Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter Unlocking Research Articles

CRISPR-based rapid molecular diagnostic tests for fusion-driven leukemias.

Fusion oncogenes can be cancer-defining molecular alterations that are essential for diagnosis and therapy selection.1,2 Rapid and accessible molecular diagnostics for fusion-driven leukemias such as acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are unavailable, creating a barrier to timely diagnosis and effective targeted therapy in many healthcare settings, including community hospitals and low-resource environments. We developed CRISPR-based RNA-fusion transcript detection assays using SHERLOCK (Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing) for the diagnosis of fusion-driven leukemias. We validated these assays using diagnostic APL and CML patient samples from academic centers and dried blood spots from low-resource environments, demonstrating 100% sensitivity and specificity. We identified assay optimizations to enable the use of these tests outside of tertiary cancer centers and clinical laboratories, enhancing the potential impact of this technology. Rapid point-of-care diagnostics can improve outcomes in cancer patients by expanding access to therapies for highly treatable diseases that would otherwise lead to serious adverse outcomes due to delayed or missed diagnoses.

Convergence of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering with Molecular Diagnostics: A Perspective on Future Directions.

Molecular diagnostics (MD) is widely employed in multiple scientific disciplines, such as oncology, pathogen detection, forensic investigations, and the pharmaceutical industry. Techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revolutionized the rapid and accurate identification of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). More recently, CRISPR and its CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) have been a ground-breaking discovery that is the latest revolution in molecular biology, including MD. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a very attractive alternative to fluorescence as the currently most widely used optical readout in MD. In this Perspective, milestones in the development of MD, SERS-PCR, and next-generation approaches to MD, such as Specific High-Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing (SHERLOCK) and DNA Endonuclease-Targeted CRISPR Trans Reporter (DETECTR), are briefly summarized. Our perspective on the future convergence of SERS with MD is focused on SERS-based CRISPR/Cas (SERS-CRISPR) since we anticipate many promising applications in this rapidly emerging field. We predict that major future developments will exploit the advantages of real-time monitoring with the superior brightness, photostability, and spectral multiplexing potential of SERS nanotags in an automated workflow for rapid assays under isothermal, amplification-free conditions.

CRISPR‐based environmental DNA detection for a rare endangered estuarine species

AbstractEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) methods complement traditional aquatic monitoring surveys and are especially advantageous for rare and listed species to detect spatial and temporal distribution patterns. However, improvements in ease of use and portability could increase the utility of eDNA methods, leading to more widespread application, including expanding its role in management decision‐making processes. We describe the development of an eDNA detection assay for delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), an endangered fish in the San Francisco Estuary, using SHERLOCK (Specific High‐Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter Unlocking). SHERLOCK is a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)‐based diagnostic tool with the ability to detect species‐specific genetic variants, making it ideal for genetic‐based taxonomic identification of any organism. Because of its high sensitivity and specificity, SHERLOCK is adaptable to eDNA detection in water samples. Here, we describe adaptation of a delta smelt SHERLOCK assay for use with estuarine water eDNA samples. This version of the assay exhibits increased sensitivity compared to the original delta smelt SHERLOCK protocol (new limit of detection approximately three copies per reaction compared to ~300 in original assay) and successfully detected delta smelt eDNA in both experimental and natural contexts. Overall, our results demonstrate that SHERLOCK eDNA detection offers managers an alternative, isothermal methodology, and highlights some challenges for detection of rare, endangered species at low abundance.

