Specific Greenhouse Gas Research Articles

Assessing the impact of three emission (3E) parameters on environmental quality in Canada: A provincial data analysis using the quantiles via moments approach

ABSTRACT Existing studies rarely examine the simultaneous effects of three emitting indicators (3E) – full emitting non-renewable, non-emitting renewable, and low-emitting nuclear - on three specific greenhouse gases: CO2, CH4, and N2O. We investigate the impact of three energy types on environmental quality, using Canadian data from 1990-2022. It incorporates macroeconomic policies, economic uncertainty, geopolitical risks, and eco-innovation, and employs the quantiles via moments method to explore the evolving relationships among these factors, considering provincial variances. Findings reveal that non-renewable energy sources deteriorate environmental quality by increasing CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions across all quantiles (from q.5 to q.95), while renewable and nuclear energies, along with eco-innovation initiatives, have a beneficial effect by reducing greenhouse gas emissions across all quantiles. Economic policy uncertainty is a contributing factor to greenhouse gas emissions across all quantiles, whereas geopolitical risks primarily impact the middle to upper quantiles (from q.50 to q.95). To counteract the lack of cross-sectional dependence in the quantiles via moments methodology, this paper employs Driscoll and Kraay’s standard errors approach to fortify its findings’ reliability. It concludes with policy suggestions promoting renewable energy and eco-innovation through increased investment, vibrant long-term policies, provincial collaboration, and adoption of green technologies.

Increased global warming potential during freeze-thaw cycle is primarily due to the contribution of N2O rather than CO2

While freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) can influence greenhouse gas emissions, the specific greenhouse gas that responds most strongly to FTC, as well as the underlying mechanisms, remain unclear. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to explore the responses of global warming potential (GWP) and the fluxes of CO2 and N2O to FTC. Our results showed that FTC treatment significantly increased GWP, N2O flux, cumulative GWP, and cumulative N2O emissions by 23.1 %, 53.2 %, 14.5 %, and 164.6 %, respectively, but did not affect CO2 flux, indicating that the enhanced GWP during the FTC period may be primarily due to the contribution of N2O flux rather than CO2 flux. The responses of GWP (+68.6 %), CO2 (+21.0 %), and N2O fluxes (+136.3 %) in croplands was higher than those in other ecosystems, exhibiting a strong dependence on ecosystem types. The effect size of FTC treatment on greenhouse gas emissions escalated with decreasing freezing temperature and diminished with increasing FTC frequency. Moreover, mean annual temperature (MAT) and FTC patterns were key factors influencing GWP during the FTC period. These findings provide critical insights into the variations in greenhouse gas emissions due to FTC and its influencing factors, allowing for more accurate predictions of the future impact of global climate change on GWP.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЖИТЛОВОЇ БУДІВЛІ ЗА УМОВ РІЗНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ТЕПЛОВОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ

The paper presents the results of modeling the process of energy consumption in public, residential, and commercial buildings as a result of the use of various sources of thermal energy. Buildings with such energy sources as: a) a low-temperature gas boiler with a capacity of up to 120 kW for the needs of heat supply of a residential building and freon air conditioning systems for the needs of cooling the building; b) a gas condensing boiler with a thermal capacity of up to 120 kW with a temperature regime of 55/45°C for heat supply and freon air conditioning systems for cooling; c) reversible heat pumping unit of the “ground-water” type with a temperature regime of 35/28°C for the needs of the heating and cooling system and a reversible heat pumping machine with a regime of 55/45°C for the needs of hot water supply; d) a reversible air-to-air heat pump for heating and cooling systems and electric boilers for hot water supply; e) a biomass solid fuel boiler with manual fuel loading with a heat output of more than 100 kW for heat supply and freon systems for cooling; f) a fuel pellet boiler with automatic mechanized fuel loading with a heat output of more than 100 kW for building heating and cooling and freon systems for cooling; g) centralized heating system of the building. The results of calculations of the specific primary energy consumption and specific greenhouse gas emissions for each of the above heat sources are presented. It is established that biomass boilers have the lowest values of primary energy consumption and specific greenhouse gas emissions. The lowest efficiency is achieved by a district heating system with a centralized energy source. The modeling was conducted for the climatic conditions of Vinnytsia. At the same time, the disadvantage of using solid fuel boilers is the limitation of their use in densely populated areas, which is explained by the complexity of flue gas cleaning and regular biomass supply. Therefore, it has been determined that the most efficient source of thermal energy for buildings of various types to achieve the standardized energy efficiency indicators is a ground-to-water heat pump system. This installation, along with providing buildings with thermal energy, allows for cooling in the warm season, operating in reverse mode.

