Specific Minority Groups Research Articles

Association between adverse childhood experiences and current use of e-cigarettes or electronic vaping products across sex race ethnicity and age based on 2020–2022 BRFSS data

IntroductionThe use of e-cigarettes or other electronic vaping products (EOEVP) has been on the rise since their introduction. Concurrently, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have been linked to various negative behavioral health outcomes. We explore the association between ACEs and current EOEVP use, with a focus on variations across sex, race/ethnicity, and age.MethodsUtilizing data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for 2020–2022, we analyzed responses from 202,126 adults in the United States in a cross-sectional study. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of current EOEVP use for different levels of ACEs. Stratified and interaction analyses were used to examine potential effect modification.ResultsAmong adults 54 years of age and younger, even a lower number of ACEs [1 (aOR 1.52), 2 (aOR 2.01), and 3 (aOR 1.51)] was associated with higher odds of current EOEVP use. Stratified analyses revealed significant differences in the odds of current EOEVP use among Non-Hispanic White adults between 1 ACE (95% CI 1.75–2.28) and 4 ACEs (2.34–3.17). Hispanic adults with ≥ 1 ACEs (p-value 0.001) and 8 ACEs (p-value 0.005) showed strong associations compared to Non-Hispanic White adults. The influence of ACEs on current EOEVP use was observed to decrease with age, particularly in older adults with fewer ACEs. The aORs did not very by sex.ConclusionThe findings emphasize the importance of considering any number of ACEs in public health strategies targeting current EOEVP use, especially among younger adults and specific minority groups. These insights are crucial for tailoring interventions and policies to address the nuanced impacts of early life adversities on health risk behaviors.

Trends in 5-year cancer survival disparities by race and ethnicity in the US between 2002–2006 and 2015–2019

Racial and ethnic disparities persist in cancer survival rates across the United States, despite overall improvements. This comprehensive analysis examines trends in 5-year relative survival rates from 2002–2006 to 2015–2019 for major cancer types, elucidating differences among racial/ethnic groups to guide equitable healthcare strategies. Data from the SEER Program spanning 2000–2020 were analyzed, focusing on breast, colorectal, prostate, lung, pancreatic cancers, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute leukemia, and multiple myeloma. Age-standardized relative survival rates were calculated to assess racial (White, Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander) and ethnic (Hispanic, Non-Hispanic) disparities, utilizing period analysis for recent estimates and excluding cases identified solely through autopsy or death certificates. While significant survival improvements were observed for most cancers, notable disparities persisted. Non-Hispanic Blacks exhibited the largest gain in breast cancer survival, with an increase of 5.2% points (from 77.6 to 82.8%); however, the survival rate remained lower than that of Non-Hispanic Whites (92.1%). Colorectal cancer survival declined overall (64.7–64.1%), marked by a 6.2% point drop for Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Natives (66.3–60.1%). Prostate cancer survival declined across all races, with Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Natives showing a decrease of 7.7% points (from 96.9 to 89.2%). Lung cancer, acute leukemia, and multiple myeloma showed notable increases across groups. Substantial racial/ethnic disparities in cancer survival underscore the notable need for tailored strategies ensuring equitable access to advanced treatments, particularly addressing significant trends in colorectal and pancreatic cancers among specific minority groups. Careful interpretation of statistical significance is warranted given the large dataset.

Interventions to Reduce COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Black and African American Individuals in the United States: A Systematic Literature Review.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy had major implications for racial health equity at the beginning of the vaccination campaign in the U.S. Interventions to reduce vaccine hesitancy among Black and African American individuals partially helped to reduce vaccine hesitancy in specific communities. This article describes findings on interventions to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Black and African American individuals from a literature review we conducted. We found 12 studies that described communication, partnerships, and distribution interventions. Regarding communication, examples include a webinar hosted by an academic-community partnership team, information sessions, social media campaigns, educational materials, and virtual town halls. Effective partnerships identified through this literature review were a statewide alliance and one between an academic institution and faith and community leaders. Distribution interventions identified through the literature review were the deployment of multiple tactics to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake (virtual town halls, a confidential employee hotline, department huddles, written educational material, and accessible vaccination stations) and offering to administer the COVID-19 vaccine during medical appointments. The results of this review show that implementing interventions directed at specific minority groups improves COVID-19 vaccine acceptance without undermining overall vaccine distribution or uptake.

The anatomy of prejudice during pandemic lockdowns: Evidence from a national panel study.