Proofing Field and Laboratory Species Identification Procedures Developed for the Non-Native Osmerid Species Wakasagi (Hypomesus nipponensis) Using SHERLOCK-Based Genetic Verification

Accurate species identification is critical to monitoring programs because mis-identifications can lead to incorrect assessments of population status and trends. In the San Francisco Estuary, efforts to monitor the imperiled osmerid Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) using morphology can be challenging because of the presence of the similar-looking non-native osmerid Wakasagi (Hypomesus nipponensis). In 2017, the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s field office in Lodi implemented a two-stage verification process for Wakasagi to help prevent Delta Smelt from being mis-identified as Wakasagi. Under this process, Wakasagi are initially identified in the field, independently identified a second time by an experienced staff member in the laboratory, then stored on-site where they can be made available for future studies. Using the recently developed Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter un-LOCKing (SHERLOCK) assay for Wakasagi, we evaluated how well verification protocols performed by genetically identifying a subset of Wakasagi collected during routine sampling between 2017 and 2021. Through this study, we found that the protocols have served as an effective quality control measure for over 4 years and across multiple surveys. With the development of field-deployable genetics tools such as SHERLOCK, genetic identification will likely play an increasingly important role in ecological monitoring. We expect that hybrid approaches that combine morphological identifications by trained field crew with application of field-based genetic tools may offer an effective and efficient approach to ensuring data accuracy in the future.

875. Development of a Cheap, Portable Assay to Rapidly Profile Resistant Bacterial Infections

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacterial infections pose a significant and growing health threat worldwide. The burden of these resistant infections is often most severe in lower income areas, where the medical infrastructure necessary for their diagnosis is lacking. The development of cost-effective and accessible diagnostic tools for the rapid identification of resistant infections in low-resource settings is crucial. Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter Unlocking, or SHERLOCK, is a promising CRISPR-based system that can aid in the diagnosis of infections and support clinical decision making. Here, we present an assay termed BADLOCK (Bacteria and AMR Detection by SHERLOCK) that uses SHERLOCK technology to rapidly identify bacterial species and AMR genes on blood cultures. SHERLOCK Schematic Enzymatic activity of the Cas protein is turned on when the target gene is bound, which then activates reporter probes. Methods We combine isothermal amplification of gene targets with SHERLOCK-based detection into a single step, allowing for a streamlined workflow and a total time-to-detection of less than two hours. The assay targets the topA gene for species identification, which is highly conserved within species but has sufficient variability between them to allow for discrimination between even closely related pathogens. A panel of clinically important AMR genes, including CTX-M-15, mecA, and five canonical carbapenemases, is also targeted to provide information on resistance profiles. BADLOCK Targets Gene targets included in the BADLOCK assay. Results BADLOCK has high sensitivity and specificity for both AMR genes and species identification and leverages a lateral-flow platform to provide a simple visual readout. We are currently validating BADLOCK on a library of several hundred clinical isolates with known genetic backgrounds, including a large collection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, which are major contributors to the global burden of resistant infections. Lateral Flow Assay Results Lateral flow results. Strip 1 is the topA gene specific to K. pneumoniae. Strips 2-4 are AMR genes KPC, CTX-M-15, and MecA. Lane 5 is a positive control; lane 6 is a NTC with bottom banding. “+” and “-” symbols mark representative readouts. Conclusion We have developed an assay for the cheap, rapid detection of bacterial infections of the bloodstream capable of detecting common pathogens as well as a panel of AMR genes. Our work has the potential to improve the diagnostic landscape for resistant infections in low-and-middle-income countries, which would represent a major step forward in infectious disease treatment in these underserved areas. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Comparative diagnostic performance of a Cas13-based assay for detecting COVID-19 cases in Al-Dewaniyah province, Iraq.