Assessing the Additional Benefits of Thailand’s Approaches to Reduce Motor Vehicle Emissions

Air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) represent major challenges in our era, contributing to climate change and global health issues. These problems arise from a variety of well-known sources, including motor vehicles. Almost all nations, Thailand included, have formulated and implemented policies to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in line with the requirements and commitments of the Paris Agreement. The evaluation of specific air pollutants and GHG emissions originating from road vehicles utilises the Thailand database, referencing the year 2019. Data intersections from 2019 to 2022 are grounded in actual data collected from relevant departments in Thailand, while projections for 2023–2030 are forecasted based on the baseline year. The secondary database used in the International Vehicle Emission model is adjusted according to real-world driving data to accurately reflect country-specific emission factors. Dynamic emission factors for specific air pollutants and GHGs are evaluated and integrated with the average Vehicle Kilometres Travelled (VKT) for each vehicle category. The Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario is then examined, based on existing policies aimed at reducing air pollutants and GHG emissions in Thailand’s transport sector. These policies include strategies for the adoption of electric vehicles and the promotion of public transport to reduce VKT. Under the BAU scenario, the overall number of road vehicles in Thailand, including passenger cars, motorcycles, pickups, vans, trucks, and buses, is expected to increase by approximately 6.58% by 2030, leading to a rise in specific air pollutants and GHG emissions compared to the 2019 baseline. However, by adhering to Thailand’s strategies and transitioning to new electric passenger cars and buses, greenhouse gas emissions and specific air pollutants from the road transport sector will be significantly reduced.

Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from ships registered in South Korea based on activity data using the bottom-up approach

The shipping sector is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We aimed to calculate GHG emissions categorized by ship type for all vessels registered in South Korea. Hence, for the first time in South Korea, a bottom-up method based on ship activity data was employed, estimating energy consumption and emissions by ship type. Data from ships registered from 2019 to 2021 were collected and reclassified by ship type, and operational profiles were developed. Based on these profiles, the emissions of major GHGs, including CO2, CH4, and N2O, were estimated for the 3-year period. Cargo ships accounted for the highest percentage of annual fuel consumption, approximately 62.7%–64.7% of the total fuel consumption for all ships. The GHG emissions were calculated to be an average of 4.644 million tonCO2e, which is approximately 6.5 times higher than those from oil tankers (0.710 million tonCO2e), the second-highest emitter. This highlights the need for intensified GHG reduction measures specifically targeting cargo ships, providing clear evidence for prompt and enhanced implementation. The research findings are expected to be utilized as substantiated data for developing specific and systematic GHG reduction policies tailored to each ship type.

Strategic planning of decentralized hydrogen production for an efficient decarbonization of heat-intensive manufacturing systems

Currently, space heat and process heat in the industrial sector are primarily sourced from fossil fuels, such as natural gas, which is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Recognizing the imperative to decarbonize manufacturing systems, regulations, such as the European Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, were implemented. To adhere to those legal requirements and remain competitive, manufacturing companies are working towards decarbonizing their heat supply. There are several approaches to replace fossil fuels, such as direct electrification, i.e., the use of electricity-based heat supply technologies, or the decentralized production of hydrogen with electrolyzers. Decentralized hydrogen production is often promoted because, in contrast to direct electrification, manufacturing companies expect, e.g., fewer adjustments to existing plant technology. However, current approaches to decarbonization using hydrogen often result in high specific costs or high specific greenhouse gas emissions for the hydrogen. Therefore, this paper addresses the challenge of economically and ecologically inefficient hydrogen-based decarbonization in heat-intensive manufacturing systems, such as high-temperature forging and heat treatment facilities. For this purpose, a comprehensive approach for the strategic planning of decentralized hydrogen production to support decarbonization efforts is proposed. The approach consists of three methods. The first one evaluates the technical suitability of manufacturing systems for electrolyzer integration. The second one focuses on electrolyzer dimensioning for diverse manufacturing applications, and the third one enables the assessment of decentralized hydrogen production regarding specific costs and greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, the approach comprises prototypical implementation and validation in an industrial context.

