Specific Rotation Research Articles

Asymmetric Cationic Polymerization of Benzofuran through a Reversible Chain-Transfer Mechanism: Optically Active Polybenzofuran with Controlled Molecular Weights

Benzofuran (BzF) is a prochiral, 1,2-disubstituted, unsymmetric cyclic olefin that can afford optically active polymers by asymmetric polymerization, unlike common acyclic vinyl monomers. Although asymmetric cationic polymerization of BzF was reported by Natta et al. in the 1960s, the polymer structure has not been clarified, and there are no reports on molecular weight control. Herein, we report dual control of the optical activity and molecular weight of poly(BzF) using thioether-based reversible chain-transfer agents for asymmetric cationic polymerization with β-amino acid derivatives as chiral additives and aluminum chloride as a catalyst. This asymmetric moderately living cationic polymerization leads to an increase in molecular weight and specific optical rotation with monomer conversion. In addition, asymmetric block polymers consisting of opposite absolute configurational segments were synthesized using both enantiomers sequentially as chiral additives. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the polymerization products and the model reaction revealed that the optical activity of poly(BzF) originates from the threo-diisotactic structure, which occurs by regio-, trans-, and enantioselective propagation.

Biomimetic synthesis of L-DOPA inspired by tyrosine hydroxylase

L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is in high demand as the cornerstone for treatment of Parkinson's disease. The current production of L-DOPA is associated with poor productivity and long production period. Biomimetic system inspired from tyrosine hydroxylase was developed to achieve the production of L-DOPA from tyrosine with high reactivity, efficiency, and specificity. The biomimetic system owned close resemblance of component and structure in comparison with tyrosine hydroxylase, consisting of tyrosine as substrate, a redox complex of Fe2+ and EDTA as the catalyst to simulate the active center of the natural tyrosine hydroxylase, hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant, and ascorbic acid as the reductant. HPLC, HPLC-MS/MS, 1H NMR, and specific rotation identified L-DOPA was generated. The system showed high catalytic activity and regioselectivity for hydroxylation of tyrosine as equal to tyrosine hydroxylase. FeIVO2+ was formed as the major active species, and NIH shift was observed. EDTA accelerated the reaction by reducing the redox potential of Fe3+/Fe2+ couple. Density functional theory calculation suggested formation of FeIVO2+ was more thermodynamically favorable. The biomimetic system shared analogous catalytic mechanism with TyrH. Process parameters was optimized for maximum production of L-DOPA, namely 6.4 mM tyrosine, 1.6 mM Fe2+, 1.92 mM EDTA, 150 mM H2O2, and 35 mM ascorbic acid in 0.2 M glycine-HCl buffer at pH 4.5 and 60 °C. The yield, titer, and productivity were obtained as 52.01%, 3.22 mM, and 48,210.68 mg L−1 h−1, respectively. The proposed method exhibited an amazing productivity, might provide a promising strategy to industrialize L-DOPA production.

Furanone, morpholinone and tetrahydrofuran derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Talaromyces sp. PSU-MF07

Three new compounds including one furanone, one morpholinone and one tetrahydrofuran together with three known compounds were isolated from the broth extract of the marine-derived fungus Talaromyces sp. PSU-MF07. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods. The relative configuration was assigned using NOEDIFF data whereas the absolute configurations were established by Mosher’s method, specific rotations and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Some isolated compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity. Only known penioxalicin exhibited weak antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SK1 with an MIC value of 200 µg/mL.

GYROTROPY FEATURES OF AN IMPERFECT OPTICALLY ACTIVE 1D PHOTONIC ORIENTATIONALLY DISORDERED CRYSTAL

The paper is devoted to gyrotropic characteristics of a non-ideal 1D photonic crystal with an arbitrary number of sublattices (of which one is the optically active potassium dithionate K2S2O6) and to their variation due to a random layer substitution in the K2S2O6 sublattice by modeling impurity layers of an orientationally disordered molecular crystal. We adopt a microscopic approach to study the specific (per unit volume) light polarization plane rotation angle in the exciton spectrum region and perform the numerical calculation of the superlattice optical activity dependence on concentrations of impurity layers and of point-like defects (orientationally disordered molecules) which the latter contain.