Effective, accurate, and rapid diagnostic tools for detecting SARS-Covid2 infection are urgently needed to prevent and control the pandemic. While RT-qPCR is a gold standard test for diagnosing SARS-Covid2 infections, this method is limited by the requirement for expensive equipment, experienced staff and specialized molecular laboratory. Recently, the CRISPR cas13 platform was used for the detection of COVID-19. This study evaluated the clinical performance of the CRISPRbased cas13a diagnostic assay for SARS-Covid2. In the current study, the diagnostic performance of the Cas13-based SHERLOCK (Specific High Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter Unlocking) assay was compared with RT-qPCR in terms of sensitivity, specificity and time consumption. Keywords: Crispr-Cas13; Covid-19; Sherlock

Development of Cas13a-based assays for Neisseria gonorrhoeae detection and gyrase A determination.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is one of the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae is an urgent public health threat. Currently, the diagnosis of N. gonorrhoeae infection requires expensive laboratory infrastructure, while antimicrobial susceptibility determination requires bacterial culture, both of which are infeasible in low-resource areas where the prevalence of infection is highest. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics, such as specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking (SHERLOCK) using CRISPR-Cas13a and isothermal amplification, have the potential to provide low-cost detection of pathogen and antimicrobial resistance. We designed and optimized RNA guides and primer sets for SHERLOCK assays capable of detecting N. gonorrhoeae via the porA gene and of predicting ciprofloxacin susceptibility via a single mutation in the gyrase A (gyrA) gene. We evaluated their performance using both synthetic DNA and purified N. gonorrhoeae isolates. For porA, we created both a fluorescence-based assay and lateral flow assay using a biotinylated fluorescein reporter. Both methods demonstrated sensitive detection of 14 N. gonorrhoeae isolates and no cross-reactivity with 3 non-gonococcal Neisseria isolates. For gyrA, we created a fluorescence-based assay that correctly distinguished between 20 purified N. gonorrhoeae isolates with phenotypic ciprofloxacin resistance and 3 with phenotypic susceptibility. We confirmed the gyrA genotype predictions from the fluorescence-based assay with DNA sequencing, which showed 100% concordance for the isolates studied. We report the development of Cas13a-based SHERLOCK assays that detect N. gonorrhoeae and differentiate ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates from ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolates. IMPORTANCE Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the cause of gonorrhea, disproportionately affects resource-limited settings. Such areas, however, lack the technical capabilities for diagnosing the infection. The consequences of poor or absent diagnostics include increased disease morbidity, which, for gonorrhea, includes an increased risk for HIV infection, infertility, and neonatal blindness, as well as an overuse of antibiotics that contributes to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. We used a novel CRISPR-based technology to develop a rapid test that does not require laboratory infrastructure for both diagnosing gonorrhea and predicting whether ciprofloxacin can be used in its treatment, a one-time oral pill. With further development, that diagnostic test may be of use in low-resource settings.

Development of CRISPR/Cas13a-based assays for the diagnosis of Schistosomiasis.

Schistosomiasis is a disease that significantly impacts human health in the developing world. Effective diagnostics are urgently needed for improved control of this disease. CRISPR-based technology has rapidly accelerated the development of a revolutionary and powerful diagnostics platform, resulting in the advancement of a class of ultrasensitive, specific, cost-effective and portable diagnostics, typified by applications in COVID-19/cancer diagnosis. We developed CRISPR-based diagnostic platform SHERLOCK (Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing) for the detection of Schistosoma japonicum and S.mansoni by combining recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with CRISPR-Cas13a detection, measured via fluorescent or colorimetric readouts. We evaluated SHERLOCK assays by using 150 faecal/serum samples collected from Schistosoma-infected ARC Swiss mice (female), and 189 human faecal/serum samples obtained from a S.japonicum-endemic area in the Philippines and a S.mansoni-endemic area in Uganda. The S.japonicum SHERLOCK assay achieved 93-100% concordance with gold-standard qPCR detection across all the samples. The S.mansoni SHERLOCK assay demonstrated higher sensitivity than qPCR and was able to detect infection in mouse serum as early as 3 weeks post-infection. In human samples, S.mansoni SHERLOCK had 100% sensitivity when compared to qPCR of faecal and serum samples. These schistosomiasis diagnostic assays demonstrate the potential of SHERLOCK/CRISPR-based diagnostics to provide highly accurate and field-friendly point-of-care tests that could provide the next generation of diagnostic and surveillance tools for parasitic neglected tropical diseases. Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre seed grant (2022) and National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia (APP1194462, APP2008433).