Innovative system for BWRO desalination powered by PV and pumped hydro storage – Economic and GHG emissions analysis

Brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination driven by photovoltaic (PV) system as a primary energy source and pumped hydro storage (PHS) as an intermediate storage offers an energy-efficient and competitive solution to overcome freshwater scarcity. This innovative system for drinking water production from brackish groundwater was developed and technically analyzed in a prior work. In this paper, the entire system with two power supply scenarios: scenario 1 (PV, PHS and battery storage) and scenario 2 (PV, PHS and grid) is economically assessed and its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are analyzed. Thereafter, this system is compared with the state-of-the-art and BWRO systems powered by a conventional energy source (grid or diesel generator) to discuss and evaluate the future role of this innovative system in the BWRO desalination market. For off-grid operation, the innovative system with scenario 1 is the most economical system for drinking water production from brackish groundwater compared to the other examined systems as long as the diesel fuel price is equal to or more expensive than 0.58 US$/L. Moreover, the minimum specific GHG emissions produced per unit of drinking water production in scenario 1 is 46.8 % less than in the current system (PV and battery storage).

Quantifying of the Best Model for Prediction of Greenhouse Gas Emission, Quality, and Thermal Property Values during Drying Using RSM (Case Study: Carrot)

The aim of this study is to use the response surface methodology (RSM) to mathematically model the response parameters and emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and optimize the drying variables for a carrot dried with the microwave method using various pretreatments. To this end, the influence of the drying parameters (independent), such as microwave power and slice thickness dried by two pretreatments of ultrasonication at 30 °C for 10 min and blanching at 70 ℃ for 2 min, was explored on the dependent (response) parameters including the thermal properties (drying time, effective moisture diffusion coefficient (Deff), specific energy consumption, energy efficiency, quality features (color changes and shrinkage), and GHG emission (including CO2 and NOx). It should be mentioned that the emission of GHG was determined based on the energy consumption of various types of power plants such as the gas turbine steam power turbine, and combined cycle turbines using various fuels such as natural gas, heavy oil, and gas oil. The results indicated that the ultrasonication and blanching pretreatments can decrement the drying time (linearly), energy consumption (linearly or quadratically), shrinkage(quadratically), and color changes(quadratically) and enhance the Deff (linearly) and energy efficiency (linearly or quadratically) in all samples with R2 > 0.86. Moreover, the shortest drying time (42 min), lowest SEC (9.51 MJ/kg), and GHG emission ((4279.74 g CO2 in the combined cycle turbines plant, and 18.16 g NOX in the gas turbine plant) with natural gas for both plants) were recorded for the samples pretreated with blanching while the lowest color changes (13.69) and shrinkage (21.29) were observed in the ultrasonicated samples. Based on the optimization results, a microwave power of 300 W and steam power turbine of 2 mm were the best variables with a desirability of about 80% which resulted in the highest-quality products at the lowest GHG emission.

CARBON-FREE RUSSIA: IS THERE A CHANCE TO ACHIEVE CARBON NEUTRALITY BY 2060?

The prospects for reducing the carbon intensity of the Russian economy and the possibility of achieving climate neutrality of the national economy by 2060 are studied On the basis of a historical-extrapolation approach to the study of the development of various sociotechnical systems by comparing with the dynamics of carbon indicators of the economies of the leading countries of the world, it is shown that full compensation for anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by absorption by the biosphere (primarily forests) is theoretically possible with implementation of difficult-to-implement large-scale reform programs in all sectors of the country’s economy – from energy to forestry. Thus, in an optimistic scenario, the rate of decline in specific GHG emissions per capita should be the maximum value achieved in the world over the past 50 years at 1% per year, and forest management should include full compensation for growing deforestation and a 50% reduction in forest losses from fires, which are currently the second (after energy) sources of GHG emissions into the atmosphere. The most likely scenario is one with a rate of reduction in specific GHG emissions per capita of 0.5% / year, and a moderate increase of the absorbing capacity of forests mainly due to the implementation of forest-climate projects and fire emission reduction. Under the latter scenario, net GHG emissions by 2060 could reach 0.7 Gt CO2eq, which would require the creation of a national industry for large-scale carbon capture and storage in order to achieve climate neutrality of the Russian economy.

