Specific Hybrids Research Articles

Consumer acceptance and sensory perception of roasted American-European hybrid hazelnuts.

Interspecific American-European hazelnut (Corylus americana × C. avellana) hybrids are being developed for the Upper Midwest region of the United States, which have potential economic and ecological benefits. Currently, researchers are working on pre-commercialization initiatives to create a local hazelnut industry. However, a lack of knowledge on the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of the hybrid hazelnuts have been identified as potential limitations to production. This study investigated consumer responses to hybrid hazelnuts, employing hedonic ratings and check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions. Twelve roasted hazelnut hybrids were subjected to consumer evaluation for liking (aroma, color, flavor, texture, and overall) and aroma and flavor descriptors. Consumers also evaluated two European hazelnut varieties for comparative purposes. Liking scores were significantly different (p<0.05) across different hybrid varieties and when comparing specific hybrids with European varieties. CATA sensory profiles specific to different varieties were also observed and discriminating attributes were identified using multiple-response methodologies. Penalty analysis based on CATA further identified the attributes roasty, hazelnut-like, caramel-like, chocolate-like, sweet, and salty as primary drivers of aroma/flavor liking, while earthy, burnt, and bitter were identified as primary drivers of disliking. Overall, unique flavors that impacted liking were found in hybrid hazelnuts and, when compared with European hazelnuts, provided insights for breeding and post-processing strategies to optimize product quality.

Analysis of Heterosis and Stability in Brinjal at Multi-locations of Gujarat for Yield and its Attributing Traits

Background: Brinjal is the important vegetable crop. The extensive use of heterosis in vegetable crops has led to the creation of numerous high-yielding hybrid cultivars. Newly developed hybrids should also be tested across environments to develop region specific hybrids or hybrid for all the regions. Methods: The purpose of the present experiment was to develop region-specific brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) hybrids through line ´ tester design and to gather information on heterosis and stability for fruit yield and associated characters at multiple locations of viz., Sardarkrushinagar, Jagudan and Bhiloda under the jurisdiction of S.D.A.U. in late rabi 2021–2022. Result: There were noticeable genetic differences in the material for the majority of the traits. Several crosses were identified which showed desirable heterosis for at least one yield component in individual and pooled over locations. Fruit yield per plant is the most important trait. Hybrid ‘ISD-006 × GOB-5’ showed the highest fruit yield and maximum standard heterosis for fruit yield per plant, fruit girth, fruit weight, total soluble solids and chlorophyll content index. The interaction of G × E was highly significant for the majority of characters suggesting the differential response of experimental material to the varied locations. Stability analysis suggested ‘ISD-006 × GAB-6’, ‘JDNB-16-1 × GOB-1’ and ‘ABSR-2 × GAB-6’ as the top three stable crosses for fruit yield per plant. Overall, ‘ISD-006 × GRB-5’ appeared to be an outstanding cross for fruit yield and its attributing traits in terms of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis in individual and pooled environments. As well as it was found to be average stable for four major traits and stable in favourable environments for fruit weight and yield per plant. Also, incorporating hybrids identified in this experiment might potentially result in transgressive segregants in brinjal.

Bacterial diversity and composition on the rinds of specific melon cultivars and hybrids from across different growing regions in the United States.

The goal of this study was to characterize the bacterial diversity on different melon varieties grown in different regions of the US, and determine the influence that region, rind netting, and variety of melon has on the composition of the melon microbiome. Assessing the bacterial diversity of the microbiome on the melon rind can identify antagonistic and protagonistic bacteria for foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms to improve melon safety, prolong shelf-life, and/or improve overall plant health. Bacterial community composition of melons (n = 603) grown in seven locations over a four-year period were used for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analysis to identify bacterial diversity and constituents. Statistically significant differences in alpha diversity based on the rind netting and growing region (p < 0.01) were found among the melon samples. Principal Coordinate Analysis based on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity distance matrix found that the melon bacterial communities clustered more by region rather than melon variety (R2 value: 0.09 & R2 value: 0.02 respectively). Taxonomic profiling among the growing regions found Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Microbacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae present on the different melon rinds at an abundance of ≥ 0.1%, but no specific core microbiome was found for netted melons. However, a core of Pseudomonadaceae, Bacillaceae, and Exiguobacteraceae were found for non-netted melons. The results of this study indicate that bacterial diversity is driven more by the region that the melons were grown in compared to rind netting or melon type. Establishing the foundation for regional differences could improve melon safety, shelf-life, and quality as well as the consumers' health.