Strategies to Improve Multi-enzyme Compatibility and Coordination in One-Pot SHERLOCK.

While molecular diagnostics generally require heating elements that supply high temperatures such as 95 °C in polymerase chain reaction and 60-69 °C in loop-mediated isothermal amplification, the recently developed CRISPR-based SHERLOCK (specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking) platform can operate at 37 °C or a similar ambient temperature. This unique advantage may be translated into highly energy-efficient or equipment-free molecular diagnostic systems with unrestricted deployability. SHERLOCK is characterized by ultra-high sensitivity when performed in a traditional two-step format. For RNA sensing, the first step combines reverse transcription with recombinase polymerase amplification, while the second step consists of T7 transcription and CRISPR-Cas13a detection. The sensitivity drops dramatically, however, when all these components are combined into a single reaction mixture, and it largely remains an unmet need in the field to establish a high-performance one-pot SHERLOCK assay. An underlying challenge, conceivably, is the extremely complex nature of a one-pot formulation, crowding a large number of reaction types using at least eight enzymes/proteins. Although previous work has made substantial improvements by serving individual enzymes/reactions with accommodating conditions, we reason that the interactions among different enzymatic reactions could be another layer of complicating factors. In this study, we seek optimization strategies by which inter-enzymatic interference may be eliminated or reduced and cooperation created or enhanced. Several such strategies are identified for SARS-CoV-2 detection, each leading to a significantly improved reaction profile with faster and stronger signal amplification. Designed based on common molecular biology principles, these strategies are expected to be customizable and generalizable with various buffer conditions or pathogen types, thus holding broad applicability for integration into future development of one-pot diagnostics in the form of a highly coordinated multi-enzyme reaction system.

Specific High-Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing-Mediated Detection of Oncogenic BCR::ABL1 and EGFR Rearrangements.

Advances in molecular medicine have placed nucleic acid detection methods at the center of an increasing number of clinical applications. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostics have been widely adopted for their versatility, specificity, and sensitivity. However, recently reported clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-based methods have demonstrated equivalent to superior performance, with increased portability and reduced processing time and cost. In this study, we applied Specific High-Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing (SHERLOCK) technology to the detection of oncogenic rearrangements. We implemented SHERLOCK for the detection of BCR::ABL1 mRNA, a hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and EGFR DNA oncogenic alleles, frequently detected in glioblastoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SHERLOCK enabled rapid, sensitive, and variant-specific detection of BCR::ABL1 and EGFR alterations. Compared with the gold-standard PCR-based methods currently used in clinic, SHERLOCK achieved equivalent to greater sensitivity, suggesting it could be a new tool in CML and NSCLC, to detect low level of molecular residual disease.

CRISPR-Cas13a system: A novel tool for molecular diagnostics.

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system is a natural adaptive immune system of prokaryotes. The CRISPR-Cas system is currently divided into two classes and six types: types I, III, and IV in class 1 systems and types II, V, and VI in class 2 systems. Among the CRISPR-Cas type VI systems, the CRISPR/Cas13a system has been the most widely characterized for its application in molecular diagnostics, gene therapy, gene editing, and RNA imaging. Moreover, because of the trans-cleavage activity of Cas13a and the high specificity of its CRISPR RNA, the CRISPR/Cas13a system has enormous potential in the field of molecular diagnostics. Herein, we summarize the applications of the CRISPR/Cas13a system in the detection of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, chlamydia, and fungus; biomarkers, such as microRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs; and some non-nucleic acid targets, including proteins, ions, and methyl groups. Meanwhile, we highlight the working principles of some novel Cas13a-based detection methods, including the Specific High-Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing (SHERLOCK) and its improved versions, Cas13a-based nucleic acid amplification-free biosensors, and Cas13a-based biosensors for non-nucleic acid target detection. Finally, we focus on some issues that need to be solved and the development prospects of the CRISPR/Cas13a system.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria in Nigeria

