Specific Regulations Research Articles

From thankfulness to taking it for granted – a qualitative study of dental education during COVID

IntroductionThe coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic brought public life to a standstill. For universities, this meant the suspension or corresponding adjustment of practical and theoretical teaching. In Germany, the Kiel Dental Clinic received special permits to start face-to-face teaching under appropriate hygienic conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study, which was conducted using a longitudinal qualitative panel, was to interview students and teachers over a period of three semesters under pandemic conditions regarding the effects of the pandemic on dental teaching at a structural, individual and social aspect in order to determine which strategies can be acquired for future teaching design.MethodsQualitative methods based on interviews were used for data collection. The same dental students from different semesters (6th, 8th and 10th) and the same teaching staff responsible for the content and implementation of courses within the dental curriculum were interviewed in the summer semesters of 2020 and 2021. The data analysis was performed by qualitative content analysis.ResultsA total of 27 students and 15 teaching staff participated. Our study team received interesting results on the implications of the teaching and learning situation from the start of the emergency transition to remote teaching and then to practical courses in face-to-face situations with specific regulations. Teaching under pandemic conditions resulted in a very stressful situation for the students and teaching staff. The learning process for teaching has led to an improvement in digital literacy for both groups over the last two years.DiscussionThis qualitative longitudinal study describes the different factors that played a role during the course of the various “Corona” semesters. The development process, from thankfulness to taking it for granted, demonstrated that students’ expectation towards the implementation of the courses increased. Simultaneously, the results clearly show that the degree of stress and anxiety among students and teachers increased also. The necessary self-structuring of everyday student life under COVID conditions was not possible for everyone. It was also noted that teachers in particular were aware of this and that they developed a certain vigilance towards students.

O PAPEL EMERGENTE DO FARMACÊUTICO NA SAÚDE ESTÉTICA: DESAFIOS E PERSPECTIVAS

This article addresses the role of pharmacists in promoting aesthetic health in a context of increasing social pressure for aesthetic standards. The aim of this study was to investigate how pharmacists play their role in aesthetic health, analyzing their training, specific regulations and contributions to patients' well-being. To search for literary reviews, data collection techniques were used in scientific articles, 8 articles were analyzed in databases such as SCIELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), rpmgf (Revista Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar), google academic and pubmed, according to content and year. The results revealed that pharmacists play a crucial role in promoting aesthetic health by offering a variety of services ranging from non-invasive procedures to the formulation of personalized cosmetic products. Furthermore, specific regulations and continuous training guarantee the safety and quality of the services provided. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of pharmacists in promoting a more inclusive and healthy view of beauty, while reinforcing the need to recognize and value their contribution to the health and well-being of the population.

A EFETIVIDADE DO DIREITO PREVIDENCIÁRIO E A IMPORTÂNCIA DA JUSTIÇA GRATUITA NA JUSTIÇA FEDERAL: DESAFIOS E PERSPECTIVAS

This article aims to analyze the effectiveness of Social Security Law at a global level, highlighting its purpose, objectives and challenges faced. The effectiveness of Social Security Law in society is crucial to guarantee financial support and dignity to people in times of vulnerability, such as old age, illness or disability. To obtain social security benefits, it is necessary to meet specific requirements, such as presenting complete documentation and proving disability or minimum age. Through bibliographic research and inductive methods, it is noted that Social Security is a vital tool for social protection, but faces bureaucratic challenges, lack of information and regional inequalities that can make access difficult. It is essential to continue improving public policies to ensure that all citizens can exercise their social security rights effectively and equitably. Therefore, the application of free justice at the federal level, highlighting its main objectives and developments, in order to guarantee everyone the right to seek judicial protection free of charge. Because of this, it promotes more inclusive justice. Furthermore, through specific rules and regulations, it allows low-income citizens to have their rights protected, regardless of their economic conditions.

Chemical Competing Diffusion for Practical All-Solid-State Batteries.

