressive disease (PD, n=6). Results: Eighty percent (8/10) of patients developed either HPV16 or HPV18-specific T-cell responses after repeat administration of PRGN-2009 with BA. Eight of 10 patients had detectable HPV16 or 18 ctDNA at baseline and changes in ctDNA load with treatment generally correlated with outcomes. Early transient increases in IL-8, TNFα, and IFNγ occurred, with greater increases in IL-8 at 2 weeks and TNFα at 4 weeks in patients with PD compared to CR/PR/SD. The patient who achieved a durable CR had HPV45+ disease, and had a) a 50% increase in CD8+ T cell frequency at 2 weeks, b) increases in frequencies of CD8+ naïve T cells expressing Ki67+ and central and effector memory T cells expressing 4-1BB, PD-1, or TIM-3, and c) considerable increases in HPV18-specific T cell responses through 484 days after treatment start, indicating durable antigen-specific T cell activity. Conclusions: The majority of patients developed HPV16/18 specific T-cell responses after repeat administration of PRGN-2009 in combination with BA. Transient increases in IL-8 and TNFα 2-4 weeks after start of treatment were associated with worse outcomes, suggesting that early changes in cytokines may reflect disease course. Furthermore, the early expansion of CD8+ T cell subsets in the patient developing a CR with HPV45+ disease after receiving a vaccine targeting HPV16 and HPV18 epitopes suggest a broadening and boosting of T cell responses that enabled potent anti-tumor activity. A high degree of homology between HPV18 and HPV45 may have contributed to the expansion of HPV18 specific T cells in the patient with CR. These data highlight the importance of assessing peripheral blood in immunotherapy trials to reveal important immunological phenomena. Citation Format: Meghali Goswami, Charalampos S. Floudas, Julius Strauss, Douglas E. Brough, Amy R. Lankford, Caroline Jochems, James L. Gulley, Jeffrey Schlom, Renee N. Donahue. Peripheral immune analyses from phase I trial of HPV vaccine PRGN-2009 in combination with bintrafusp alfa in patients with HPV-associated cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1193.

Abstract 5309: ATOR-4066, a Neo-X-Prime™ bispecific antibody targeting CD40 and CEACAM5, induces tumor localized immune cell activation in preclinical in vivo tumor model

Abstract ATOR-4066 is a preclinical stage bispecific antibody targeting CD40 and CEACAM5, based on Alligator’s novel Neo-X-Prime™ antibody technology platform. ATOR-4066 induces a neoantigen specific T-cell response by simultaneous binding to CD40 on myeloid cells such as antigen presenting cells (APCs) and to CEACAM5 on tumor cells. CEACAM5 is a tumor-associated antigen highly expressed on several cancer indications such as colorectal and gastric cancer, as well as on tumor-derived material. ATOR-4066 treatment results in (1) CEACAM5-conditional CD40-mediated activation of APCs and (2) enhanced uptake of tumor-derived material, leading to cross-presentation of neoantigen and priming of neoantigen-specific T cells, resulting in enhanced tumor cell killing. We have previously shown evidence of a potent anti-tumor effect of ATOR-4066 in vivo, superior to the effects observed with the corresponding CD40 mAb. Moreover, we have demonstrated CEACAM5-dependent activation of CD40-expressing cells in vitro, and an ability to mediate co-localization of CEACAM5-expressing tumor debris and CD40 expressing APCs. In addition, ATOR-4066 was shown to induce CEACAM5-conditional activation of tumor-infiltrating CD40-expressing immune cells in dissociated primary human tumor material from colorectal and gastric cancer patients. Here we present data further elucidating the mode of action of ATOR-4066 in vivo. Following ATOR-4066 treatment, tumors and lymph nodes were isolated from human CD40 transgenic mice bearing MC38 tumors expressing human CEACAM5. Flow cytometry analysis shows an increased number of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in mice treated with ATOR-4066 compared to treatments with CD40 mAb or vehicle. The study also reveals upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD86 on DCs and macrophages after treatment with ATOR-4066 compared to groups treated with CD40 mAb or vehicle. The effect was localized to the tumor microenvironment and not observed in tumor draining lymph nodes, confirming previous in vitro results demonstrating CEACAM5-conditional immune activation. Moreover, RNA-sequencing of tumor samples displayed distinct transcriptomic alterations following ATOR-4066 treatment vs. CD40 mAb or vehicle treatment in vivo. In contrast, RNA-sequencing of peripheral blood in ATOR-4066 treated mice showed only small transcriptomic differences compared to the vehicle treated group, but distinct from mice treated with a CD40 mAb, further demonstrating the CEACAM5 dependent response of ATOR-4066. In summary, these preclinical data demonstrate that ATOR-4066 activates infiltrating myeloid cells resulting in increases in activated tumor infiltrating T cells, thus creating a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment, which strongly supports further development and clinical testing of ATOR-4066. Citation Format: Hampus Andersson, Ida Uddbäck, Mona Celander, Maria Johansson, Lill Ljung, Anneli Nilsson, Amulya Krishna Shetty, David Gomez Jimenez, Mattias Levin, Sara Fritzell, Laura von Schantz, Malin Lindstedt, Karin Hägerbrand, Anette Sundstedt, Peter Ellmark. ATOR-4066, a Neo-X-Prime™ bispecific antibody targeting CD40 and CEACAM5, induces tumor localized immune cell activation in preclinical in vivo tumor model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5309.