There are 241 million malaria cases in 2020 globally based on WHO’s “World Malaria Report 2021”, Nigeria is the hardest hit region. The mechanism of the parasite caused many complications and the two hosts of the transmission. The malaria parasite is transmitted from the salivary glands of the mosquito to the human blood. Once the parasite was transmitted to the human, it can cause a human to human transmission through the contacting with the infected blood. Mainstream diagnostic techniques of Malaria includes Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Testing (RDT) / Histidine-rich Protein 2(HRP2) MRDT/Paracheck-Pf RDT; microscopy; nested PCR (nPCR) ; quantitative PCR (qPCR) . There are also advanced diagnostic technologies such as Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and CRISPR-based Diagnostic-using the nucleic acid detection platform Sherlock (specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking) . Nowadays in Nigeria, despite the decreased drug sensitivity against the disease, new methods and drugs have emerged in a bid to control this parasitic infection. The treatment continues to change and more discoveries have been made on how to treat the disease. This paper summarizes the status quo of malaria in Nigeria and provides possible and effective ways for Nigeria to eliminate malaria.

SHERLOCK4HAT: A CRISPR-based tool kit for diagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis.

To achieve elimination of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (gHAT), the development of highly sensitive diagnostics is needed. We have developed a CRISPR based diagnostic for HAT using SHERLOCK (Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing) that is readily adaptable to a field-based setting. We adapted SHERLOCK for the detection of T.brucei species. We targeted 7SLRNA, TgSGP and SRA genes and tested SHERLOCK against RNA from blood, buffy coat, dried blood spots (DBS), and clinical samples. The pan-Trypanozoon 7SLRNA and T.b. gambiense-specific TgSGP SHERLOCK assays had a sensitivity of 0.1 parasite/μL and a limit of detection 100 molecules/μL. T.b. rhodesiense-specific SRA had a sensitivity of 0.1 parasite/μL and a limit of detection of 10 molecules/μL. TgSGP SHERLOCK and SRA SHERLOCK detected 100% of the field isolated strains. Using clinical specimens from the WHO HAT cryobank, the 7SLRNA SHERLOCK detected trypanosomes in gHAT samples with 56.1%, 95% CI [46.25-65.53] sensitivity and 98.4%, 95% CI [91.41-99.92] specificity, and rHAT samples with 100%, 95% CI [83.18-100] sensitivity and 94.1%, 95% CI [80.91-98.95] specificity. The species-specific TgSGP and SRA SHERLOCK discriminated between the gambiense/rhodesiense HAT infections with 100% accuracy. The 7SLRNA, TgSGP and SRA SHERLOCK discriminate between gHAT and rHAT infections, and could be used for epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis of HAT in the field after further technical development. Institut Pasteur (PTR-175 SHERLOCK4HAT), French Government's Investissement d'Avenir program Laboratoire d'Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (LabEx IBEID), and Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR-PRC 2021 SherPa).

Rapid, adaptable and sensitive Cas13-based COVID-19 diagnostics using ADESSO.

During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, PCR testing and antigen tests have proven critical for helping to stem the spread of its causative agent, SARS-CoV-2. However, these methods suffer from either general applicability and/or sensitivity. Moreover, the emergence of variant strains creates the need for flexibility to correctly and efficiently diagnose the presence of substrains. To address these needs we developed the diagnostic test ADESSO (Accurate Detection of Evolving SARS-CoV-2 through SHERLOCK (Specific High Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing) Optimization) which employs Cas13 to diagnose patients in 1 h without sophisticated equipment. Using an extensive panel of clinical samples, we demonstrate that ADESSO correctly identifies infected individuals at a sensitivity and specificity comparable to RT-qPCR on extracted RNA and higher than antigen tests for unextracted samples. Altogether, ADESSO is a fast, sensitive and cheap method that can be applied in a point of care setting to diagnose COVID-19 and can be quickly adjusted to detect new variants.