Combining ability of Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) reveals genetic potential for improved yield and fiber quality

BackgroundAs the most widely cultivated fiber crop, cotton production depends on hybridization to unlock the yield potential of current varieties. A deep understanding of genetic dissection is crucial for the cultivation of enhanced hybrid plants with desired traits, such as high yield and fine fiber quality. In this study, the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of yield and fiber quality of nine cotton parents (six lines and three testers) and eighteen F1 crosses produced using a line × tester mating design were analyzed.ResultsThe results revealed significant effects of genotypes, parents, crosses, and interactions between parents and crosses for most of the studied traits. Moreover, the effects of both additive and non-additive gene actions played a notably significant role in the inheritance of most of the yield and fiber quality attributes. The F1 hybrids of (Giza 90 × Aust) × Giza 86, Uzbekistan 1 × Giza 97, and Giza 96 × Giza 97 demonstrated superior performance due to their favorable integration of high yield attributes and premium fiber quality characteristics. Path analysis revealed that lint yield has the highest positive direct effect on seed cotton yield, while lint percentage showed the highest negative direct effect on seed cotton yield. Principal component analysis identified specific parents and hybrids associated with higher cotton yield, fiber quality, and other agronomic traits.ConclusionThis study provides insights into identifying potential single- and three-way cross hybrids with superior cotton yield and fiber quality characteristics, laying a foundation for future research on improving fiber quality in cotton.

Nutritional and Chemical Quality of Maize Hybrids from Different FAO Maturity Groups Developed and Grown in Serbia.

Maize is a globally significant cereal crop, contributing to the production of essential food products and serving as a pivotal resource for diverse industrial applications. This study investigated the proximate analysis of maize hybrids from different FAO maturity groups in Serbia, exploring variations in polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, tocopherols, and fatty acids with the aim of understanding how agroecological conditions influence the nutritional potential of maize hybrids. The results indicate substantial variations in nutritional composition and antioxidant properties among different maturity groups. The levels of total polyphenols varied among FAO groups, indicating that specific hybrids may offer greater health benefits. Flavonoids and carotenoids also showed considerable variation, with implications for nutritional quality. Tocopherol content varied significantly, emphasizing the diversity in antioxidant capacity. Fatty acid analysis revealed high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, indicating favorable nutritional and industrial properties. The study highlights the importance of considering maturity groups in assessing the nutritional potential of maize hybrids.

Effects of Different Treatments on Seed Germination and Breaking Seed Dormancy in Wild Luffa Species

Comprehending general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) is pivotal in maize breeding for successful hybrid development. GCA signifies the overall genetic worth of a parent, while SCA demonstrates unique interactions between parents. In instances where GCA variances surpass SCA variances, early assessments become more effective, enabling the anticipation of superior hybrids based on parental GCA impacts. Assessing the combining ability of maize becomes increasingly crucial with escalating temperatures, which can adversely affect maize growth and crop yield. Research conducted in Prayagraj involved utilizing 7x7 half diallel crosses of maize initially developed during the Rabi 2022 season, followed by their subsequent planting in a randomized block design (RBD) during spring 2023. The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects exhibited by the parents and hybrids, respectively, in order to identify superior-performing parents and hybrids among them. The results showcased strong positive GCA in MILCT-145F (P7) and MILC-2050 (P6), while specific heat-tolerant hybrids, such as P7xP1, P6xP2 exhibited outstanding performance in grain yield and other associated traits.