Domestic water versus imported virtual blue water for agricultural production: A comparison based on energy consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions

AbstractThe supply of water, food, and energy in our global economy is highly interlinked. Virtual blue water embedded into internationally traded food crops has therefore been extensively researched in recent years. This study focuses on the often neglected energy needed to supply this blue irrigation water. It provides a globally applicable and spatially explicit approach to the watershed level for water source specific quantification of energy consumption and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of irrigation water supply. The approach is applied to Israel's total domestic and imported food crop supply of 105 crops by additionally including import‐related transportation energy and emissions. Total energy use and related emissions of domestic crop production were much lower (551 GWh/422 kt CO2‐equivalents [CO2e]) than those embedded into crop imports (1639 GWh/649 kt CO2e). Domestic energy and emissions were mainly attributable to the irrigation water supply with artificial water sources (treated domestic wastewater and desalinated water, 84%). Transport accounted for 79% and 66% of virtually imported energy and emissions, respectively. Despite transport, specific GHG emissions (CO2e per ton of crop) were significantly lower for several crops (e.g., olives, almonds, chickpeas) compared to domestic production. This could be attributed to the high share of energy‐intensive artificial water supply in combination with higher irrigation water demands in Israel. In the course of an increasing demand for artificial water supply in arid and semi‐arid regions, our findings point to the importance of including “energy for water” into comparative environmental assessment of crop supply to support decision‐making related to the water–energy–food nexus.

Analysis of Specific Greenhouse Gas Emissions Savings from Biogas Production Based on Agricultural Residues and Industrial By-Products

The aim of this study was to analyse specific greenhouse gas emissions savings for a variety of agricultural residues, industrial by-products, and municipal biowaste. One of the most viable alternatives to fossil fuels is bioenergy, particularly biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of renewable feedstocks. The revised Renewable Energy Directive (D 2018/2001) recognizes that biogas production from agricultural residues, livestock production, and industrial by-products is an acknowledged greenhouse gas mitigation technology in cases where their use results in a certain level of specific greenhouse gas savings. This study delivered values for the maximum transport distance of agricultural residues and industrial by-products to achieve the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-saving requirement defined by Directive 2018/2001. It analysed the greenhouse gas emissions reduction for numerous feedstocks for which Directive 2018/2001 has not defined the default and typical values but which could be used as sustainable substitutes for currently dominantly used maize silage in biogas production. The results obtained in this work define the maximum transport and distribution distance for which biogas produced from considered feedstocks achieved required specific greenhouse gas emissions savings (80%), compared with fossil fuel comparator. The obtained results can be used as the constraints in the optimisation of the biomass supply chains for the feedstocks considered in this work.

UAV-based sampling systems to analyse greenhouse gases and volatile organic compounds encompassing compound-specific stable isotope analysis

Abstract. The study herein reports on the development and testing of sampling systems (and subsequent analytical setups) that were deployed on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for the purpose of analysing greenhouse gases (GHGs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the lower atmospheric boundary layer. Two sampling devices, both of which can be mounted to an UAV with a payload capability greater than 1 kg, were tested for respective sampling and analysis of specific GHGs (carbon dioxide, CO2, and methane, CH4) and VOCs (chlorinated ethenes, CEs). The gas analyses included measurements of the molar amounts and the respective stable carbon isotope ratios. In addition to compound calibration in the laboratory, the functionality of the samplers and the UAV-based sampling was tested in the field. Atmospheric air was either flushed through sorbent tubes for VOC sampling or collected and sampled in glass vials for GHG analysis. The measurement setup for the sorbent tubes achieved analyte mass recovery rates of 63 %–100 % (more favourable for lower chlorinated ethenes), when prepared from gaseous or liquid calibration standards, and reached a precision (2σ) better than 0.7 ‰ for δ13C values in the range of 0.35–4.45 nmol. The UAV-equipped samplers were tested over two field sampling campaigns designed to (1) compare manual and UAV-collected samples taken up a vertical profile at a forest site and (2) identify potential emissions of CO2, CH4 or VOC from a former domestic waste dump. The precision of CO2 measurements from whole air samples was ≤7.3 µmol mol−1 and ≤0.3 ‰ for δ13C values and ≤0.03 µmol mol−1 and ≤0.2 ‰ for CH4 working gas standards. The results of the whole air sample analyses for CO2 and CH4 were sufficiently accurate to detect and localise potential landfill gas emissions from a secured former domestic waste dump using level flight. Vertical CO2 profiles from a forest location showed a causally comprehensive pattern in the molar ratios and stable carbon isotope ratios but also the potential falsification of the positional accuracy of a UAV-assisted air sample due to the influence of the rotor downwash. The results demonstrate that the UAV sampling systems presented here represent a viable tool for atmospheric background monitoring, as well as for evaluating and identifying emission sources. By expanding the part of the lower atmosphere that can be practicably sampled over horizontal and vertical axes, the presented UAV-capable sampling systems, which also allow for compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA), may facilitate an improved understanding of surface–atmosphere fluxes of trace gas.

