Detection Of Specific Genes Research Articles

Revisiting Microbial Diversity in Hypersaline Microbial Mats from Guerrero Negro for a Better Understanding of Methanogenic Archaeal Communities.

Knowledge regarding the diversity of methanogenic archaeal communities in hypersaline environments is limited because of the lack of efficient cultivation efforts as well as their low abundance and metabolic activities. In this study, we explored the microbial communities in hypersaline microbial mats. Bioinformatic analyses showed significant differences among the archaeal community structures for each studied site. Taxonomic assignment based on 16S rRNA and methyl coenzyme-M reductase (mcrA) gene sequences, as well as metagenomic analysis, corroborated the presence of Methanosarcinales. Furthermore, this study also provided evidence for the presence of Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales, Methanomassiliicoccales, Candidatus Methanofastidiosales, Methanocellales, Methanococcales and Methanopyrales, although some of these were found in extremely low relative abundances. Several mcrA environmental sequences were significantly different from those previously reported and did not match with any known methanogenic archaea, suggesting the presence of specific environmental clusters of methanogenic archaea in Guerrero Negro. Based on functional inference and the detection of specific genes in the metagenome, we hypothesised that all four methanogenic pathways were able to occur in these environments. This study allowed the detection of extremely low-abundance methanogenic archaea, which were highly diverse and with unknown physiology, evidencing the presence of all methanogenic metabolic pathways rather than the sheer existence of exclusively methylotrophic methanogenic archaea in hypersaline environments.

Molecular effects of site-specific phosphate-methylated primer on the structure and motions of Taq DNA polymerase

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful molecular biology assay for gene detection and quantification. Conventional DNA primers for PCR often suffer from poor sensitivity in specific gene detection. Recently, oligonucleotides containing methyl phosphotriester (MPTE-DNA) have been developed with enhanced DNA hybridization and improved gene detection sensitivity. Yet, site-specific MPTE-modifications on DNA primers have been reported to affect PCR amplification efficiencies while the detailed mechanism remains elusive. Here, we utilized molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to examine the effects of site-specific MPTE-modified primers on the structure and motions of DNA/Taq polymerase complexes. All tested MPTE-DNA/Taq complexes exhibited RMSD values below 2 Å, indicating insignificant effects of all methylation sites on the complex stability. The energetic and hydrogen-bonding analyses suggest minor effects of methylation at t-3, t-4, t-6, and t-7 positions on the DNA−Taq interaction. Principal component analyses further reveal that only t-3, and t-7 methylations preserve the motions of the Taq thumb domain. The site-specific methylation affects the interaction between DNA and the surrounding protein residues, resulting in allosteric-like effects on the DNA/Taq complex. The MD data complement the best experimentally observed PCR efficacies for the t-3 and t-7 positions among all tested MPTE-primers. The unveiled molecular insights can benefit the design of novel PCR primers for improving genetic testing platforms.

Characterization of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC Producing Organisms Isolated from a Third Level Hospital Patients in Dominican Republic

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae have become a challenge for clinicians as they frequently show co-resistance to other antibiotic classes. AmpC-type β-lactamases (AmpCs), tend to be more difficult to treat as they could be induced during antibiotic therapy. To characterize ESBLs and AmpCs producing organisms, we collected clinical samples identified through MicroScan® as members of the Enterobacteriaceae family and ESBLs producers, following Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute indications, from January through March 2021, in a third level hospital in Santiago de Los Caballeros, Dominican Republic. Samples underwent manual confirmation via ESBL + AmpC screen discs kit (Liofichelm® srl, Italy) and a genotype analysis was done by DNA extraction for detection of specific genes related with ESBL ((blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX, and blaCMY-4) or AmpC (CIT, MOX, DHA and FOX) expression. 54 samples were confirmed as ESBL and/or AmpC producers with Escherichia coli as the most frequent (33/61%) followed by Klebsiella sp. (9/17%). blaCTX was detected in 29 (67%) isolates, followed by blaTEM (23/53%) and blaSHV (18 /40%) . Among the AmpC encoding genes, DHA and CIT gene pools were detected in 3 (7%) and 2 (5%) of the samples, respectively. Two or more genes were detected in 19 (44%) samples. All the AmpC genes were found in an isolate which already had, at least, two other β-lactamase encoding genes. In this cohort, ESBLs and AmpCs -producing organisms with multiple resistance genes were detected. Efforts to curb antibiotic availability and to establish antimicrobial stewardship programs are needed.

Prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical sources in Diyala, Iraq

Antibiotic resistance showed by many bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus is a great global problem. This paper is included the prevalence percentage of some tetracycline's resistance genes in isolates of S.aureus collected from different sources. Seventy five different samples were collected from different sources, including wound, burn, nasal, blood, and urine samples from several hospitals of Baquba city and the samples cultured on two culture agar Blood Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar for studying of colony properties. Gram stain and some biochemical tests such as (coagulase, oxidase, catalase) were done for this purpose. The molecular method was dependent on PCR in the detection of specific genes, 16SrRNA, to diagnose the staphylococcus genus. The results of 16SrRNA PCR detection revealed that fifteen isolates were identified as S. aureus. All the isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction to amplify four common tetracycline resistance determinants, tetK, tet38 ,tetL, tetM,. A number of 15 isolates (100%) were found to be positive for tetK genes , Out of 15 resistant S.aureus isolates, 15 (100%) were found to produce tet38 genes,while 5(33.3%) isolates have tetL genes , 8(53.3%) carried tetM genes.

Antibiotic Suscepibility Studies on Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolated from Vegetables Sold at Sokoto, North Western, Nigeria

Aim: The study was aimed at antibiotic susceptibility studies on Escherichia coli O157: H7 isolated from vegetables sold at Sokoto Central Market, Northwestern, Nigeria.
 Study Design: The study is a cross-sectional study involving sampling of vegetables sold at Central Market, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study area is Shehu Shagari Central Market Sokoto were sample are collected and analyzed at central Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. The research was conducted over a period of six (6) months (January, 2019 – June, 2019).
 Methodology: A cross-sectional study involving sampling of vegetables sold at Central Market, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Vegetable samples were processed and inoculated unto sorbiol MacConkey’s agar (SMAC) at a pH of 7.2 for the isolation of Escherichia coli by streaking method. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out on Escherichia coli which were isolated from the samples analyzed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Isolates DNA was extracted using MiniPrep kit (Zymo research (ZR) California, USA) and then samples were amplified in separate reactions using the GeneAmp PCR (Polymerised chain reaction) System 9700 thermocycler for Escherichia coli O157: H7 specific gene detection.
 Results: The presence of E. coli O157:H7 in vegetable samples was 2 (1.25%) and significantly low. High sensitivity patterns were observed against ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidine and cefuroxine. Resistance was found to be high for amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and gentamicin.
 Conclusion: Although there was significantly low prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in vegetable samples, investigation of non-0157 shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) is therefore required.

Variability of the microbiota in traditional Caciocavallo, Scamorza and Caciotta cheeses manufactured with raw milk and natural cultures

Numerical and taxonomical variability of dominant microbial groups was investigated for 52 lots of traditional raw milk cheeses Caciocavallo, Scamorza and Caciotta from two dairy manufacturers. Microorganisms were characterised by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and detection of specific genes. Different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) growth dynamics between dairies, switches in the predominant LAB species and lot‐specific presence of certain bacterial groups were observed. The presence of virulence genes in enterococcal isolates, the presence of a tyrosine decarboxylase (tdcA) gene in a Lacticaseibacillus paracasei isolate and water activity (aw) and pH permissive for pathogen growth indicated the need for interventions that stabilise the microbiota.

Application of 2D‐nanosheet Graphene Oxide and Engineered DNA‐binding Proteins for Specific Gene Detection

DNA detection technologies play an important role in diagnostic applications in the areas of public health and biomedicine. Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) are the most common DNA-binding domains and multiple ZF domains can be assembled to bind to any desired DNA sequences of interest. In this work, six finger ZFPs were engineered to bind to 18 base pairs of DNA within the stx2gene that encodes for E. coli O157 shiga toxin and the tetM gene (tetracycline resistance gene) with high specificity. Here, we further optimized a novel sensing technology to detect antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria using a graphene oxide-based biosensor utilizing the engineered ZFPs. Two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO) sheet possesses unique electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. In this study, we take advantage of the quenching ability of GO to create a novel method for detecting the specific double-stranded (ds) DNA sequences within ARGs. Quantum dot (QD)-labeled ZFPs can be adsorbed onto GO via stacking interactions of aromatic and hydrophobic residues in conjunction with hydrogen bonding interaction between hydroxyl or carboxyl groups of GO and hydroxyl or amine groups of the protein. The fluorescence signal of QD-labeled ZFPs is quenched due to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between QDs and GO when they are in close proximity. In the presence of target DNA, the bound protein-DNA complex will be dissociated from the GO surface due to the conformational change, thereby restoring the fluorescence signal. Here, we were able to improve the sensitivity of our system, providing a limit of detection as low as 100 pM. This study could bring new capabilities to molecular diagnostics and broaden the spectrum of GO applications in public health and clinical diagnostics.