HISTORIA Y PERSPECTIVAS DEL MEJORAMIENTO GENÉTICO DEL MAÍZ FORRAJERO EN LA ARGENTINA

Corn is used to massively produce food for humans and domestic animals with grains of various taxonomic entities or races. For domestic ruminants, the whole plant is also used as forage. In Argentina, both corn grain and whole-plant silage are used for beef and dairy cattle production. This paper aimed to develop the history and perspectives of corn grown for grain and silage, focusing on plant breeding. The importance of corn fodder in its two variants (grain and whole-plant silage) has varied over time. We emphasize herein the importance of the specific genetic breeding of corn used for whole-plant silage to achieve higher yield potential and nutritional value than grain hybrids. The four population genetic structures used over time as cultivars, which determined the evolution of the technological process of selection and breeding, were analyzed. Based on the research carried out, seed companies have incorporated our protocols into their development and breeding programs. The contribution of selection and breeding in Argentina was effective in transforming the corn plant into ruminant feed, and this will increase with the development of specific silage hybrids. Key words: cultivars, corn fodder, plant breeding

Communality in farmer managed irrigation systems: Insights from Spain, Ecuador, Cambodia and Mozambique

CONTEXTWorldwide farmer managed irrigation systems have provided crops for food, feed and the market for centuries. From high mountain environments to river valleys and deltas, in all continents people have organized to construct, use, maintain, transform and sustain irrigated agro-ecosystems. In this context it is important to better understand how these systems are sustained. OBJECTIVEThe objective of this contribution is to explore and theorize through which strategies and mechanisms irrigators are able to sustain these systems in a constantly changing socio-environmental context. METHODSThe study is based on ethnographic qualitative research in four areas where farmer managed irrigation systems are sustained by irrigators (Valencia region, Spain; Ecuadorian highlands; Cambodian Mekong delta; and Tsangano district, Mozambique). Research consisted of interviews and observations in these areas and was supported by a literature review of what has been published about these systems. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSResults show that farmer managed irrigation systems are dynamic systems that constantly transform but that are sustained in these changes through what we term ‘communality’. We introduce this term to point out three interrelated elements that stand at the basis of farmer managed irrigation systems sustenance, namely: commons, community and polity. Analysis of the four case studies points out that these three elements are mobilized differently by farmers depending on their socio-environmental context. We show that the mobilization of these different elements amidst internal and external challenges and conflicts, forms the basis for the longevity and sustainability of collectively managed irrigation systems. SIGNIFICANCEIn the literature on farmer managed irrigation systems collective action has been portrayed as the main pillar that sustains these systems. This contribution challenges this notion by showing that irrigation systems are sustained by a combination of individual actions, collective practices, normative frameworks and organizational forms; a sense of community; and the development of political agency (polity). Recognizing that these elements come together as site specific hybrids opens new avenues of inquiry to better understand the sustainability of farmer managed irrigation systems.

The evaluation of the effectiveness of various agricultural products on the sunflower productivity in the Central Black Earth region

This paper discusses the establishment of the biological effectiveness of agricultural products used for sunflower of domestic varieties and foreign hybrids. The scheme of the experiment presented in 20192021 provided for the inclusion in the technology of cultivation of two non-root subcortures of plants with agro-products of various spectrum of action. The paper identifies the most effective agricultural products for their targeted inclusion in the cultivation technologies of specific varieties and hybrids of the sunflower. The most acceptable hybrids of sunflower for cultivation in the Voronezh Region have been selected. Experimental studies were carried out during a three-factor stationary experiment in the field of the Voronezh Federal Agrarian Research Center named after V.V. Dokuchaev. The conducted studies have shown that the Voronezh variety 638 is significantly inferior in its productivity to the hybrids of foreign selection of the Limagrain company (LG5478, LG50270, LG5377). The effectiveness of various agricultural products when used in the cultivation technology of sunflower varieties and hybrids was not the same. Polydon Amino Mix proved to be the best product. The increase in yield from double application with foliar top dressing was 0,80 t/ha. Agro-products Aquadon-Micro (0,58 t/ha) and ZSS (ZSB) 0,41 t/ha were somewhat inferior to Polydon Amino Mix in their effectiveness. The most responsive to agricultural products were hybrids LG5478 and P64LL125.

