Specific Geographical Origin Research Articles

From GI products consumers to destination visitors: an examination of the push side mechanism

PurposeGeographical Indication (GI) products represent a distinct association between a product and its specific geographic origin. While scholars have acknowledged the impact of GI products on destination marketing, there exists a dearth of research concerning the underlying mechanism through which the perceived value of GI products influences consumers' intention to visit the region of origin.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilizes the cognitive appraisal theory as a basis for constructing a conceptual framework to investigate the association between the perceived value of GI products, emotional reactions and destination brand awareness.FindingsBy placing particular emphasis on the diverse impacts of perceived value on tourists' affective responses and travel intentions, the results of this research offer significant contributions to the field of destination marketing.Originality/valueA deeper understanding of the perceived value of GI products can enable destination marketers to effectively attract prospective tourists and foster a stronger connection between tourists and the regions of origin.

Review of Capability of Methods for the Verification of Country of Origin for Food and Feed

Country of origin is defined as the country where food or feed is entirely grown, produced, or manufactured, or, if produced in more than one country, where it last underwent a substantial change. In the UK, EU-assimilated legislation states that indication of the country of origin is a mandatory labelling requirement for food and feed, including products such as meat, vegetables, eggs, honey and wine. The country of origin claim plays an important role for consumers who tend to relate certain country of origin labelling to superior quality or brand identity. Patriotism (or ethnocentrism) can also play a role in consumer food choice. In Europe, there are 3500 products with a specific geographical origin and their production methods are officially protected (Protected Designation of Origin = PDO; Protected Geographical Indication = PGI; Geographical Indication (for spirit drinks) = GI). These goods often carry a premium price. In addition to customer preference and sale price, country of origin claims are important to businesses when they seek to (i) monitor food miles (carbon footprint), (ii) ensure sustainable sourcing of, for example soy and palm oil (including new Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 on deforestation-free products), (iii) avoid trading of goods which are subject to sanctions, (iv) reassure consumers over concerns of farming and animal welfare standards, (v) avoid foods which are linked to exploitation of farm workers, enforced, or child labour. ‘Verification’ of geographical origin involves testing against a database to confirm that the data for a sample are consistent with those for that geographical location as claimed on a product label. Verification therefore does not involve testing a sample from an unknown location to unequivocally identify its provenance, as such methods are not available or are extremely limited in scope.

The Orientalizing Period: Influence of Near Eastern on the Greek World

The Orientalizing period, which occurred from around the mid-8th to mid-7th centuries B. C. E. , was characterised by the obvious influence of Eastern culture on different aspects of ancient Greek material culture. This includes the spread of ideas, motifs, and techniques from the Near East to Greece and the wider Mediterranean region. The content of this paper is organised into three sections. The initial section will present the distinctive historical context of the Orientalizing period and its fundamental factors. The subsequent section will determine the specific geographic origins of this influence from the east and examine the processes through which it spread to the Greek realm. The third part will explore the significant cultural exchanges between the Greeks and the Near Eastern regions, especially between Phoenicians, Egyptians, and Syrians. These interactions had a significant impact on Greek society, influencing the development of arts and technology, as well as the broad social dynamics in the ancient Greek world.

Protection Geographical Indication of Cimpa Tuang Food: Measuring Cultural and Economic Value in Sukalaju Village

Geographical Indication (GI) for cimpa food in the context of measuring the value of cultural and economic identity of a particular region. Cimpa food, as a culinary product with deep cultural roots, has a central role in a region's cultural identity, reflecting local history, traditions and culinary richness. However, challenges such as social, economic, and environmental changes have threatened the sustainability of cimpa food production and the integrity of its cultural identity. This research involved field research methods, surveys, historical analysis, and interviews with producers, local stakeholders. We focused our attention on one specific geographical area where cimpa food is produced. In addition, we measured the economic impact of cimpa food production and marketing, assessed the effectiveness of GI protection, and identified challenges and opportunities faced by producers. Our findings reveal that GI protection is an important measure to protect cimpa food from counterfeiting and unfair competition, while appropriate marketing strategies can expand the market for these products. This research not only provides practical benefits for local producers in developing their businesses, but also makes a theoretical contribution to the understanding of the relationship between food, culture, economics, and legal protection in the context of food products with specific geographical origins.