High circular polarization recognition quantum well infrared photodetector based on a chiral metamaterial microcavity

Circular polarization detection has important applications in the field of infrared detection. In this paper, a chiral metamaterial microcavity is designed to enhance the recognition of circularly polarized light (CPL) by a quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP). By sandwiching the quantum well material and GaAs electrodes between a metallic chiral metamaterial and a gold substrate to form a microcavity structure, CPL discrimination can be achieved, and inter-subband absorption in the quantum well active region can also be improved. The electric field distribution is calculated and analyzed with the finite-difference time-domain method. Under the incidence of left circularly polarized light, the metallic chiral metamaterial on the surface excites the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) effect, which enhances the electric field ( E Z ) perpendicular to the growth direction of the quantum well, and the coupling efficiency can reach 950% at 14.9 µm wavelength. The SPP resonance wavelength matches the inherent response wavelength of the quantum well, so the inter-subband absorption of the quantum well is increased to about 0.9. At right circularly polarized light incidence, the coupling efficiency is only 105%, and the inter-subband absorption is only about 0.1 because the SPP effect is not effectively excited. Since chiral metamaterials can enhance the circular dichroism of quantum wells, when our designed structure is combined with QWIP, the circular polarization extinction ratio of QWIP can be increased to nine, which is much higher than 2.5 for a typical circular polarization detector. In addition, the inter-subband absorption will also be greatly improved under the incidence of CPL in a specific rotation direction. By optimizing the structural parameters, the resonance wavelength can be matched with the QWIP of different detection bands, which provides a new idea for the improvement of the performance of a quantum well infrared circular polarization photodetector in the long wave range.

EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPOST, POTASSIUM HUMATE, AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON MAIZE GROWTH

Food security is the major issue in Pakistan due to exponential increase in its population. Pakistan’ economy is highly dependent upon its agriculture sector which especially relies on its major crops. There is a huge gap between the output and actual requirements of food produce. The extensive cropping system over the years and specific crop rotation on the same organic matter are speedily converting productive and fertile soils into barren soils which are causing not only quantitative but also qualitative loss of crop outcome. There is a dire need to promote the use of non-conventional approached along with conventional approaches for maximum production of crops especially maize. In University of Agriculture Faisalabad a field trial was carried out at experimental area to figure out the effect of integrated nitrogen management on growth and yield of maize. In the experiment RCBD design was used with four replications. The integrated effect of potassium humate, compost and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of maize was studied under field conditions. Where humic acid @ 5 L ha-1 and compost @ 100 kg ha-1 along with NPK at @ 175:150:100 kg ha-1 were applied. Plant height, ear leaf length, number of grains per cob, grain yield, Chlorophyll content in leaves, nitrogen contents in grain and leaves and various other growth parameters were recorded at maturity. Integrated use of compost and humic acid along with NPK significantly affected all growth and yield parameters.

Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes with Anti-Inflammatory Activities from the Endophytic Fungus Penicillium citrinum DF47.

Seven new bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes (1-7), namely penicibisabolanes A-G, together with eight known analogs (8-15) were obtained from the AcOEt extract of the millet fermentation broth of the endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum DF47, which was isolated from the fresh root of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. The gross structures of new metabolites were determined on the basis of the spectroscopic data (HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra), while their absolute configurations were resolved by comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra, in association with specific rotation data. Compound 1 is a rare seco-trinor-bisabolane sesquiterpene found in nature, while 3 is the first example of phenolic bisabolanes bearing a methoxy group at C-1. All the isolates were evaluated their inhibitory effects against NO production in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Among them, compounds 7 and 13 showed moderately anti-inflammatory effects with the inhibitory rate more than 50 % at the concentration of 20 μM.

Sesquiterpenes from the soil-derived fungus Trichoderma citrinoviride PSU-SPSF346.