Inbred progeny of tall fescue infected with Epichloë fungal endophyte have a high defence compound content and no depression in seed set

ABSTRACT Substantial evidence is available on the capacity of particular strains of Epichloë fungal endophyte to remove the barriers of self‐pollination in host grasses. We hypothesized that this might open up new methods to obtain inbred lines for specific turf hybrids and genetic studies. In the present study, we evaluated the first generation of self‐pollination derived plants of endophyte infected clones (EIS1) from putative genotypes 75B+ and 75C+ and those from the first generation of self‐pollination in six commercial tall fescue clones plus their hybrids with 75B− and 75C− for growth, seed yield and polyphenolic content as an index for biosynthesis of defence compounds under field conditions. The results showed that EIS1 had high hyphal density within leaf sheaths and higher growth and seed‐related traits in at least one genotype. There were higher amounts of flavonoid and phenolic compounds (up to twofold) in both genotypes than in their hybrid counterparts and endophyte‐free progeny. Selected genotypes within EIS1 contained significantly more chlorogenic acid, p‐coumaric acid and rutin than the best non‐infected genotypes. We conclude that phenotypic selection of individuals from the S1 population is feasible for improving fitness and stress resistance in novel inbred lines of tall fescue for development of new turf cultivars with the desired ecophysiological traits.

Heterosis response and combining ability (variance and effect) analysis for seed yield and its components in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under timely sown condition

Diallel analysis excluding reciprocal crosses comprising of seven parents and their 21 specific hybrids was carried out to identifyhigh heterotic combinations and their relationship in terms of general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) in Indian mustard. Highest economic heterosis for yield was observed in crosses namely; NRCHB-101 x Pusa M-21, Urvashi x Pusa Bold, NRCDR-2 x Urvashi, Maya x Pusa Bold, and Maya x NRCDR-2. The economic parents Urvashi, Pusa Bold, NRCHB-101, Pusa M-21, NRCDR-2, Maya and RGN-73 were the best parents for majority of the characters with Urvashi and Pusa Bold being the best economic parents for seed yield/plant and its contributing characters as their GCA and per se performances were high. Analysis of variance for GCA and SCA signified differences for majority of the characters. Ratio of GCA and SCA variances was below unity for majority of the characters except Days to 50% flowering and Days to maturity, which suggested superior role of non-additive genetic variance in the inheritance of these traits. The crosses namely Maya x NRCDR-2, Maya x Pusa Bold, NRCDR-2 x Urvashi, NRCHB-101 x Pusa M-21 and Urvashi x Pusa Bold showed high per se performance as well as SCA effects for seed yield and its contributing characters. The above best parents and best crosses could be used in hybridization and heterosis breeding respectively.

Evaluate of tomato growing in the conditions of subirrigation aeroponics at Fitopiramida greenhouse

Aeroponics and hydroponics technologies are one of the most advanced today. The aim of this work is to select and assess the assortment of determinant tomatoes for suitability for cultivation under the conditions of this technology. The study was conducted on the crop of two specific hybrids of different foliar dressings, as well as the assessment of the level of interaction «variety-option of feeding» based on the statistical analysis of the results. The article discusses the features of two methods of the aeroponics and Fitopyramida soilless technology in the context of solving the problems of resource and energy conservation in the production of vegetables. It is applied in agriculture to plan the several activities and missions properly by utilizing limited resources with minor human interference. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of non-root top dressing and to identify the optimal habitus and other characteristics of the determinant tomato hybrid for the “Fitopiramida” technology. A greenhouse research project was conducted at All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Vegetable Growing” (VNIIO - a branch of FGBNU FNTSO). This study was revealed that 2 foliar dressing at a dose (N: P: K 10:54:10) 2.5 g/l + Maxifol 2g/l ) have a significant impact on productivity and yield determinant hybrids of tomato Flame F1 and Rosana F1, providing yield increase in comparison with the control by 7.87 kg/m2 and 2.52 kg/m2, respectively. Among the investigated options for the use of mineral fertilizers, the most maximum and reliable results were obtained in the 3NPK option; on the basis of statistical processing, the optimal variant of the interaction «variety-level of mineral nutrition» was established - hybrid F1 Rozanna against the background of 3NPK.