Geographical origin identification of camellia oil based on fatty acid profiles combined with one-class classification

Geographical Indication (GI) agricultural products possess specific geographical origins and high qualities, which require an effective geographical origin traceability method for the important protective trademarks. In this study, authentication models for Changshan camellia oil were developed by fatty acid profiles and one-class classification methods including data-driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA) and one-class partial least squares (OCPLS), and compared with traditional two-class classification models. The results indicated that the prediction errors of three two-class classification models were 63.8%, 12.1%, and 65.2% for the samples out of targeted geographical origins, respectively. By contrast, the one-class classification models could completely differentiate Changshan from non-Changshan camellia oils, even from the adjacent counties. Moreover, compared with traditional indicators of mineral elements, the model built by fatty acid profiles possessed higher sensitivity and specificity. It also offered a reference strategy for the geographical origin identification of other high-value oils or foods.

Untargeted UHPLC–Q-Exactive-MS-based metabolomics reveals associations between pre- and post-cooked metabolites and the taste quality of geographical indication rice and regular rice

Geographical indication (GI) rice refers to the rice of specific geographical origin, which tends to have a good taste quality and a high commodity price. Rice is favored for its soft texture and chewiness after cooking. However, GI rice is also plagued by rice fraud. Understanding the reasons for the excellent taste quality of GI rice and identifying its geographical origin can help maintain the stability of the rice market and promote the development of the rice industry. In this study, we determined the taste quality of rice. Untargeted metabolomics based on UHPLC–Q-Exactive-MS was used to identify metabolites in GI and regular rice before and after cooking. Our findings suggested that GI rice showed lower protein and amylose content, resulting in higher starch gelatinization properties and taste quality. This study identified 520 metabolites, among which 142 and 175 were significantly different between GI and regular rice, before and after cooking, respectively. The increased variety of metabolites after cooking was significantly negatively correlated with the taste quality of rice. GI rice was lower in amino acids and lipid metabolite content before and after cooking, which may be the reason for the excellent taste quality. Through linear discriminant analysis, we found that the differential metabolites of rice after cooking were more accurate in discriminating rice from different geographic origins, up to 100%. This work gained new insights into the metabolites of GI rice, which explains its excellent taste quality. The rice metabolites after cooking could be used for more accurate geographical identification of rice.

Wild origins and mitochondrial genetic diversity of Angolan Colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis) in AZA-accredited zoos and its implications for ex situ population management.

Across zoo's accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums(AZA), species are typically managed as a single population to retain 90% of the founding members' gene diversity. Often, little is known about the specific geographic origins of the founders or how representative the ex situ population's genetic diversity is of the wild population. This study uses mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing to investigate haplotype diversity and geographic female founder origin of the AZA-managed Angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis) monkey population. We obtained fecal samples from individuals closely related to founder animals at five zoos and found four haplotypes among 23 individuals. Analyzed together with wild C. angolensis haplotypes, we found two haplotypes identical to those found in Tanzanian populations: one haplotype, possessed by 13 individuals (descended from three founders), matched an East Usambara Mountains haplotype, while the other, possessed by seven individuals (from four founders), matched a haplotype found in both the South Pare Mountains and Rufiji River. Two haplotypes were not detected in wild populations but were closely related to haplotypes found in the Rufiji River (one individual descended from one founder) and Shimoni, Kenya (two individuals descended from one founder) populations, suggesting nearby origins. Thus, the AZA-managed population of Angolan colobus likely originated from several localities, but all have mtDNA lineages associated with the subspecies C. a. palliatus, a Vulnerable subspecies. Examining founders' mtDNA haplotypes may be a useful addition to the zoo population management toolkit to help improve breeding recommendations by identifying individuals with rare haplotypes and revealing likely kinship among founders.