During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a spike in the reporting of hate crimes (Human Rights Watch, 2020). However, the extent to which the pandemic affected prejudice across a general population-not merely among those disposed to hate crimes-remains unclear. Also unclear is the extent to which prejudice was restricted to specific minority groups associated with the virus, or whether prejudice spilled over to other minority groups. To address these questions, we use panel data collected from participants in a large national longitudinal (panel) study of New Zealanders before and during the early COVID-19 pandemic and systematically quantified social warmth ratings across a broad range of minority-groups (The New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study, N = 30,327, years 2018-2020). We discover reduced warmth toward Chinese, Asians (broadly defined), immigrants, Muslims, refugees, Indians, and the mentally ill. In absolute terms, warmth towards Chinese decreased the most (0.11 SD). Notably, changes in warmth were not detected toward NZ Europeans, Māori, Pacific Islanders, the overweight, or the elderly. Overall, these findings suggest that in New Zealand, pandemic prejudice may spread beyond minority groups associated with the virus to other groups perceived as non-prototypical of national identity.

Disparities in positive mental health of sexual and gender minority adults in Canada.

The goal of this study was to examine potential disparities in positive mental health (PMH) among adults in Canada by sexual orientation and gender modality. Using 2019 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Annual Component data (N = 57 034), we compared mean life satisfaction and the prevalence of high self-rated mental health (SRMH), happiness and community belonging between heterosexual and sexual minority adults, and between cisgender and gender minority adults. We used 2019 CCHS Rapid Response on PMH data (N = 11 486) to compare the prevalence of high psychological well-being between heterosexual and sexual minority adults. Linear and logistic regression analyses examined the between-group differences in mean life satisfaction and the other PMH outcomes, respectively. Sexual minority (vs. heterosexual) adults reported lower mean life satisfaction (B = -0.7, 95% CI: -0.8, -0.5) and were less likely to report high SRMH (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.5), happiness (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.5), community belonging (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5, 0.7) and psychological well-being (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.6). Differences were not always significant for specific sexual minority groups in sexstratified analyses. Gender minority adults reported lower mean life satisfaction and were less likely to report high SRMH and happiness than cisgender adults. Future research could investigate how these PMH disparities arise, risk and protective factors in these populations, how other sociodemographic factors interact with sexual orientation and gender identity to influence PMH and changes in disparities over time.

Consent in pregnancy: A qualitative study of the experiences of ethnic minority women

ObjectiveConsent in ante-natal and birthing contexts is often challenging, controversial and poorly understood. Increasing evidence indicates that ethnic minority women's overall experiences of ante-natal care are unsatisfactory, but little is known about their involvement in the consent process. This study aims to explore the views and experiences of ethnic minority women when making decisions requiring their consent. DesignQualitative interview study SettingA national study conducted in the UK SampleSeventeen self-selecting ethnic minority women who had given birth in a UK hospital in the previous 12 months. MethodsIn-depth telephone interviews with seventeen women. A thematic analysis was conducted with a focus on women’s experiences of the consent process. ResultsThree themes were identified. 1. Compromised choice: women experienced limited choice; some women were not asked for their consent at all, or consent was presumed. 2. Pressured consent and silencing: women reported feeling undermined and 'othered' based on their ethnicity. 3. Impersonal consent: discussions were impersonal and not tailored to women as individuals; some women suggested that healthcare professionals ignored cultural concerns which were important to them. Practice ImplicationsThere is an urgent need for healthcare professionals to be supported in actively facilitating consent consultations which enable women from ethnic minority backgrounds to freely voice their concerns and priorities without censure. ConclusionsThis exploratory study is a first step towards understanding how consent is experienced by ethnic minority women. Many women’s experiences reflected failure of healthcare professionals to support genuine choice-making which was perceived to be further undermined by negativity related to women’s ethnicity and cultural identity. There is a need for further research focusing on the consent experiences of specific ethnic minority groups.

Factors Associated with Engaging in Bystander Intervention Behavior Among College Students.