The Evolution of CRISPR Technology from Editing to Diagnostics

The Evolution of CRISPR Technology from Editing to Diagnostics

Degenerate sequence-based CRISPR diagnostic for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), an ancient defense mechanism used by prokaryotes to cleave nucleic acids from invading viruses and plasmids, is currently being harnessed by researchers worldwide to develop new point-of-need diagnostics. In CRISPR diagnostics, a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) containing a "spacer" sequence that specifically complements with the target nucleic acid sequence guides the activation of a CRISPR effector protein (Cas13a, Cas12a or Cas12b), leading to collateral cleavage of RNA or DNA reporters and enormous signal amplification. CRISPR function can be disrupted by some types of sequence mismatches between the spacer and target, according to previous studies. This poses a potential challenge in the detection of variable targets such as RNA viruses with a high degree of sequence diversity, since mismatches can result from target variations. To cover viral diversity, we propose in this study that during crRNA synthesis mixed nucleotide types (degenerate sequences) can be introduced into the spacer sequence positions corresponding to viral sequence variations. We test this crRNA design strategy in the context of the Cas13a-based SHERLOCK (specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking) technology for detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a biosafety level 4 pathogen with wide geographic distribution and broad sequence variability. The degenerate-sequence CRISPR diagnostic proves functional, sensitive, specific and rapid. It detects within 30-40 minutes 1 copy/μl of viral RNA from CCHFV strains representing all clades, and from more recently identified strains with new mutations in the CRISPR target region. Also importantly, it shows no cross-reactivity with a variety of CCHFV-related viruses. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that the degenerate sequence-based CRISPR diagnostic is a promising tool of choice for effective detection of highly variable viral pathogens.

Development and application of Cas13a-based diagnostic assay for Neisseria gonorrhoeae detection and azithromycin resistance identification.

Gonorrhoea, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has spread worldwide. Strains resistant to most antibiotics, including ceftriaxone and azithromycin, have emerged to an alarming level. Rapid testing for N. gonorrhoeae and its antimicrobial resistance will therefore contribute to clinical decision making for early diagnosis and rational drug use. A Cas13a-based assay (specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking; SHERLOCK) was developed for N. gonorrhoeae detection (porA gene) and azithromycin resistance identification (A2059G, C2611T). Assays were evaluated for sensitivity with purified dsDNA and specificity with 17 non-gonococcal strains. Performance of SHERLOCK (porA) was compared with Roche Cobas 4800 using 43 urine samples. Identification of azithromycin resistance mutations (A2059G, C2611T) was evaluated using a total of 84 clinical isolates and 18 urine samples. Lateral flow was tested for this assay as a readout tool. Moreover, we directly assayed 27 urethral swabs from patients with urethritis to evaluate their status in terms of N. gonorrhoeae infection and azithromycin resistance. The SHERLOCK assay was successfully developed with a sensitivity of 10 copies/reaction, except 100 copies/reaction for A2059G, and no cross-reaction with other species. Comparison of the SHERLOCK assay with the Cobas 4800 revealed 100% concordance within 18 positive and 25 negative urine samples. Of the 84 isolates, 21 strains with azithromycin resistance mutations were distinguished and further verified by sequencing and MIC determination. In addition, 62.96% (17/27) strains from swab samples were detected with no mutant strains confirmed by sequencing. The SHERLOCK assay for rapid N. gonorrhoeae detection combined with azithromycin resistance testing is a promising method for application in clinical practice.

CRISPR-cas13 enzymology rapidly detects SARS-CoV-2 fragments in a clinical setting.