Two new sesquiterpenes, trichocitrinovirenes A (1) and B (2), and five known compounds including four structurally related sesquiterpenes and one γ-lactone were isolated from the soil-derived fungus Trichoderma citrinoviride PSU-SPSF346. The structures were identified by analysis of their spectroscopic data. The relative configuration was assigned based on NOEDIFF data. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was established according to specific rotations and ECD data while that of compound 2 was proposed based on biosynthetic considerations. Compound 2 possesses a rare bicyclic sesquiterpene skeleton. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated.

Chevalinulins A and B, Proangiogenic Alkaloids with a Spiro[bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-diketopiperazine] Skeleton from Deep-Sea Cold-Seep-Derived Fungus Aspergillus chevalieri CS-122.

Chevalinulins A (1) and B (2), two indole diketopiperazine alkaloids containing an unprecedented spiro[bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-diketopiperazine] skeleton, together with a known analogue neoechinulin B (3), were isolated from the deep-sea cold-seep-derived fungus Aspergillus chevalieri CS-122. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, specific rotation (SR), and NMR calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant in vivo proangiogenic activity in transgenic zebrafish.

Deoxybuzonamine Isomers from the Millipede Brachycybe lecontii (Platydesmida: Andrognathidae)

Millipedes (Diplopoda) are well known for their toxic or repellent defensive secretions. Here, we describe (6aR,10aS,10bR)-8,8-dimethyldodecahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline [trans-anti-trans-deoxybuzonamine (1a)] and (rel-6aR,10aR,10bR)-8,8-dimethyldodecahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline [trans-syn-cis-deoxybuzonamine (1b)], two isomers of deoxybuzonamine found in the chemical defense secretions of the millipede Brachycybe lecontii Wood (Colobognatha, Platydesmida, Andrognathidae). The carbon-nitrogen skeleton of these compounds was determined from their MS and GC-FTIR spectra obtained from the MeOH extract of whole millipedes, along with a subsequent selective synthesis. Their structures were established from their 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D NMR (COSY, NOESY, multiplicity-edited HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, HMBC) spectra. Additionally, computational chemistry (DFT and DP4) was used to identify the relative configurations of 1a and 1b by comparing predicted 13C data to their experimental values, and the absolute configuration of 1a was determined by comparing its experimental specific rotation with that of the computationally calculated value. This is the first report of dodecahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline alkaloids from a platydesmidan millipede.

Industrial equipment detection algorithm under complex working conditions based on ROMS R-CNN.

In the paper, we proposed a deep learning-based industrial equipment detection algorithm ROMS R-CNN (Rotation Occlusion Multi-Scale Region-CNN). It can solve the problem of inaccurate detection of industrial equipment under complex working conditions such as multi-scale ratio, rotation tilt, occlusion and overlap. The method proposed in this paper first is to construct the MobileNetV2 as the feature pyramid network, and then to combine high semantic information with high resolution information solved industrial equipment detection of different scales. Secondly, a specific rotation anchor scheme is proposed, and the data set is clustered through the k-means algorithm to obtain a specific aspect ratio. Combined with the rotation angle, a rotation anchor of any direction and size is generated to solve the problem of easy tilting of industrial equipment. Finally, a Non-Maximum Suppression algorithm with penalty factors is introduced to solve the overlapping in industrial equipment detection. The experimental results in common industrial equipment detection show that this method is better than other algorithms, significantly improves the missed detection and false detection, and the mAP reaches 0.939.