Sexual violence (SV) is a well-documented and highly prevalent issue on college campuses that disproportionately impacts women, students of color, and students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ). In recent years, bystander intervention programming has emerged as a promising prevention strategy for colleges due to its success in preventing SV before it occurs using community involvement; however, little consideration has been given to the power, status, or position that a bystander has when deciding whether to intervene and weighing the potential consequences of their actions. In order to inform university campus bystander intervention programming and increase its effectiveness, more work is needed to understand specific student characteristics (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, history of SV) that may be associated with engaging in bystander behavior in SV risk situations. Using cross-sectional data from a large west-coast university, 592 students were surveyed about their SV-related experiences. Poisson regression models were utilized to determine the relative risk of engaging in bystander behavior by sociodemographic identities and history of SV victimization. Our fully adjusted model indicated that experiencing attempted and completed sexual assault was associated with engaging in bystander behavior; belonging to specific minority groups was differentially associated with engaging in bystander behavior, as was belonging to a minority group and having a history of SV. Personal histories, identities, and power inequity matter when deciding to engage in bystander behavior. Additional research is needed to create more well-rounded and population-specific bystander intervention programs that are inclusive of diverse student voices and experiences.

Billy goats crossing the cyber-bridge: Interviews exploring the experiences, coping techniques, and intervention desires of in-game trolling targets

ABSTRACT Research into online trolling has been continuously expanding in the past decade. However, much of this research has focused on either the person of the trolls themselves, or on specific minority groups. Although all of this research is important, we still know little about how the average person deals with trolling experiences in their everyday. The present study aims to fill that gap by interviewing 22 gamers from various backgrounds who have professed to being targeted by trolls in the past. Results indicate that targets prioritize solving the problem themselves by muting or blocking trolls over seeking external support. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Exploring police legitimacy and other factors in predicting cooperation with police in the Atlanta Korean American community

PurposeLimited research exists on the perceptions of police within specific ethnic minority groups. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the experiences of Korean and Korean American residents in the Metro Atlanta area regarding their perceptions of cooperation with the police, particularly in relation to hate crimes, along with their perceptions of police legitimacy and other relevant factors. By focusing on this specific population, the study aims to shed light on their unique perspectives and contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics between ethnic minorities and law enforcement.Design/methodology/approachThe authors’ sample comprised 128 Korean residents who were asked about their demographics, victimization experiences, self-rated English proficiency and police legitimacy. Multiple linear regression analyses were employed to investigate the impact of police legitimacy, victimization experiences and English-speaking skills on the participants' level of cooperation with the police.FindingsPolice legitimacy and self-rated levels of English proficiency emerged as the most significant factors in predicting the level of cooperation among residents with the police. Furthermore, individuals who have experienced crime victimization in the past were more willing to cooperate with the police compared to those who have not. Additionally, men showed a higher tendency to cooperate with the police compared to women participants.Originality/valueThe findings of this study suggest important implications for the policies and strategies aimed at enhancing the relationship between the Korean American community and the police. These implications include the need for improved language support for non-English speaking community members and the importance of building trust and fostering mutual understanding to cultivate positive police-community relations. By implementing measures based on these findings, it is recommended to promote a more inclusive and effective approach to policing within the Korean American population.

Strengthening the Residential Care Workforce: Exploring the Role of Organizational Climate and Culture and Staff Intention to Stay or Leave

ABSTRACT Staff turnover in youth residential treatment centers (RTC) has immense potential to disrupt the therapeutic environment and prompt an increase in mistrust, aggressive and anti-therapeutic behaviors, and feelings of abandonment and worthlessness among residents. The current study examined factors associated with intent to leave the workplace at an RTC in the southeastern United States, focusing on staff role and identity presentation and their effects on workplace culture and climate. Results suggest that indicated job satisfaction, burnout, and perceptions of culture and climate are the best predictors of turnover and retention. Dimensions of culture and climate were rated lower by specific underrepresented minority groups in the organization, highlighting the importance of the agency’s imperative to protect racial, sexual, and gender minority groups to promote retention and a diverse workforce reflecting the demographics of the youth it serves.

Exploring the Differential Impact of COVID-19 on the Greater Toronto Area: A Literature Review

As a large urban centre, the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) quickly faced the impact of COVID-19. Certain GTA communities referred to as hotspots suffered the most with greater disease transmission and confirmed cases. This literature review explores the differential impact of COVID-19 on GTA communities with regards to hotspot geography, sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, minority groups, government action, and vaccine distribution. Geographical mapping of COVID-19 hotspots within the GTA revealed an unequal disease burden. These hotspots included individuals of vulnerable sociodemographic groups and lower socioeconomic status. COVID-19's impact on specific minority groups shows that pre-pandemic inequities have been exacerbated. The Canadian government and its municipalities showed a lack of preparation when handling COVID-19. Likewise, inequitable vaccine distribution was noticed in hotspots. Current literature lacks standardization of case count data across the GTA regions, lacks information on multiple sociodemographic factors, and focuses primarily on the City of Toronto. This review established that the inequal burden of COVID-19 demonstrates the ongoing inequities throughout social structures. To effectively control this pandemic, policymakers should use this information to implement equitable changes.