Towards a Refined and Open Model for Calculating Flight Specific Greenhouse Gas Emissions

There are many tools available for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from aviation. However, not all of them are transparent about their methodological choices and not all of them are relevant for certain purposes (e.g., comparison between different flights with the same origin-destination). In this paper, we propose an improved and open protocol (The Treep protocol), based on the improvement of existing protocols (principally myclimate protocol). In The Treep method, we replace the generic parameters in myclimate formula with aircraft or flight specific parameters and rely on more recent recommendations for the consideration of non-CO2 effects. The results show the relevance of greater granularity in GHG emissions calculations, and the variability of these results depending on the flight and the aircraft, among others.

Review of Closed SCO2 and Semi-Closed Oxy–Fuel Combustion Power Cycles for Multi-Scale Power Generation in Terms of Energy, Ecology and Economic Efficiency

Today, with the increases in organic fuel prices and growing legislative restrictions aimed at increasing environmental safety and reducing our carbon footprint, the task of increasing thermal power plant efficiency is becoming more and more topical. Transforming combusting fuel thermal energy into electric power more efficiently will allow the reduction of the fuel cost fraction in the cost structure and decrease harmful emissions, especially greenhouse gases, as less fuel will be consumed. There are traditional ways of improving thermal power plant energy efficiency: increasing turbine inlet temperature and utilizing exhaust heat. An alternative way to improve energy efficiency is the use of supercritical CO2 power cycles, which have a number of advantages over traditional ones due to carbon dioxide’s thermophysical properties. In particular, the use of carbon dioxide allows increasing efficiency by reducing compression and friction losses in the wheel spaces of the turbines; in addition, it is known that CO2 turbomachinery has smaller dimensions compared to traditional steam and gas turbines of similar capacity. Furthermore, semi-closed oxy–fuel combustion power cycles can reduce greenhouse gases emissions by many times; at the same time, they have characteristics of efficiency and specific capital costs comparable with traditional cycles. Given the high volatility of fuel prices, as well as the rising prices of carbon dioxide emission allowances, changes in efficiency, capital costs and specific greenhouse gas emissions can lead to a change in the cost of electricity generation. In this paper, key closed and semi-closed supercritical CO2 combustion power cycles and their promising modifications are considered from the point of view of energy, economic and environmental efficiency; the cycles that are optimal in terms of technical and economic characteristics are identified among those considered.

Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in Voluntary Field Water Management Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Projects Based on a Context–Attitude–Behavior Framework

The development of the greenhouse gas (GHGs) voluntary emission reduction market has created a new way for all agricultural GHGs emission reduction projects. Figuring out how to drive farmers to participate in the market is the key to the development of the agricultural voluntary emission reduction project mechanism. Current research on farmers’ participation in voluntary emission reduction projects has mostly been conducted from the perspective of the economic, social, and ecological benefits of the project and lacks research on analyzing farmers’ willingness to participate in combination with specific GHGs operational mechanisms. To find out how the operational mechanism of the field water management voluntary emission reduction (FWMVER) projects influences farmers’ willingness to participate in the project, this study constructed the attitude–context–behavior theoretical framework to consider the FWMVER operational mechanism. Based on the survey data of 789 rice farmers in GuangXi, China, the structural equation model (SEM) was adopted to analyze the impact of social networks, social trust, social norms, profit expectations, cost expectations, and satisfaction with the government in relation to the farmers’ willingness to participate in FWMVER projects. Results showed that social networks, social trust, social norms, profit expectations, cost expectations, and satisfaction with the government had significant impacts on the willingness of farmers to participate in FWMVER projects. Satisfaction with the government can effectively regulate the profit expectations and cost expectations for farmers to participate in the FWMVER projects. Policy implications were proposed based on analytical results to advise local governments to develop agricultural carbon finance, to improve public services in agricultural production, and to encourage establishing non-governmental organizations in rural areas involved in voluntary agricultural GHGs emission reduction projects.