Physician Assistant Interest in Men's Health and Other Post-Graduate Sub-Specialty Training

ABSTRACT Introduction Physician Assistants (PAs) have the ability to practice in nearly every medical specialty and subspecialty under the supervision of a physician. Currently, there are limited opportunities for PA students to be exposed to men's health clinical rotations during their training. To date, there are no men's health-specific fellowship opportunities for PA students in the United States (US). Objective This study aimed to assess current PA students’ knowledge of men's health, their interest in various medical specialties and subsequent pursuit of a post-graduate fellowship, and to provide insight into the motivations for continuing such education or deterrents to doing so. Methods An online survey using Qualtrics was distributed via email to PA program administrators, as well as posted on Twitter, and PA forums for PA students currently enrolled in US training programs. Results 92 subjects completed the survey (average age 26 years old, range 18-49). Areas of greatest clinical interest were family and emergency medicine with 47% and 45% of subjects being interested in those fields, respectively. Nearly 51% of subjects reported being ‘somewhat’ to ‘very interested’ in men's health specific concerns, while 48% of subjects indicated they did not receive enough training about men's health during their education. Nearly 40% reported being ‘somewhat’ to ‘very interested’ in having a men's health specific rotation. 88% of subjects were interested in learning outpatient clinic procedures in general and 65% reported interest in learning outpatient clinic procedures specifically related to men's health. 36% of subjects were interested in completing a post graduate fellowship in any specialty with 64% stating they ‘would not want to’ or were ‘unsure’. Nearly 65% of subjects reported reduced salary would play a role in their decision about fellowship. Other barriers to pursuing fellowship training included being unsure of what specialty they were interested in and believing there were not enough opportunities. 63% of subjects reported that increasing their marketability when looking for jobs would be the greatest benefit of completing a fellowship with others reporting increased autonomy and seeing a higher number of patients in a specialized center. Conclusions Most subjects reported interest in learning outpatient clinic procedures with just about two thirds expressing interest in those specifically related to men's health. More than half of subjects expressed interest in learning more about men's health while almost half agreed that they did not receive enough training during their time in school. The biggest barrier for subjects participating in a post graduate fellowship was the financial aspect, but subjects also recognized that the additional training would increase their marketability. Additional work needs to be done to assess how best to provide specialty training for those interested, during and following PA school. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Boston Scientific, Endo Pharmaceuticals

Chiral NMR analysis reveals the environmental dependence of areolal scalemization in Piptothrix areolare

The occurrence of racemic and enantiomerically enriched (scalemic) mixtures of secondary metabolites in their natural sources is a rare phenomenon. The unprecedent case of enantiomeric variations from levorotatory to dextrorotatory, and back to levorotatory, passing through an almost racemic mixture, was recently documented for areolal, the major epoxythymol of Piptothrix areolare. In an attempt to shed some light to understand the reasons for such an unusual behavior, herein, we evaluated this phenomenon by correlating the areolal enantiomeric purity with several environmental variables, including temperature, humidity, rain precipitation, wind speed, and radiation during over 1 year of the plant life cycle. The specific rotation and enantiomeric excess determined by 1 H-NMR-BINOL measurements provided the scalemic variations of areolal samples isolated from the roots collected from the same location along a 427-day period. The 1 H-NMR-BINOL methodology provided better sensitivity to enantiomeric variations than specific rotation measurements. Statistical data, including matrix correlation analysis, exploratory analysis by heatmap plotting, and the principal component analysis (PCA), suggested direct correlation of the scalemic variation with humidity, rain precipitation, and radiation variables with the best PCA explanation (78.4%) and noncritical or poor correlations in PCA explained in 60.2% and 48.4%, respectively. When variations in the optical activity parameter of any metabolite are observed, the search for scalemic mixtures along their host plant life cycle should be undertaken. Herein, this phenomenon could be associated with interactions with soil microorganisms and with evolutionary aspects of Piptothrix areolare which belongs to Asteraceae, one of the most successfully adaptable plant families.

Isolation, Structure Determination, and Semisynthesis of Diphenazine Compounds from a Deep-Sea-Derived Strain of the Fungus Cystobasidium laryngis and Their Biological Activities.