Development of autumn specific silkworm stable breeds and hybrids for temperate climatic condition of Jammu and Kashmir

Development of autumn specific silkworm stable breeds and hybrids for temperate climatic condition of Jammu and Kashmir

Hybridisation, pollen–pistil interactions and hybrid seed set among

Context Casuarina trees are extensively planted in the tropics for wood production and environmental services. The breeding program’s current focus is on developing hybrids that combine the specific characteristics of different species and are suitable for various planting environments and end uses. Aim Breeding programs aim to develop interspecific hybrids possessing desirable combinations of species-specific characters of Casuarina for increasing plantation productivity. Methods Controlled-pollination studies were conducted involving C. equisetifolia, C. junghuhniana and C. cristata to determine the possibility of hybridisation among them and to evaluate the hybridisation success rate in different cross-combinations. The pollen-tube growth in the pistil was studied to understand the role of pollen–pistil interactions in hybridisation success. Key result Fourteen cross-combinations of the three species resulted in 2–57% fruit set and 75.1–93.8% seed set. C. equisetifolia and C. junghuhniana hybridised reciprocally, whereas C. cristata hybridised with other species only as pollen parent. The larger flower size of C. cristata acted as a barrier preventing hybridisation with species having smaller-sized flowers. Variation in seed germination was large (3.6–91.3%), highest for C. junghuhniana and lowest for C. equisetifolia mothers. Fertilisation occurred 45 days after pollination in C. equisetifolia and C. junghuhniana and after 50 days in C. cristata. The ovary was immature at pollination and pollen tubes showed discontinuous growth in the pistil marked by periods of arrest for the ovules to develop. The stigma showed 3–5.7 pollen tubes, and invariably a single tube entered the ovary. The absence of major pre-fertilisation barriers but varying levels of hybridisation success indicates post-zygotic selection through embryo abortion. Conclusion Increasing the parental combinations of interspecific crosses where fruit set is limiting and pollinating more flowers per cross where germination is low may enhance hybridisation success. Implications The cross compatibility among different species of Casuarina provides scope to produce site and end-use specific hybrids to meet the commercial and livelihood needs.

Biotechnological exploitation of Saccharomyces jurei and its hybrids in craft beer fermentation uncovers new aroma combinations

Hybridisation is an important evolutionary mechanism to bring about novel phenotypes and may produce new hybrids with advantageous combinations of traits of industrial importance. Within the Saccharomyces genus, Saccharomyces jurei is a newly discovered species and its biotechnological potential has not yet been fully explored. This yeast was found to be able to grow well in unhopped wort and at low temperatures, qualities necessary in good candidates for fermented bevarages. Here, we analysed its fermentation and aroma profile and created novel non-GMO hybrids between S. jurei and S. cerevisiae ale yeasts to develop new starter strains with interesting flavours for the craft brewing and beverage industry in general. Pilot beer fermentations with specific hybrids showed a good fermentation performance, similar to the ale parent strain, while eliminating the hyper-attenuation characteristic and a more complex flavour profile. This study exploits the genetic diversity of yeasts and shows how inter-specific hybridisation and clone selection can be effectively used in brewing to create new products and to eliminate or increase specific traits.

Correlation and path coefficient studies for fruit component traits in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) hybrids

The present investigation was carried out at the ICAR-AICRP Palms centre, Coconut Research Station, TNAU, Aliyarnagar, Tamil Nadu during 2012 to 2020 with five location specific coconut hybrids along with two tall varieties as local adopted checks viz., West Coast Tall (WCT) and Kalpatharu. Correlation and path analysis was performed to assess the association among nut yield and copra yield with important yield contributing traits in Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Correlation and path analysis revealed that copra yield per palm was positively and significantly associated with the fruit component traits viz., nut yield per palm per year, de-husked nut weight, whole nut weight, copra weight, fruit breadth and fruit length. A positive correlation was found among fruit component traits viz, fruit length, fruit breadth, whole nut weight, de-husked nut weight and copra weight. Path coefficient analysis showed that nut yield, de-husked nut weight, and copra weight recorded the highest positive direct effect on copra yield per palm. The results of the present study suggest that selection for high copra yield based on the total number of nuts per palm per year, copra weight per nut and de-husked nut weight in coconut would be rewarding for developing high yielding genotypes in coconut.