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) Metabolic Profiles Discriminate Two Monovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils, Cultivars Arbequina and Koroneiki, with Different Geographical Origin

This study aims to evaluate the Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR)-based metabolomic profiles of monovarietal olive oils obtained from Arbequina and Koroneiki, which are typically present in the Mediterranean basin and grown in Spain and Greece, respectively. Micro-milled oils were obtained from olives harvested both in their cultivar home countries (Spain and Greece) and in Italy. Investigations by 1H NMR metabolic profiling were carried out to develop a strategy for the correct interpretation of differences based on geographical origins. The NMR Spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) revealed significant differences in fatty acids profile as well as the unsaponifiable fraction, not only according to the cultivars but also to the specific geographical origin of the olives used. In particular, the oils from Spain were higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content than those from Italy. Conversely, the Italian oils of Koroneiki showed higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) than Greek oils. Regarding the Extra Virgin Olive Oils (EVOOs) minor fraction, for both cultivars, the olive oils obtained using olives harvested in Italy were characterized by higher relative content of phenolic compounds. It was found that each of the investigated cultivars (Arbequina and Koroneiki), very popular in super high density (SHD) planting systems, assumed a specific well-characterized metabolic EVOO profile when the olives are harvested in Italy. These results may contribute to extending and enforcing available literature data on 1H NMR-based chemometric models as powerful tools for EVOOs geographical origin discrimination.

Current Scenario of GI Certified Mango Varieties in India

This article puts emphasis on varieties of Mangoes with Geographical Indication (GI) certification in India and also discusses the characteristics and uniqueness of each certified variety. GI one of the most important laws in Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) that protects a product’s specific geographical origin with an GI Tag. Mango (Mangifera indica) is a popular member of Anacardiaceae family and one of the most critical and cultivated crops in the world, with exotic qualities due to its origin. Indian climate is very favorable for Mango production, and this makes India the largest exporter of mangoes across the globe. In India, a total of 417 products were registered with GI, out of which 129 were in the agriculture product’s category. Twelve Mango varieties have been GI registered, and seven Mango varieties are under the process of GI Certification. GI-certified products have the potential for rural development because of their domestic and global demand.

Investigating the participation mode in agro-based GI development programmes in Indonesia: A lesson learnt from three case studies

Geographical Indication (GI), a product labelling tool based on a specific geographical origin, has gained traction in many developed countries. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, GI has been put on the radar screen since the 2000s, marked by the establishment of government regulation at the national level, followed by various programmes to assist communities to pursue GI labels for their unique local products. As GI is a community-based intellectual property, the participation of local actors is considered important in GI development to pursue sustainable agroindustry. To this end, this paper addresses the question of to what extent have the GI development programmes in Indonesia pursued the participation of local actors? In doing so, we focus on dissecting three agro-based GI products located in three different areas in Indonesia as case studies. Interviews with some representatives of the Community of GI Protection (MPIG) and the local business community from each case were conducted, supported by the information received from government actors, academics and practitioners. The degree of participation framework that consists of 1) informing, 2) consultation, and 3) empowering is used to analyse the three cases to answer the paper’s question. This paper found that the GI-based agroindustry development in Indonesia still largely focuses on pursuing formal institutions of GI labelling while empowering local actors still received little attention. Further studies are necessary to explore the effect of GI development programmes on local farmers’ situations.

Enhanced multi-stir bar sorptive extraction for wine analysis: Alteration in headspace mode

Multi-stir bar sorptive extraction (multi-SBSE) represents a viable alternative for recent trends in sample preparation based on a combination of extraction techniques. In this case, increased amount of sorbent and its extended polarity range could advance quality of experimental data obtained in foodomics or metabolomics investigations. With this in mind, it was developed multi-SBSE procedure suitable for authentication of botrytized wine produced in different countries of Tokaj wine region. A design of headspace mode of multi-SBSE was modified to provide additional agitation of a stir bar. An expanded profile of wine samples was obtained with the application of EG-Silicone and PDMS coated stir bars in headspace and direction immersion mode, respectively. Multivariate optimization based on central composite design was selected to determine the influence of various experimental parameters, including extraction temperature enhancing headspace extraction. In our case, proper description of the optimization results required application of a third-order polynomial model, which highlighted dominant influence of salt addition for extraction in both modes. Due to a large number of extracted compounds, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) was used for assessment of wine samples. Such approach allows reveleaing the presence of sulphur containing compounds, diols, ketone derivatives and methoxybenzenes linking a specific geographical origin. At the same time, the results obtained for compounds common for all the samples were processed with principal component analysis (PCA). Considerable progress for discrimination of the botrytized wines was mainly achieved with combined data from EG-Silicone and PDMS extraction.