Phenazostatins E-J (1-6), six new diphenazine derivatives, were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the culture broth of a strain of Cystobasidium laryngis derived from deep-sea sediments of the Indian Ocean Ridge. The structures of 1-6 were elucidated based on the HRESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The absolute configurations of 1-6, except for 3 and 6, were determined by modified Mosher's method, ECD data analysis, and calculations of optical rotation values. The absolute configurations of 3 and 6 were identified by chemical derivatization and comparing the specific rotation values with those of semisynthetic 3 obtained by the oxidation of 1 and saphenic acid (7). Phenazostatin J (6) was semisynthesized using saphenic acid (7) to prepare additional material for biological testing. During the purification of semisynthetic 6, a side product 9 was obtained from the reaction mixture along with 6. Compounds 1-6, along with previously reported 7 and 8, were assessed for anti-neuroinflammatory activity in LPS-induced BV-2 microglia cells. Compound 6 exhibited the highest anti-neuroinflammatory effect with an IC50 value of 0.30 μM, but it showed cytotoxicity at higher concentrations than 1.0 μM. Accordingly, cytotoxicities of 1-9 were evaluated against six human cancer cell lines. Among tested compounds, 6 and 9 showed potent cytotoxicity (IC50 values: 7.7-72 nM). Especially, 6 exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 7.7 nM against the NUGC-3 (stomach) cell line, displaying 19-fold stronger activity than the positive control, adriamycin.

A rare isoflavone-quinone and a new flavanone from the roots of Dalbergia stipulacea Roxb.

Two previously undescribed compounds, namely dalpulapans F and G (1 and 2), along with 11 known compounds were isolated from the MeOH crude extract of the roots of Dalbergia stipulacea. Dalpulapan F was found as a rare isoflavone-quinone derivative. Their structures and absolute configurations were supported by extensive spectroscopic data analysis, including 1 D and 2 D NMR, HRESIMS data, specific rotation data, and comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD data. Cytotoxicity evaluation of the isolated compounds against HepG2 and KKU-M156 cell lines revealed that isoflavonoid 9 and rotenoid 13 exhibited the most activity against the two cell lines.

Anti-Inflammatory Dysidazirine Carboxylic Acid from the Marine Cyanobacterium Caldora sp. Collected from the Reefs of Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Dysidazirine carboxylic acid (1) was isolated from the lipophilic extract of a collection of the benthic marine cyanobacterium Caldora sp. from reefs near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The planar structure of this new compound was determined by spectroscopic methods and comparisons between HRMS and NMR data with its reported methyl ester. The absolute configuration of the single chiral center was determined by the conversion of 1 to the methyl ester and the comparison of its specific rotation data with the two known methyl ester isomers, 2 and 3. Molecular sequencing with 16S rDNA indicated that this cyanobacterium differs from Caldora penicillata (Oscillatoriales) and represents a previously undocumented and novel Caldora species. Dysidazirine (2) showed weak cytotoxicity against HCT116 colorectal cancer cells (IC50 9.1 µM), while dysidazirine carboxylic acid (1) was non-cytotoxic. Similar cell viability patterns were observed in RAW264.7 cells with dysidazirine only (2), displaying cytotoxicity at the highest concentration tested (50 µM). The non-cytotoxic dysidazirine carboxylic acid (1) demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. After 24 h, 1 inhibited the production of NO by almost 50% at 50 µM, without inducing cytotoxicity. Compound 1 rapidly decreased gene expression of the pro-inflammatory gene iNOS after 3 h post-LPS treatment and in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 ~1 µM); the downregulation of iNOS persisted at least until 12 h.

Structure‐Proving Syntheses of the Polyenoyltetramic Acids Pyranonigrin J and I

AbstractThe polyenoyltetramic acids pyranonigrin J (3) and pyranonigrin I (4) had been isolated from Aspergillus niger. Their origins from and roles in biosynthesis as well as the S‐configurations of their stereocenter had been deduced from expression experiments with modifications of the corresponding gene cluster. We corroborated this stereochemical assignment after executing the first total syntheses of both compounds because they had essentially the same specific rotations as their natural counterparts. Our syntheses used the β‐ketothioester 18 as a conjunctive reagent. It was combined with the l‐serine derivatives (S)‐19 or (S)‐21 (“Western building blocks”), respectively, through aminolyses. Stille couplings with the stannane 13 (“Eastern building block”) followed. The resulting β‐ketoamides (S)‐11 and (S)‐12 underwent desilylative Lacey‐Dieckmann cyclizations when exposed to 8 equiv. of Bu4NF. They rendered the polyenoyltetramic acids (S)‐26 [acidolysis: → (S)‐3] and (S)‐4, respectively.