영화 다양성과 포용의 역량 키우기: 넷플릭스와 BFI 영화정책을 중심으로

This article examines the strategies for diversity and inclusion practiced by Netflix and the British Film Institute(BFI) as two of the most influential cases. My argument is that Netflix uses diversity as a tool for making surplus value in the global pop culture market while the BFI’s Diversity Standards is universally applicable to enhance socio-cultural diversity. Netflix’s niche project to embrace diversity does not limit its scale to specific minority groups but targets the larger multiracial and multicultural global market. However, it is necessary to examine whether Netflix’s representation of diversity and inclusion actually promote the local and/or ethnographic diversity. In addition, personalized recommendations and thumbnail images that are tailored to subscribers’ viewing history are problematic in that they make them look more diverse than they actually are, hiding their algorithmic biases or stereotypes. Meanwhile, the BFI has established the Diversity Standards which all applicants for public funding must satisfy. Unlike the standards for specific funds allocated to underrepresented groups, the BFI’s Diversity Standards is a qualification that all applicants should meet and thus offers the minimum criteria for practicing equality and fostering a capability for diversity in cinema. The Diversity Standards is meaningful in that it provides a new frame for breaking away from meritocracy or reverse discrimination stigma.

The paradox of the artificial intelligence system development process: the use case of corporate wellness programs using smart wearables

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have been widely applied to various contexts, including high-stake decision processes in healthcare, banking, and judicial systems. Some developed AI models fail to offer a fair output for specific minority groups, sparking comprehensive discussions about AI fairness. We argue that the development of AI systems is marked by a central paradox: the less participation one stakeholder has within the AI system’s life cycle, the more influence they have over the way the system will function. This means that the impact on the fairness of the system is in the hands of those who are less impacted by it. However, most of the existing works ignore how different aspects of AI fairness are dynamically and adaptively affected by different stages of AI system development. To this end, we present a use case to discuss fairness in the development of corporate wellness programs using smart wearables and AI algorithms to analyze data. The four key stakeholders throughout this type of AI system development process are presented. These stakeholders are called service designer, algorithm designer, system deployer, and end-user. We identify three core aspects of AI fairness, namely, contextual fairness, model fairness, and device fairness. We propose a relative contribution of the four stakeholders to the three aspects of fairness. Furthermore, we propose the boundaries and interactions between the four roles, from which we make our conclusion about the possible unfairness in such an AI developing process.

Facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination uptake among ethnic minorities: A qualitative study in primary care.

IntroductionCOVID-19 vaccination effectively reduces severe disease and death from COVID-19. However, both vaccine uptake and intention to vaccinate differ amongst population groups. Vaccine hesitancy is highest amongst specific ethnic minority groups. There is very limited understanding of the barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Black and South Asian ethnicities. Therefore, we aimed to explore COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in primary care patients from South Asian (Bangladeshi/Pakistani) and Black or Black British/African/Caribbean/Mixed ethnicities.MethodsPatients from the above ethnicities were recruited using convenience sampling in four London general practices. Telephone interviews were conducted, using an interpreter if necessary, covering questions on the degree of vaccine hesitancy, barriers and potential facilitators, and decision-making. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Data collection and analysis occurred concurrently with the iterative development of the topic guide and coding framework. Key themes were conceptualised through discussion with the wider team.ResultsOf thirty-eight interviews, 55% (21) of these were in Black or Black British/African/Caribbean/Mixed ethnicities, 32% (12) in Asian / British Asian and 13% (5) in mixed Black and White ethnicities. Key themes included concerns about the speed of vaccine roll-out and potential impacts on health, mistrust of official information, and exposure to misinformation. In addition, exposure to negative messages linked to vaccination appears to outweigh positive messages received. Facilitators included the opportunity to discuss concerns with a healthcare professional, utilising social influences via communities and highlighting incentives.ConclusionCOVID-19 has disproportionately impacted ethnic minority groups. Vaccination is an effective strategy for mitigating risk. We have demonstrated factors contributing to vaccine reluctance, hesitancy and refusal and highlighted levers for change.