The thermal safety issues of currently available Ni-rich cathode-based power supplies brought in the development of all-solid-state batteries, yet the cascade reactions in Ni-rich materials and the chemo-mechanical degradation between the cathode and solid electrolyte diminished the cycle life. Here, by introducing a new heteroatom chemical competing diffusion strategy, we successfully stabilize the Ni-rich cathode and the contact face with an solid electrolyte. Combining extensive explorations in theoretical calculation and multiscale in/ex situ characterization, we elucidate the atomic-level chemical competing diffusion upon the topological lithiation of layered materials. The heteroatoms with higher binding energy to the coordinated oxygen served as the "oxygen anchor" in the bulk and alleviated the excessive oxygen oxidation through charge compensation, thus easing the chemical aggression of the solid electrolyte by evolved oxygen. Comparably, others were enriched in the surface and formed an ionic "diffusion regulator" with residual lithium, and the special ionic transfer regulation mechanism of the piezoelectric layer validly improved the interface compatibility with the solid electrolyte and weakened the space-charge layer in solid-state batteries. This helped the designed Ni-rich cathode-based sulfide solid-state battery exhibit excellent cyclability under 4.5 V (97.3% after 120 cycles). Our findings unlocked the structure-function relationship between the polarization field generated by the piezoelectric material and the electrode.

A Review of Contact Lens Regulations in the Asia Pacific Region.

The increased usage of nonrefractive cosmetic contact lenses in Asia and a trend toward increased online purchasing of both refractive and cosmetic contact lenses poses unique challenges in the management of contact lens-related complications. However, regulations have lagged behind this increased uptake in the community. This paper reviews regulations surrounding the manufacturing, import, and distribution of contact lenses in the Asia Pacific region and compares them with international regulations from the European Union and United States. It found a need for more specific regulations and closer surveillance targeted at new trends in contact lens purchasing and usage. This paper also found a need for more effective enforcement of current regulations.

The Corporate Legal Responsibility for The Leak of Personal Data of Application Consumers in Indonesia

The importance of using identity in the form of personal data in all activities related to the fulfillment of rights encourages someone to provide personal data information. Voluntary and mandatory giving is a shame for individuals who seek more profit by using someone's personal data without the permission of the owner of the personal data concerned. The scope and formulation of this research problem focuses on the use of personal data without permission which can be qualified as a criminal offense and what criminal responsibility there is for perpetrators who use personal data without permission. The method used in this writing is the juridical-normative-conceptual legal research method. Research shows that the use of personal data without permission is a criminal offense by fulfilling the elements of general criminal regulations and related special regulations below. In Indonesia, criminal responsibility for perpetrators still does not have specific regulations regarding the imposition of criminal sanctions, so that responsibility is contained in separate regulations. The separate regulations contain several aspects of the protection of a person's personal data in general. The imposition of a crime against a corporation and/or its management does not preclude the possibility of a criminal being imposed on other perpetrators who, based on the provisions of the Law, are proven to be involved in the crime. Based on this research, the government, as the protector and guarantor of citizens' rights regarding the importance of personal data, must immediately ratify the Draft Law on Personal Data Protection for the sake of legal certainty.

URGENSI REKONSTRUKSI HUKUM TERKAIT PERLINDUNGAN DATA DI INDONESIA

Every activity is always based on the law, especially the law on Information and Electronic Transactions and the law on personal data protection, which is considered urgent in the current era of digital transformation. The law must be able to oversee community activities, because daily activities are inseparable from technology. If users are not equipped with data security systems and experience, there is a concern that they will be vulnerable to cybercrime. Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions and Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, which regulate cybercrime in general but have not yet been comprehensively addressed, cause concern among the public.This research is structured with a normative type through a conceptual and legislative approach, as well as through a case approach by analyzing cases related to cybercrime, such as the recent data breach involving President Joko Widodo. Based on these conditions, it is very urgent to enforce cybercrime law and reconstruct laws related to cybercrime in the Digital Transformation Era, similar to countries that already have specific regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The enforcement of the law can start with the implementation of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, and then reconstruct the laws related to cybercrime to produce regulations that comprehensively address cybercrime. The hope is that this method can address the challenges of society in the era of digital transformation.

The dichotomic role of cytokines in aging.

The chronic inflammation present in aged individuals is generally depicted as a detrimental player for longevity. Here, it is discussed several beneficial effects associated with the cytokines that are chronically elevated in inflammaging. These cytokines, such as IL-1β, type I interferons, IL-6 and TNF positively regulate macroautophagy, mitochondrial function, anti-tumor immune responses and skeletal muscle biogenesis, possibly contributing to longevity. On the other side, the detrimental and antagonistic role of these cytokines including the induction of sarcopenia, tissue damage and promotion of tumorigenesis are also discussed, underscoring the dichotomy associated with inflammaging and its players. In addition, it is discussed the role of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and other cytokines that affect aging in a more linear way, such as IL-11, which promotes senescence, and IL-4 and IL-15, which promotes longevity. It is also discussed more specific regulators of aging that are downstream cytokines-mediated signaling.