The Origins of Food Supplied to an Australian Public Hospital.

Local food procurement by public institutions such as hospitals offers multiple benefits including stimulating the local economy, creating jobs, and building resilience within the food supply. Yet no published study has attempted to quantify the local food purchase by hospitals. This baseline is needed to identify gaps, set targets, and monitor change. The objective of this study was to investigate the origin of food supplied to a metro tertiary public hospital and to describe the proportion of food budget spent on items with ingredients grown in Australia and “locally” within the state of Victoria. Food procurement data were collected and analyzed during October 2020-April 2021. All items purchased by the cook fresh kitchen supplying meals to inpatients and two childcare centres during an 8-day menu cycle period were audited. Following an inspection of food packaging labels to determine country of origin, data on the proportion of Victorian content were collected from manufacturers and suppliers of foods containing Australian ingredient. Almost 80% of the food budget (AU $17,748 and 200 items) was spent on items containing significant (at least 75%) Australian content, while 11% was spent on entirely imported foods. The specific geographic origins of 55% of the budget spent on “Australian” food remain unknown as information from manufacturers and suppliers was not available. Where data were available, 3% of food budget was attributed to entirely Victorian grown foods, including fresh fruit, vegetables, and poultry. A considerable proportion of Australian grown foods are purchased by this hospital, but it is largely unknown whether these are local, from the state of Victoria, or not. Tracing and sharing of food origin data, a clear definition for “local” food, and an understanding of Victorian food growing industries are needed to progress the “local food to hospital” agenda.

Differential patterns of postmigration HIV-1 infection acquisition among Portuguese immigrants of different geographical origins.

To investigate the dynamics of phylogenetic transmission clusters involving immigrants of Portuguese Speaking Countries living in Portugal. We included genomic sequences, sociodemographic and clinical data from 772 HIV migrants followed in Portugal between 2001 and 2017. To reconstruct HIV-1 transmission clusters, we applied phylogenetic inference from 16 454 patients: 772 migrants, 2973 Portuguese and 12 709 global controls linked to demographic and clinical data. Transmission clusters were defined using: clusters with SH greater than 90% (phylogenetic support), genetic distance less than 3.5% and clusters that included greater than 66% of patients from one specific geographic origin compared with the total of sequences within the cluster. Logistic regression was performed to assess factors associated with clustering. Three hundred and six (39.6%) of migrants were included in transmission clusters. This proportion differed substantially by region of origin [Brazil 54% vs. Portuguese Speaking African Countries (PALOPs) 36%, P < 0.0001] and HIV-1 infecting subtype (B 52%, 43% subtype G and 32% CRF02_AG, P < 0.001). Belonging to a transmission cluster was independently associated with treatment-naive patients, CD4+ greater than 500, with recent calendar years of sampling, origin from PALOPs and with seroconversion. Among Brazilian migrants - mainly infected with subtype B - 40.6% were infected by Portuguese. Among migrants from PALOPs - mainly infected with subtypes G and CFR02_AG - the transmission occurred predominantly within the migrants' community (53 and 80%, respectively). The acquisition of infection among immigrants living in Portugal differs according to the country of origin. These results can contribute to monitor the HIV epidemic and prevent new HIV infections among migrants.