Rejonizacija hibrida kukuruza FAO 400-500 primenom AMMI modela

Identification of high yielding and stable genotypes is one of the main goals in all breeding programmes. Estimation of hybrids is often aggravated due to the presence of genotype x environment (GE) interaction. One of the ways to eliminate negative effect of this interaction is the application of reliable statistical models such as AMMI model, which singles out high yielding and stable genotypes that have positive reaction to the improvement of production environments. This research aimed to establish specific maize hybrids interactions in different environments in two years by AMMI analysis. Twelve KWS maize hybrids belonging to FAO 400-500, were examined in two years over eight locations in Vojvodina. The highest yield in both years had the hybrid KWS2 (12.764 kg ha-1). Based on the AMMI1 model, hybrid KWS9 showed the highest stability and adaptability at all locations. According to AMMI2, hybrids KWS1, KWS3 and KWS12, had the highest stability and adaptability, while hybrids KWS2, KWS6, KWS8, KWS9 and KWS10 showed a satisfactory level of stability and it is necessary to pay attention to which locations they have positive interactions in order to be recommended in such regions. Nevertheless, based on the AMMI2, locations Temerin, Kikinda and Zrenjanin, showed similar interaction response, which points out that the number of trial locations could be reduced. Obtained results would contribute to the more precise decision in hybrids recommendation for the certain region, but also in defining further aims in maize breeding.

English

English

Comparative Growth Performance of Papaya Hybrids and their Parents under Reciprocal Crossing System

Papaya is a very popular fruit in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and has witnessed an increase in demand. This has fuelled an interest to develop region specific hybrids with desirable vegetative growth and vigour. Hence a field experiment was carried out at College of horticulture and forestry, Navsari Agricultural University in Gujarat during 2018-2020 in randomized block design with three replications to know the mean performance of parents and hybrids for comparative growth performances of papaya. Wherein, thirty papaya hybrids were developed from six morphologically distinct parents through full diallel crossing technique and all the parents and hybrids were evaluated for their germination and growth parameters. The variability was distinct in all hybrids and parents for germination percentage, days taken to germination, periodical plant height and girth, number of leaves, petiole length and internodal distance. Amongst all the parents, Pusa Delicious, CO-8 and Lucknow Local exhibited improved germination, better vegetative growth and dwarf stature, respectively. Among the hybrids, Pusa Delicious x Lucknow Local was found to have dwarf stature with minimum internodal length however, the reciprocal cross: Lucknow Local x Pusa Delicious recorded maximum plant girth and number of leaves. Based on their mean performance, these parents can be used for further breeding programmes and hybrids could be exploited for cultivation.

Status, prospect and problems of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) in Nepal: a brief review

Although maize being the second most important staple crop of Nepal after rice in term of area and production, its productivity is very low as compared to other develop nation. Unavailability of location specific maize hybrids might be one of the major causes of low productivity. Hybrid yields 20–30% more than open pollinated variety. National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, has registered and released seven maize hybrids but they are not suitable for all agro-climatic region of Nepal. This paper was prepared after intensive review of all the information obtained from all available resources i.e. journal article, NMRP and Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC) annual report, book, proceeding as well as electronic sources. Hybrid maize covers only 10% of total maize area of Nepal. High price of hybrid seed, a wide gap in anthesis-silking interval, poor seed set, difficulties in early generation lines, untimely availability of inputs (irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides etc.), requirement for seed replacement in every season and high irrigation are the major problems associated with hybrid maize cultivation in Nepal. So, in order to increase the productivity of hybrid maize which will ultimately raise the economic standard of farmers, the emphasis must be given on hybrid maize research and development that suit to all agro-climatic region of Nepal.