Regulation of neuronal fate specification and connectivity of the thalamic reticular nucleus by the Ascl1-Isl1 transcriptional cascade

The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is an anatomical and functional hub that modulates the flow of information between the cerebral cortex and thalamus, and its dysfunction has been linked to sensory disturbance and multiple behavioral disorders. Therefore, understanding how TRN neurons differentiate and establish connectivity is crucial to clarify the basics of TRN functions. Here, we showed that the regulatory cascade of the transcription factors Ascl1 and Isl1 promotes the fate of TRN neurons and concomitantly represses the fate of non-TRN prethalamic neurons. Furthermore, we found that this cascade is necessary for the correct development of the two main axonal connections, thalamo-cortical projections and prethalamo-thalamic projections. Notably, the disruption of prethalamo-thalamic axons can cause the pathfinding defects of thalamo-cortical axons in the thalamus. Finally, forced Isl1 expression can rescue disruption of cell fate specification and prethalamo-thalamic projections in in vitro primary cultures of Ascl1-deficient TRN neurons, indicating that Isl1 is an essential mediator of Ascl1 function in TRN development. Together, our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms for TRN neuron differentiation and circuit formation.

Examining Face Recognition Technologies and Privacy: Ethical and Legal Choices

Facial recognition technologies exist in society. When they were implemented, it was not considered that the use of this technology could lead to a breach of privacy of the individual. Not all countries have specific regulations and there is no standard to determine its international feasibility. This study presents the bibliometric and content analysis of scientific production in Scopus and Web of Science. A total of 169 documents published between 2000 and 2023 were identified. It was found that the most frequently used terms are privacy, facial recognition, surveillance, and security. It was concluded that there is legal and ethical debate because there is no clear protection of human rights for the misuse of this technology.

Legal Uncertainty Regarding the Synergy of Tax Authorities and Corruption Court Authorities in Imposing Tax on Assets Proceedings of Corruption that Have Not Been Reported by Corrupt Perpetrators in Annual Tax Returns

This study discusses the legal uncertainty that affects the synergy between the Tax Authority and the Corruption Court Authority (Tipikor) in imposing taxes on assets resulting from corruption that have not been reported by the perpetrators in the Annual Tax Return (SPT). The lack of specific regulations governing the imposition of taxes on assets resulting from corruption causes differences in the interpretation and application of the law in the field, confusing law enforcement officers and business actors. In addition, this study identifies various obstacles faced in coordination between the two authorities, including communication problems, information sharing, and differences in objectives. Using a qualitative approach, this study collected data through interviews with legal practitioners and analysis of relevant legal documents. The results of the study indicate that the existing legal uncertainty and coordination constraints hinder efforts to effectively impose taxes on assets resulting from corruption, thereby harming state tax revenues. This study recommends the need to develop clearer regulations and better cooperation mechanisms between the Tax Authority and the Tipikor Court to improve tax compliance and reduce corrupt practices

The price of safety: Order picking in warehouses with in-house traffic regulations

Blue-collar work in warehouses is prone to occupational accidents, especially in large distribution centers where motorized traffic of forklifts, picking carts, and AGVs interferes with human pickers. To improve the safety of these work environments, many warehouses apply specific in-house traffic regulations. Prominent prohibitions include banning U-turns within aisles and left-turns at intersections. Further safety measures are one-way aisles and dedicated traffic lanes prohibiting picks from racks across the oncoming traffic. On the negative side of the safety-performance trade-off, these safety measures reduce routing flexibility and prolong picking tours. We explore the price of safety by integrating different in-house traffic regulations into an exact picker routing algorithm that finds optimal routes within multi-cross-aisle warehouses in polynomial time. We use state-of-the-art TSP solvers for safety measures where this is impossible. Our investigation enables managers to choose the right combination of traffic regulations to improve safety without increasing the picking tour length too much. Our computational results show that a fit of warehouse layout and safety measures is crucial, as they increase the optimal picker tours without restrictions between 3 and 139% on average.