Primary Metabolite Chromatographic Profiling as a Tool for Chemotaxonomic Classification of Seeds from Berry Fruits

Considering the importance of consumption of berry fruits with proven health-beneficial properties and difficulties in quality control of products of specific botanical and geographic origin, a fingerprint method was developed, based on advanced data analysis (pattern recognition, classification), in order to relate the variability of nutrients in the selected cultivars to primary metabolite profile. Forty-five samples of genuine berry fruit cultivars (strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, black currant, blueberry, gooseberry, chokeberry, cape gooseberry and goji berry) were characterized according to chromatographic profiles of primary metabolites (sugars, lipids and fatty acids) obtained by three chromatographic techniques (high-performance thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection). Comprehensive analysis allowed monitoring and identification of metabolites belonging to polar lipids, mono-, di- and triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, free sterols, sterol esters, mono- to heptasaccharides and sugar alcohols. Chemical fingerprint of berry seeds showed the uniformity of primary metabolites within each fruit species, but revealed differences depending on the botanical origin. All three chromatographic methods provided a discriminative, informative and predictive metabolomics methodology, which proved to be useful for chemotaxonomic classification. A novel methodology for the identification of bioactive compounds from primary metabolites of natural products was described. The proposed untargeted metabolite profiling approach could be used in the future as a routine method for tracing of novel bioactive compounds. The knowledge of metabolite composition obtained in this study can provide a better assessment of genotypic and phenotypic differences between berry fruit species and varieties, and could contribute to the development of new breeding programs.

Factors Influencing Wine Purchasing by Generation Y and Older Cohorts on the Serbian Wine Market

This research investigates current preferences in wine purchase patterns and factors that affect the online purchase of wine by Generation Y and older cohorts in the Republic of Serbia. Our research utilizes descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, the Mann–Whitney nonparametric test, and binary logistic regression. The results indicate that wine purchasing is conducted on an occasional basis—mostly monthly and weekly—with a tendency to buy wine throughout the whole year. The older cohort has a more pronounced rank, compared to Generation Y, regarding WTP for wines with a specific geographical origin and local wines. Although Generation Y and the older cohort have no habit of buying wine online, the information on geographical origin represents the most important online information related to online purchase intention. The strongest influence on online wine purchasing among members of the older cohort is a link that connects producers with consumers to allow the latter to obtain additional information and send remarks, suggestions, and/or praise, as well as a link to the winemakers’ association website, and the very significant influence of female gender. The strongest influence on online wine purchasing in Generation Y is the information on geographical origin. Female gender and income are also very significant. As wine consumption in the Republic of Serbia is gradually increasing, a growing interest in online wine purchases is expected. Our findings can provide useful information for building profiles of online wine consumers, depending on age cohort.

Autochthonous Biological Resources for the Production of Regional Craft Beers: Exploring Possible Contributions of Cereals, Hops, Microbes, and Other Ingredients.

Selected biological resources used as raw materials in beer production are important drivers of innovation and segmentation in the dynamic market of craft beers. Among these resources, local/regional ingredients have several benefits, such as strengthening the connection with territories, enhancing the added value of the final products, and reducing supply costs and environmental impacts. It is assumed that specific ingredients provide differences in flavours, aromas, and, more generally, sensory attributes of the final products. In particular, of interest are ingredients with features attributable and/or linked to a specific geographical origin. This review encompasses the potential contribution and exploitation of biodiversity in the main classes of beer inputs, such as cereals, hops, microbes, and adjuncts, with a specific emphasis on autochthonous biological resources, detailing the innovative paths already explored and documented in the scientific literature. This dissertation proposes an overview of the impact on beer quality for each raw material category, highlighting the benefits and limitations that influence its concrete applications and scale-up, from the field to the stain. The topics explored promote, in the sector of craft beers, trends already capitalised in the production of other alcoholic beverages, such as the preservation and revalorisation of minor and autochthonous varieties, the exploitation of yeast and bacteria strains isolated from specific sites/plant varieties, and the valorisation of the effects of peculiar terroirs on the quality of agricultural products. Finally, the examined tendencies contribute toward reducing the environmental impacts of craft beer manufacturing, and are in line with sustainable development of food systems, increasing the economic driver of biodiversity preservation.