BackgroundThe well-recognized genome editing ability of the CRISPR-Cas system has triggered significant advances in CRISPR diagnostics. This has prompted an interest in developing new biosensing applications for nucleic acid detection. Recently, such applications have been engineered for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Increased demand for testing and consumables of RT-PCR assays has led to the use of alternate testing options. Here we evaluate the accuracy and performance of a novel fluorescence-based assay that received EUA authorization for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples.MethodsThe Specific High-Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing (SHERLOCK) technology forms the basis of the Sherlock CRISPR SARS-CoV-2 kit using the CRISPR-Cas13a system. Our experimental strategy included selection of COVID-19 patient samples from previously validated RT-PCR assays. Positive samples were selected based on a broad range of cycle thresholds.ResultsA total of 60 COVID-19 patient samples were correctly diagnosed with 100% detection accuracy (relative fluorescence ratios: N gene 95% CI 29.9–43.8, ORF1ab gene 95% CI 30.1–46.3). All controls, including RNase P, showed expected findings. Overall ratios were robustly distinct between positive and negative cases relative to the pre-established 5-fold change in fluorescence.ConclusionsWe have evaluated the accuracy of detecting conserved targets of SARS-CoV-2 across a range of viral loads, including low titers, using SHERLOCK CRISPR collateral detection in a clinical setting. These findings demonstrate encouraging results, at a time when COVID-19 clinical diagnosis and screening protocols remain in demand; especially as new variants emerge and vaccine mandates evolve. This approach highlights new thinking in infectious disease identification and can be expanded to measure nucleic acids in other clinical isolates.

High-Throughput CRISPR-Cas13 SARS-CoV-2 Test.

The ability to control the spread of COVID-19 continues to be hampered by a lack of rapid, scalable, and easily deployable diagnostic solutions. We developed a diagnostic method based on CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) that can deliver sensitive, specific, and high-throughput detection of Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The assay utilizes SHERLOCK (Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing) for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and may be performed directly on a swab or saliva sample without nucleic acid extraction. The assay uses a 384-well format and provides results in <1 hour. Assay performance was evaluated with 105 (55 negative, 50 positive) remnant SARS-CoV-2 specimens previously tested using Food and Drug Administration emergency use authorized assays and retested with a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) quantitative PCR with reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) assay. When combined with magnetic bead-based extraction, the high-throughput SHERLOCK SARS-CoV-2 assay was 100% concordant (n = 60) with the CDC RT-qPCR. When used with direct sample addition the high-throughput assay was also 100% concordant with the CDC RT-qPCR direct method (n = 45). With direct saliva sample addition, the negative and positive percentage agreements were 100% (15/15, 95% CI: 81.8-100%) and 88% (15/17, 95% CI: 63.6-98.5%), respectively, compared with results from a collaborating clinical laboratory. This high-throughput assay identifies SARS-CoV-2 from patient samples with or without nucleic acid extraction with high concordance to RT-qPCR methods. This test enables high complexity laboratories to rapidly increase their testing capacities with simple equipment.

Gene Editing in Life Sciences

Gene editing technologies like the CRISPR-Cas9 system have forever changed the way we analyze genetics. As we now have a way to alter genetics, we can now investigate not just how a biological mechanism works, but wonder what we could do to make it better. This paper will discuss how biotechnology and gene editing are integrated into life sciences and biology, where most applications are found. It will be divided into four sections, each addressing how gene editing technology has advanced a field in life science. Firstly, the focus will be on viral detection systems SHERLOCK (Specific High-sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing) and DETECTR (DNA Endonuclease Targeting CRISPR Trans Reporter), and their importance to the current global pandemic as well as other applications. Then the attention will be diverted into the rapidly popularizing work on gene drives and attempts to drive the evolution of populations of species to benefit mankind. Next, we will discuss the link between biotechnology and species resurrection while discussing ongoing efforts and the ethics of such massive biodiversity shifts. And finally, we discuss possible solutions for the world's hunger crisis using biotechnology with a section on genetically modified crops. I hope to properly explain the growing applications of gene editing by the end of this paper.