Association of Medicaid Expansion With Mortality Disparity by Race and Ethnicity Among Patients With De Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer

Patients who are uninsured and belong to racial and ethnic minority groups or have low socioeconomic status have suboptimal access to health care, likely affecting outcomes. The association of the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion with survival among patients with metastatic breast cancer is unknown. To examine the association between Medicaid expansion and mortality disparity among patients with de novo stage IV breast cancer. Cross-sectional, population-based study of survival using Cox proportional hazards regression and difference-in-difference (DID) analysis of data from the National Cancer Database and patients diagnosed as having de novo stage IV breast cancer between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2016, residing in states that underwent Medicaid expansion on January 1, 2014. The preexpansion period was January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2013; the postexpansion period was January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2016. Data were analyzed between September 4, 2020, and November 16, 2021. Comparison of survival improvement between patients of racial and ethnic minority groups and White patients in the preexpansion and postexpansion periods. Because of small numbers in the specific racial and ethnic minority groups, these patients were combined into 1 category for comparisons. Overall survival (OS) and 2-year mortality rate. Among 9322 patients included (mean [SD] age, 55 [7] years), 5077 were diagnosed in the preexpansion and 4245 in the postexpansion period. The racial and ethnic minority group comprised 2545 (27.3%), which included 500 (5.4%) Hispanic (any race), 1515 (16.3%) non-Hispanic Black, and 530 (5.7%) non-Hispanic other including 25 (0.3%) American Indian or Alaska Native, 357 (3.8%) Asian or Pacific Islander, and 148 (1.6%) unknown, and 6777 (72.7%) were in the White patient group. In the preexpansion period, White patients had increased OS compared with patients of racial and ethnic minority groups (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.22; 95% CI, 1.10-1.35); this difference was not observed in the postexpansion period (aHR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.86-1.08). A reduction in 2-year mortality was observed between the preexpansion and postexpansion periods (32.2% vs 26.0%). The adjusted 2-year mortality decreased from 40.6% to 36.3% among White patients and from 45.6% to 35.8% among patients of racial and ethnic minority groups (adjusted DID, -5.5%; 95% CI, -9.5 to -1.6; P = .006). Among patients in the lowest income quartile (n = 1510), patients of racial and ethnic minority groups had an increased risk of death in the preexpansion period (aHR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.01-1.61) but lower risk in the postexpansion period (aHR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59-0.95). In this subset of patients, those of racial and ethnic minority groups had a greater reduction in 2-year mortality compared with White patients (adjusted DID, -12.8%; 95% CI, -22.2 to -3.5; P = .007). In this cross-sectional study, survival differences observed between patients of racial and ethnic minority groups and White patients in the preexpansion period were no longer present in the postexpansion period. A greater reduction in 2-year mortality was observed among patients of racial and ethnic minority groups compared with White patients. These results suggest that policies aimed at improving equity and increasing access to health care may reduce racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer outcomes.

Psychological impact of far-right terrorism against Muslim minorities on national distress, community, and wellbeing

The Christchurch mosque shootings on March 15th, 2019 was the deadliest incident of mass violence in New Zealand for over a century. The present study investigated the psychological impact of these terrorist attacks targeting a specific minority community on the psychological functioning of the wider New Zealand population by examining changes in terrorism anxiety, sense of community, psychological distress, and wellbeing. Data from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Survey (N = 47,951; age range 18–99 years, M = 48.59, SD = 13.86; 62% female) collected across a year, including approximately 6 months following the terrorist attack, was used. Regression discontinuity analyses found a statistically significant increase in terrorism anxiety and sense of community following the attacks, yet counterintuitively, no significant change in psychological distress or wellbeing. These findings provide unique insight into the psychological implications of politically motivated violence for the wider population when terrorism is directed toward a specific minority group.