Varieties with a high level of resistance provide an opportunity to manage root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani in alfalfa

Rhizoctonia solani is one of the major fungal pathogens associated with root rot in alfalfa that severely limits commercial alfalfa production worldwide. Host resistance is considered the most cost-effective and sustainable way to manage diseases caused by this pathogen. This study aimed to determine whether any host resistances to R. solani exist among a wide-ranging alfalfa collection and whether host resistances were associated with a specific geographic origin. We found a large variation in disease responses among the 68 alfalfa varieties, with the range of disease indices of shoots from 23 to 94% and roots from 31 to 98% as well as reductions in dry weight of shoots from 35 to 96% and roots from 2 to 99%. Among these, three varieties (Gannong 9, Trifecta and Common), originating from three different countries, displayed a high level of resistance, with disease indices of shoots and roots as well as reductions in dry weight of shoots and roots being all ≤40%. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis revealed three main groups of disease responses existed among varieties, with five varieties (7%) showing resistance, 15 varieties (22%) being moderately resistant and the remaining ones exhibiting susceptibility. Besides, varieties with a similar disease response were associated with various geographic origins. This study provides valuable resistance sources for breeding programs to develop alfalfa varieties with improved resistance to R. solani, and for facilitating the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the resistant varieties to this pathogen.

The cabinet and the world: non-European objects in early modern European collections

Abstract Early modern European collectors proclaimed that their cabinets contained ‘the world’. What do collections from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries reveal about the ways in which those who assembled, owned and visited them understood objects from other regions and cultures? Inventories, catalogues and descriptions of European collections from the period reveal that the reception of non-European objects was characterized, above all, by practices of geographical and cultural indeterminacy, most notably: (1) empty attribution, (2) misattribution, (3) unstable attribution, and (4) lack of attribution. When considered as early versions of museums of ‘world cultures’, cabinets functioned not as sites for the production of knowledge but as sites of worldmaking, which absorbed, recontextualized and repurposed objects with specific geographical and cultural origins and meanings to create undifferentiated, fungible foreignness.

Feasibility of Authenticating Mutton Geographical Origin and Breed Via Hyperspectral Imaging with Effective Variables of Multiple Features

Muttons of specific geographical origin and breed are nutritious and flavorful and they have high economic value. However, substitution and adulteration are pervasive in the market. In this study, we explore hyperspectral imaging for authenticating mutton geographical origin and breed. We extracted the reflectance spectra of 400–1000 nm from the region of interest (ROI) of hyperspectral images, and we selected effective wavelengths through principal component analysis. Then, we acquired textural features from grayscale ROI images using a gray-level gradient co-occurrence matrix and screened effective variables through correlation analysis. With various features, we used support vector machines, random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbor, and convolutional neural network to develop models to identify mutton geographical origin and breed. Optimal identification was achieved using RF with the spectra of effective wavelengths and effective variables of textural features. Classification accuracies of 99.54% and 95.67% for calibration and prediction sets, respectively, were obtained. From the confusion matrix, we authenticated each mutton type with high accuracy. Hence, HSI with effective variables of multiple features coupled with RF can identify mutton geographical origin and breed accurately and provide a potential reference for a simple system that integrates multi-wavelength spectroscopy and digital imaging.

Effect of Geographical Indication Information on Consumer Acceptability of Cooked Aromatic Rice.

Geographical indication (GI) labeling is used to represent information about specific geographical origins of target products. This study aimed at determining the impact of GI information on sensory perception and acceptance of cooked aromatic rice samples. Ninety-nine participants evaluated cooked rice samples prepared using each of three aromatic rice varieties both with and without being provided with GI information. Participants rated the acceptance and intensity of the cooked rice samples in terms of appearance, aroma, flavor, texture, and overall liking, and also reported how important the GI information was to them. The results showed that consumers rated the cooked rice samples higher in appearance and overall liking when provided with GI information. Interestingly, participants who valued “state-of-origin” information more highly exhibited increased hedonic ratings of cooked rice samples when provided with GI information, but not when no GI information was given. Participants provided with GI information rated flavor or sweetness intensities of cooked aromatic rice samples closer to just-about-right than those without such information. This study provides empirical evidence about how GI information modulates sensory perception and acceptance of cooked aromatic rice samples. The findings will help rice industry, farmers, and traders better employ GI labeling to increase consumer acceptability of their rice products.