The marginal abatement cost of co-producing biomethane, food and biofertiliser in a circular economy system

Biomethane from anaerobic digestion of agricultural feedstock is a versatile energy vector for decarbonising agriculture, heavy transport and heat. To lower costs and increase the emission-savings potential, photosynthetic biogas upgrading, cogenerating microalgae with biomethane is investigated here. In a first-of-its-kind work, this paper reports the enviro-economic performance and the marginal (CO2) abatement cost (MAC) of a polygeneration plant co-producing energy (biomethane), food (Spirulina powder) and bio-fertiliser (digestate) from agricultural feedstock using photosynthetic biogas upgrading at small, medium, and industrial scales. A negative MAC at industrial scale (3 MW biomethane), highlighted the environmental and economic benefit (net present value > 11.5 million€ and internal rate of return >40%) of the process as a low-carbon technology over conventional biomethane production processes at a biomethane sale price of 3 c€/kWh (comparable to natural gas). The operational expenditure, including the cost of the Spirulina cultivation medium and the plant capacity factor had the highest influence on its profitability. Replacing beef as a complete food with Spirulina powder maximised the emission savings rather than replacing beef protein with Spirulina protein. Economic allocation as opposed to energy allocation ensured that the levelised cost and specific greenhouse gas emissions of biomethane (<5 c€/kWh; < 3.5 gCO2-eq/MJ), Spirulina powder (<68 €/kg; < 4 kgCO2-eq/kg) and digestate (<5.60 €/tonne; < 0.41 kgCO2-eq/kg-nitrogen) are better than market-available alternatives across all scales. Trading emission savings from biomethane in the European Union emission trading system should allow the financial viability of smaller-scale processes by 2030.

LOW CARBON ENERGY 2. Hydrogen energy: problems, achievements, possible risks (review)

Ways to reduce the carbon capacity of Ukraine's economy through the active use of energy efficiency measures in energy, extensive use of renewable energy sources, in particular hydrogen, with possible problems and risks of transition to low-carbon energy. The aim of the work is to assess the contribution of hydrogen use in the perspective of achieving decarbonized energy of Ukraine, taking into account the advantages, available achievements and obstacles to the movement of the economy on this path. To this end, estimates of energy efficiency of primary energy resources according to the EROEI indicator, in particular, renewable energy sources; indicators of environmental friendliness of basic energy resources according to specific (per unit of energy) greenhouse gas emissions are given; IEA data on the volume of global investments in energy efficiency are presented.&#x0D; The main scientific and technical results of recent times in the field of research on the processes of production, transportation and end use of hydrogen, obtained by teams from a number of institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The problems of hydrogen energy are in the focus of close attention of scientists in the country. The use of Ukrainian nuclear power plants for hydrogen production is considered.&#x0D; Particular attention is paid to the materials of the draft Hydrogen Strategy of Ukraine until 2050, according to which the volume of hydrogen production in the final period of implementation will be up to 330 billion nm3 annually.&#x0D; The risks of formation and development of energy at RES are assessed, the optimal scenarios of the country's economic development are considered.