Visual impairment and blindness in the Xingu Indigenous Park \u2013 Brazil

BackgroundMost estimates of visual impairment and blindness worldwide do not include data from specific minority groups as indigenous populations. We aimed to evaluate frequencies and causes of visual impairment and blindness in a large population sample from the Xingu Indigenous Park.MethodsCross-sectional study performed at Xingu Indigenous Park, Brazil, from 2016 to 2017. Residents from 16 selected villages were invited to participate and underwent a detailed ocular examination, including uncorrected (UVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The main cause of UVA < 20/32 per eye was determined.ResultsA total of 2,099 individuals were evaluated. Overall, the frequency of visual impairment and blindness was 10.00% (95% CI: 8.72–11.29%) when considering UVA, decreasing to 7.15% (95% CI: 6.04–8.25%) when considering BCVA. For each increasing year on age, the risk of being in the visually impaired or blind category increased by 9% (p < 0.001). Cataracts (39.1%) and uncorrected refractive errors (29.1%) were the most frequent causes of visual impairment and blindness in this population. The main causes among those aged 45 years and more were cataracts (54.5%) while refractive errors were the main cause in adults aged 18 to 45 years (50.0%) and children up to 18 years old (37.1%).ConclusionsA higher frequency of visual impairment and blindness was observed in the indigenous population when compared to worldwide estimates with most of the causes being preventable and/or treatable. Blindness prevention programs should focus on accessibility to eye exam, cataract surgeries and eyeglass distribution.

The ethnic density effect in psychosis: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.

An 'ethnic' or 'group' density effect in psychosis has been observed, whereby the risk of psychosis in minority group individuals is inversely related to neighbourhood-level proportions of others belonging to the same group. However, there is conflicting evidence over whether this effect differs between minority groups and limited investigation into other moderators. To conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the group density effect in psychosis and examine moderators. Four databases were systematically searched. A narrative review was conducted and a three-level meta-analysis was performed. The potential moderating effect of crudely and specifically defined minority groups was assessed. Country, time, area size and whether studies used clinical or non-clinical outcomes were also tested as moderators. Thirty-two studies were included in the narrative review and ten in the meta-analysis. A 10 percentage-point decrease in own-group density was associated with a 20% increase in psychosis risk (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.09-1.32, P < 0.001). This was moderated by crudely defined minority groups (F6,68 = 6.86, P < 0.001), with the strongest associations observed in Black populations, followed by a White Other sample. Greater heterogeneity was observed when specific minority groups were assessed (F25,49 = 7.26, P < 0.001). This is the first review to provide meta-analytic evidence that the risk of psychosis posed by lower own-group density varies across minority groups, with the strongest associations observed in Black individuals. Heterogeneity in effect sizes may reflect distinctive social experiences of specific minority groups. Potential mechanisms are discussed, along with the implications of findings and suggestions for future research.

Majority group perceptions of minority acculturation preferences: The role of perceived threat

Recently, there has been growing focus on the intergroup influences of acculturation preferences, and in particular majority members’ perceptions of how minority members want to acculturate. This paper contributes to this emergent literature by examining the extent to which majority members in the UK perceive that minority members’ preferences for heritage culture maintenance and majority culture adoption are conflicting, and whether this is moderated by perceived threat. One hundred and sixty-three participants who self-reported being white British completed an online survey. Participants were asked about their perceptions of minority acculturation preferences for two target groups living in the UK: Pakistani and German minority groups. Overall, perceived culture maintenance and perceived culture adoption were weakly negatively associated for both groups. Moreover, results confirmed the pre-registered hypotheses, but only for the Pakistani target group. At higher levels of perceived threat, perceived culture maintenance was related to less perceived culture adoption. However, when threat was low, there was no association between perceived heritage culture maintenance and perceived culture adoption. For the German target group, threat did not moderate the relationship between perceived culture maintenance and perceived culture adoption. Findings suggest that depending on levels of perceived threat and the minority group in question, majority members perceiving that minority members maintain their heritage culture has different consequences. Results are discussed in relation to implications for integration, intergroup relations in culturally plural societies, and the need to focus on specific minority groups when studying acculturation processes.

Race and Broadband Adoption: A Decomposition Analysis

As governments push for universal adoption of broadband Internet service, policies must address the fact that many households with access to the service do not to subscribe to it. Lower adoption rates in some minority communities are one cause for concern. A confounding factor with respect to race is that it is often correlated with income, education, and other factors that drive Internet adoption in the home. Do these differences in socio-economic resources fully explain the difference in adoption rates? In this BULLETIN, I decompose the effects of socio-economic factors on broadband adoption distinct from the effects of race. My analysis finds that differences in socio-economic resources like income and education do relatively little to explain the differences in adoption among racial groups. The demand for broadband appears to be influenced by unobserved factors correlated with race. It appears, therefore, that addressing the lack of adoption of the Internet at home may require remedial measures targeting specific minority groups rather than uniform policies that address socio-economic resources like income.