Evaluation of Upper Limb Joint Contribution to Racket Head Speed in Elite Tennis Players Using IMU Sensors: Comparison between the Cross-Court and Inside-Out Attacking Forehand Drive.

This study aimed to quantify and compare the upper limb angular kinematics and its contributions to the racket head speed between the cross-court (CC) and inside-out (IO) attacking tennis forehand of elite tennis players in a competitive environment. A new approach was used to study the forehand drive with mini-inertial sensors of motion capture to record the kinematic data. Six strokes in each direction per participant (72 shots in total) were chosen for analysis. Upper limb kinematics were calculated in the Visual 3D platform (Visual 3D Professional V5.01.21, C-motion, Germantown, MD, USA). The method used to calculate the upper limb’s contributions was performed with MATLAB software and used the segment’s (upper arm, forearm and hand) angular velocities and their respective displacement vectors obtained through the inertial sensors. Upper limb kinematics demonstrated a higher shoulder rotation in the IO direction with significant differences at the end of the backswing, which could be a key factor in distinguishing the two directions of the shot. Results also demonstrated that the horizontal flexion of the upper arm (around the shoulder joint) was primarily responsible for the racket velocity in the anteroposterior direction (48.1% CC and 45.2% IO), followed by the extension of the forearm (around the elbow joint) (17.3% CC and 20.9% IO) and the internal rotation of the upper arm (around the shoulder joint) (15.6% CC and 14.2% IO). No significant differences were shown in the contributions of upper limbs to the racket head velocity between the two directions of the shot. Tennis coaches and players should develop a specific training programme to perform higher angular velocities in these specific joint rotations.

A nonadride derivative from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus chevalieri PSU-AMF79

One new nonadride enantiomer, ent-epiheveadride, along with five known dioxopiperazine derivatives were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus chevalieri PSU-AMF79. Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of ent-epiheveadride was determined by comparison of the specific rotation and electronic circular dichroism data with those of related known compounds. It exhibited antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC90113 flucytosine–resistant and Candida albicans NCPF3153 with the MIC values of 128 and 200 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the known L-alanyl-L-tryptophan anhydride displayed TMEM16A inhibitory activity with 65.0% inhibition at a concentration of 5 µg/mL.

A 6-Gb/s Inductively-Powered Non-Contact Connector With Rotatable Transmission Line Coupler and Interface Bridge IC

A 6 Gb/s 9.8 pJ/b rotatable non-contact connector applicable to industrial robot arms is developed. The proposed non-contact connector enables a high-speed and highly reliable wireless data connection between three-dimensional (3-D) cameras and an edge computer in an autonomously controlled robot. A rotatable transmission line coupler (RTLC) is proposed to accommodate the rotational operation of the robot arm. Since the proposed doughnut-shaped RTLC has a constant overlapped area at any rotation angle, the RTLC has a constant coupling gain at all rotation angles. To remove inter-symbol interference (ISI) occurring at a specific rotation angle, a pulse-equalizing receiver is also developed. An interface bridge IC is proposed to transfer a wide range of interface signals from a slow-control signal such as the control area network (CAN) to a high-speed video interface signal. A signal protocol conversion technique applying on-off keying (OOK) modulation is also developed in order to transfer slow legacy interfaces used in the robot arms that include a dc component. Experiments with a test chip fabricated in a 40 nm CMOS process confirmed that bit error rate (BER) was lower than 10 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-12}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at any rotation angle in a communication distance of 3 mm. The proposed system improves energy efficiency by a factor of 3.7, area efficiency by a factor of 1.8.