Application of heat carrier particles in a fluidized bed dryer: Dimensionless modeling and GHG emissions

AbstractDrying of agricultural products inherently is an energy intensive process. In the majority of drying processes, the energy for the air heating process is delivered by the steam, gas‐turbine, and combined‐cycle type power plants that run on the fossil fuels which in turn are responsible for global warming due to the greenhouse phenomena. The industry therefore is interested in the development of any energy saving measure in the drying process. This in turn reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Optimization of the drying process for energy reduction by the mathematical modeling may provide means to accomplish this goal. In the present study, the drying of canola seeds in a fluidized bed dryer containing heat carrier particles was investigated. Drying kinetics was modeled using dimensionless groups and the GHG emissions in each process were determined and analyzed. Three temperature levels and four ratios of Heat Carrier Particle (HCP) to seeds were applied. The lowest specific energy consumption (least GHG emissions) was achieved when the air temperature was set at 60°C and the drying chamber was filled with a mass ratio of 0.5 of HCP to seeds. Values of R2, RMSE, and k2 obtained for the predicted and experimental data were 0.90, 0.017, and 0.00092 respectively.Practical applicationsIn the current investigation, specific energy consumption and GHG emissions in different drying conditions of canola seeds in a fluidized bed dryer containing heat carrier particles were calculated and compared. A dimensionless approach was used to establish a new model for drying of canola seeds in the fluidized bed dryer. Subsequently, a dimensionless equation describing the drying behavior of seeds was derived. This method while being a simple model, gives high precision data for all effective parameters in the drying process. Therefore, the establishment of a dimensionless model for the drying kinetics and investigation of GHG emissions in the present study can be useful for the development of Eco‐friendly drying methods for future usages in food process engineering.

Формування оптимальних енергетичних та теплотехнічних характеристик огороджувальних конструкцій будівель

The purpose of the work is to study of options for thermal modernization of enclosing structures with a justification of the optimal composition of energy-saving measures to achieve maximum energy efficiency of buildings. Ukraine's energy balance shows that more than 30% of the total energy is consumed by the residential sector, of which up to 80% goes to heating. This is due to the low level of energy efficiency of the enclosing structures of residential buildings, as well as the unsatisfactory technical condition of utilities, due to physical wear and tear and obsolescence. The peculiarities of the influence of the type of thermal insulation materials and their characteristics on the thermal and energy performance of the building are investigated. It was found that the increase in the density of insulation affects the thermal resistance of walls in different ways - the density of mineral wool and extruded polystyrene have the opposite effect of foamed polystyrene, ie insulation of mineral wool or extruded polystyrene should be chosen with the lowest density Element-by-element analysis of the components of enclosing structures proved that their impact differs significantly, in the case of separate implementation of measures can reduce heat consumption by 0.07… 23%, and the priority is to modernize the walls of building facades (provided that the glazing ratio K ≤ 0 , 25). Measures of complex thermal modernization of enclosing structures are substantiated by the method of expert assessments according to technical-energy, financial and ecological criteria. Calculations confirm that the complex thermal modernization will reduce the value of specific energy consumption and specific greenhouse gas emissions by 1.5 times, specific heat consumption - by 1.9 times, increase the energy efficiency class of the building from G to D. It is shown that the normative values of heat transfer resistances of external enclosing structures will provide only the class D energy efficiency of the building. It is not possible to achieve the recommended class "C" and higher by further increasing the thermal resistance of the enclosing structures - it is necessary to modernize the engineering systems of the building.

Bringing greenhouse gas removal down to earth: Stakeholder supply chain appraisals reveal complex challenges

Greenhouse gas removal (GGR) approaches are considered essential in several projections to meet the climate mitigation ambition of the Paris Agreement. Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and afforestation are included extensively in mitigation scenarios but there are concerns about the feasibility of these approaches. This was explored with stakeholders from industry, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and policy who were involved in interviews and a one-day participatory workshop. Multicriteria mapping (MCM) methodology was used to appraise the ‘real-world’ feasibility of four specific greenhouse gas removal supply chains at a granular level in the UK context. The MCM analysis shows that afforestation performs better in comparison to three BECCS supply chains, on criteria such as business model, social acceptability, and environmental sustainability. This innovative application of the MCM methodology enables the abstract representations of GGR in integrated assessment models to be explored at a more granular level through a supply chain analysis and thus gain a deeper understanding of the issues facing these approaches. The data gathered allows a wide range of technical, environmental, social and political criteria to be systematically applied in appraising the practical performance of different future implementation options for afforestation and BECCS. If these GGR supply chains are to become a reality on the scale required for 1.5 °C global warming, factors such as global cooperation, land availability, and the longevity of policies and incentives were found to be major challenges.