A cross-sectional study of policies from American medical organizations about public communications from physicians in the digital age

As a professional duty, physicians are often required to publicly comment on health-related topics. However, ethical complexities can arise during discussions about high-profile individuals or events, especially in an era of rapid news cycles and digital media. The American Medical Association (AMA) has policies concerning physician commentary and media interactions, as does the American Psychiatric Association (i.e., the Goldwater Rule). Nevertheless, the extent to which other United States medical associations have adopted similar protocols remains underexplored. Focusing on non-psychiatric members of the AMA’s policymaking body, the Federation of Medicine (FMMs), this study sought to analyze cross-speciality perspectives. Between January-March 2024, online resources for N = 122 FMMs were reviewed (e.g., professional codes and position statements), followed by email outreach to verify positions and garner further insights. n = 47 FMMs provided sufficient information for inclusion, cumulatively representing approximately 950,000 members. n = 16 FMMs (34%) had guidelines or policies regarding public commentary, generally emphasizing accuracy, consent, and confidentiality. Yet, for the majority of FMMs (n = 31/66%), no specific regulations were identified; these organizations did not cite any proprietary statutes or deferred to AMA materials. Moreover, existing FMM policies largely overlooked the impact of Artificial Intelligence and digital misinformation, warranting cross-specialty exchanges to uphold credible discourse amid societal and technological shifts.

Artificial Intelligence in the Perspective of Indonesian Law: Subject or Object of Law?

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has presented new challenges in the field of law, particularly regarding its status as a legal subject or object in Indonesia. What is the legal position of artificial intelligence (AI) in Indonesia and what legal implications arise regarding its regulation as an object or subject of law in the Indonesian legal system? The purpose of this study is to explore and determine the legal position of AI in Indonesia, as well as analyze the legal implications that may arise from this status. This research uses a qualitative approach with normative legal research methods and comparative analysis. Data was obtained through a literature review that included national laws and regulations, international legal documents, and related academic literature. The results show that in the Indonesian legal system, AI is currently considered more as a legal object, without a personification status that allows recognition as a legal subject. This leads to various consequences, including liability issues in cases of harm caused by AI actions. This study also found that there are gaps in AI- specific regulations, creating room for debate on whether or not legal policy changes are needed to support AI as partial legal subjects or entities with limited liability. In conclusion, AI in Indonesian law is still positioned as a legal object with inadequate regulations to address the complexity of AI use in various sectors. There is a need to develop adaptive legal policies and a clearer regulatory framework to address the ethical challenges and legal responsibilities in this digital era. This research recommends legal reforms that consider a multidisciplinary approach and the precautionary principle to maximize the potential of AI without compromising legal protection for society.

PERLINDUNGAN MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DI KABUPATEN LUWU TIMUR

This research aims to find out and analyze the role of the East Luwu district government towards customary law communities. and To find out what the obstacles are in implementing the protection of customary law communities in East Luwu district. This type of research was carried out using the Normative-Empirical method. The results of the research show that East Luwu Regency, in recognizing and protecting its customary law communities, is by enacting Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2022 concerning Recognition and Protection of Customary Law Communities, where the regulation aims to provide legal certainty regarding the position and existence of customary law communities. Obstacles in the recognition and protection of customary law communities are related to legal factors where there are no more specific regulations governing the protection and recognition of customary law communities.

Design for policy strengthening: Analysis of forest fire disaster mitigation governance through ecotourism development integration in Siak Regency

This study aims to explain the design of policy strengthening in forest and land fire disaster mitigation governance, through the integration of ecotourism development in Siak Regency. Based on the research topic, this study employs a qualitative approach to describe governance conditions and the design of policy strengthening in ecotourism-based disaster mitigation governance. Data analysis is performed using Nvivo 12 Plus software. The results of this study indicate that forest and land fire disaster mitigation governance based on ecotourism development still has shortcomings that need to be addressed in the principles of conservation, economy, and community involvement. Then, the design of a policy to strengthen ecotourism-based disaster mitigation governance includes three crucial policy recommendations, namely: the need for special regulations related to forest and land fire disaster mitigation prevention based on the integration of ecotourism principle development, the need for a balance of roles between actors in determining and implementing ecotourism-based disaster mitigation policies, and the need for effective and efficient implementation of ecotourism-based disaster mitigation policies through increasing the involvement of strategic actors. Substantially, the handling of forest and land fire disasters in Siak Regency can be combined with ecotourism activities, especially in tourist village areas, by developing policies to strengthen the utilization of village-owned disaster mitigation facilities such as reservoirs, lakes, or ponds that are converted into water supplies during the dry season for forest and land fire disaster prevention activities and local economy-based tourist destinations. Our findings are a strategic effort to raise awareness among actors and highlight the need for policy-strengthening design in ecotourism-based disaster mitigation. These findings can also contribute to the literature that will be useful for all stakeholders in developing future long-term disaster mitigation governance policies. This study relies heavily on information from key informants, who represent only the perspectives and expertise of the stakeholders encountered. However, it still refers to important elements based on the informants’ knowledge capabilities in the disaster and tourism sectors. Therefore, we propose to conduct future studies on a comprehensive analysis of sustainable ecotourism-based disaster mitigation governance to promote and accelerate the idea of disaster and tourism in the future.

Penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika Terhadap Anak Pengedar Narkotika di Kota Medan

Implementation of Law no. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics in Medan City is an important issue in the context of legal protection for children involved as narcotics dealers. This research aims to analyze how the narcotics law is applied in cases involving children, as well as things that are considered in the law enforcement process and how criminal proceedings are carried out in the juvenile criminal justice system. This research provides an in-depth understanding of the application of special regulations, namely Law no. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, while still considering Law no. 11 of 2012 which regulates the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. This approach aims to ensure legal protection for children involved in narcotics crimes, so that the law can be applied fairly and protect children's rights. This research utilizes empirical juridical legal methods, where the main data is obtained through direct interviews with judges serving at the Special Class IA Medan District Court, thus enabling researchers to obtain relevant and in-depth perspectives regarding the application of this law in real practice in the judicial environment.

Subjects of Investment Activity in the Field of the Military-Industrial Complex

The concept of the subject engaged in investment activities in the military-industrial sector is examined from the view of investment law theory, current investment legislation, and specific regulations in the sphere in question. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that such a person should be a legal entity, which is listed in the consolidated register of military-industrial organizations and meets the necessary criteria. Their specific legal status is justified and explained, which entails additional public legal aspects and distinguishes them from other entities engaged in investment activities in other sectors of the economy.

Influence of Insulin Pen Needle Geometry on Pain Perception and Patient’s Acceptability: A Review

Diabetes is one of the most common diseases worldwide, with an increasing number of people affected. Insulin therapy is still the major treatment for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and has evolved from bulky syringes to modern insulin pens introduced in 1985. An insulin pen consists of three major parts: a cartridge, a single-use pen needle (PN), and a precision dosing mechanism. Initially, PNs were long and thick, causing great discomfort and concern. Thanks to advances in design, shorter and thinner needles have appeared on the market, improving patient acceptability and pain perception. Studies highlight the influence of PN geometry and other characteristics on injection-related pain, including length, diameter, bevel design, and hub. Despite a lack of specific international regulations for PN geometry, scientific publications have focused on exploring different PNs’ characteristics to optimize patient comfort and reduce pain. To guide the selection of suitable PNs, this review provides a round-up of literature research findings on the impact of PN geometry on pain perception and patient acceptability. Specifically, it provides an overview of the PN manufacturing process, current international regulations, and the state-of-the-art research on PN geometry affecting pain perception.

Nuclear receptor-SINE B1 network modulates expanded pluripotency in blastoids and blastocysts

Embryonic stem cells possess the remarkable ability to self-organize into blastocyst-like structures upon induction. These stem cell-based embryo models serve as invaluable platforms for studying embryogenesis and therapeutic developments. Nevertheless, the specific intrinsic regulators that govern this potential for blastoid formation remain unknown. Here we demonstrate an intrinsic program that plays a crucial role in both blastoids and blastocysts across multiple species. We first establish metrics for grading the resemblance of blastoids to mouse blastocysts, and identify the differential activation of gene regulons involved in lineage specification among various blastoid grades. Notably, abrogation of nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 2 (Nr1h2) drastically reduces blastoid formation. Nr1h2 activation alone is sufficient to rewire conventional ESC into a distinct pluripotency state, enabling them to form blastoids with enhanced implantation capacity in the uterus and contribute to both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages in vivo. Through integrative multi-omics analyses, we uncover the broad regulatory role of Nr1h2 in the transcriptome, chromatin accessibility and epigenome, targeting genes associated with embryonic lineage and the transposable element SINE-B1. The Nr1h2-centred intrinsic program governs and drives the development of both blastoids and early embryos.