Molecular detection of glpT and uhpT genes as fosfomycin pathways in UTI infection patients

Escherichia coli in immunocompetent hosts is the causative agent of uncomplicated urinary tract infections and opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts and causes urinary infections. The minimum inhibitory MIC concentration among UPEC isolates ranged from 128 μg/ml to 512 μg/ml under this study. Molecular pattern of glpT and uhpT resistance factors genes toward fosfomycin in E. coli isolates of Iraqi UTI patients were determined in this review to clarify their role in fosfomycin uptake resistance system. MethodsFrom the hospitals in Baghdad-Iraq, 50 urinary collected samples were obtained from fifty patients. The diagnosis was made using housekeeping gene 16sDNA gene. Minimum fosfomycin inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were tested the method of agar dilution with a concentrations between 16 and 1024 μg/mL. In addition, the investigation of glpT and uhpT genes was determined with specific primers using polymerase chain reaction PCR. ResultsThe genetic identifying of Escherichia coli isolates with 16sDNA recorded all isolates gave positive results with amplified size of 544 bp for 16sDNA were recorded as specific gene detection for all isolates. In comparison to the break point, the highest MIC value was recorded about 256 μg/mL, 512 μg/mL and 1024 μg/mL which appeared resistance in fosfomycin ≤128 μg/ml. Moreover, the results showed that the presence of glpT and uhpT in all UPEC tested isolates which contributing in elevating the fosfomycin resistance by inducing the efflux pump system. ConclusionOur results showed highly susceptibility of UPEC isolates under this study toward the fosfomycin. We concluded, that the prevalence of glpT and uhpT It is considerably related to the progress of fosfomycin resistant by inducing efflux pump system to eliminate the drug out of the bacterial cells.

Detection of virulence and specific genes of Salmonella sp. indigenous from Jember, Indonesia

Abstract. Yulian R, Narulita E, Iqbal M, Rochmiyah D, Suryaningsih I, Ningrum DEAF. 2020. Detection of virulence and specific genes of Salmonella sp. indigenous from Jember, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2889-2892. The bacterium Salmonella sp. is the most common cause of foodborne infection in humans. It has the ability to invAde the host, Salmonellosis is highly influenced by the combination of chromosome and plasmid in which Salmonella Pathogenisitas Islands (SPIs) are the biggest gene in the chromosome that are responsible to build specific interaction between Salmonella and the host. This research performed detection on virulence and specific genes in the SPIs area using PCR method for two Salmonella spp. bacterial isolates originated from Jember which were KP2 and P21D. Seven pairs of primers including stn, fimA, spvR (virulence genes), invA, ivaB, spvC, and fliC-d (specific genes) were used. The result revealed that P21D bacteria containing 3 virulence genes i.e. stn, fimA, and spvR. Meanwhile, only two virulent genes stn, and spvR were present in KP2 bacteria. For the detection of specific genes, three genes invA, ivaB, and spvC were present while fliC-d genes were not detected. Only two, invA, and ivaB genes were detected in P21D bacteria, while spvC, and fliC-d were not detected.

기문응애(Acarapis woodi) 특이 유전자 검출을 위한 초고속 nested PCR법 개발

기문응애(Acarapis woodi) 특이 유전자 검출을 위한 초고속 nested PCR법 개발

Assessment of Genetic Variability of Citrus tristeza virus by SSCP and CE-SSCP.

Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) is a popular method used to study the genetic heterogeneity and population variability of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates. It is a simple, low-cost, and highly specific method for mutation detection of specific genes, mostly of the CTV major coat protein gene (p25). The technique is based on a comparison on polyacrylamide gel of electrophoretic profiles of single-stranded (ss) DNA sequences in terms of their spatial conformation. SSCP involves cDNA synthesis and amplification of the target gene, denaturation of single strands, and electrophoresis in non-denaturing conditions. The ssDNAs can be afterward visualized by staining the polyacrylamide gel. Alternatively, using fluorescently labeled primers, the procedure can be performed in automated sequencers equipped with an appropriate capillary (CE-SSCP), which increases the potential of high-throughput analysis, precision, and the reproducibility of results. CE-SSCP can be also directly applied to the virus particles obtained by elution from ELISA plates or tissue-print membranes.

English

Cultivation and commercial utilization of genetically modified (GM) crops has significantly increased in many parts of the world and particularly in developing countries where food security is a challenge. Despite stringent regulations requiring that food made from GM foods should be properly labelled, evidence of unlabelled foods made from GM crops sold in local markets in many of these countries is increasing. This challenge provides the justification for the development of a reliable, accurate and effective screening method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for detection of specific genes in GM crops is a common method used in many parts of the world. This study adapted a PCR-based technique to screen for the presence of specific DNA markers of genetic modification in finished maize and soya products collected from selected supermarkets and local markets across Nigeria. Results obtained indicated that 26.7% of samples tested contain GM specific genes. GM specific genes were also detected in some made-in-Nigeria processed food samples. The findings indicate that products made with GMO materials have entered the food chain in Nigeria at a modest scale and identifies the need for capacity building in techniques for GMO detection for regulatory agencies in Nigeria.    Key words: Genetically modified (GM) organism, GM maize, GM soy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CaMV35S, Nigeria.

Hyperbranched rolling circle amplification (HRCA)-based fluorescence biosensor for ultrasensitive and specific detection of single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping associated with the therapy of chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Detection of specific genes related to drug action can provide scientific guidance for personalized medicine. Taking the detection of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping related to the chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapy as an example, a novel biosensor with high sensitivity and selectivity was developed based on the hyperbranched rolling circle amplification (HRCA) in this work. The single-base mutant DNA (mutDNA) sequence can perfectly hybridize with the specially designed discrimination padlock probe and initiate the HRCA reaction. Subsequently, a great abundant of double-strand DNA sequences were released and a strong fluorescence signal can be detected after adding SYBR Green I. In particular, the enhanced fluorescence intensity exhibits a linear relationship with the logarithm of mutDNA concentration ranging from 0.1 nM to 40 nM with a low detection limit of 0.05 nM. However, when there was even a single base mismatch in the target DNA, the HRCA was suppressed and fluorescence response process could not occur, resulting in a high selectivity of this biosensor. Moreover, this detection strategy also performs well in human serums, demonstrating its potential application in detecting SNPs in real biological samples.

Why nature prevails over nurture in the making of the elite athlete

While the influence of nature (genes) and nurture (environment) on elite sporting performance remains difficult to precisely determine, the dismissal of either as a contributing factor to performance is unwarranted. It is accepted that a complex interaction of a combination of innumerable factors may mold a talented athlete into a champion. The prevailing view today is that understanding elite human performance will require the deciphering of two major sources of individual differences, genes and the environment. It is widely accepted that superior performers are endowed with a high genetic potential actualised through hard and prodigious effort. Heritability studies using the twin model have provided the basis to disentangle genetic and environmental factors that contribute to complex human traits and have paved the way to the detection of specific genes for elite sport performance. Yet, the heritability for most phenotypes essential to elite human performance is above 50% but below 100%, meaning that the environment is also important. Furthermore, individual differences can potentially also be explained not only by the impact of DNA sequence variation on biology and behaviour, but also by the effects of epigenetic changes which affect phenotype by modifying gene expression. Despite this complexity, the overwhelming and accumulating evidence, amounted through experimental research spanning almost two centuries, tips the balance in favour of nature in the “nature” and “nurture” debate. In other words, truly elite-level athletes are built – but only from those born with innate ability.

Hydrophilic and Cell-Penetrable Pyrrolidinyl Peptide Nucleic Acid via Post-synthetic Modification with Hydrophilic Side Chains

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a nucleic acid mimic in which the deoxyribose-phosphate was replaced by a peptide-like backbone. The absence of negative charge in the PNA backbone leads to several unique behaviors including a stronger binding and salt independency of the PNA-DNA duplex stability. However, PNA possesses poor aqueous solubility and cannot directly penetrate cell membranes. These are major obstacles that limit in vivo applications of PNA. In previous strategies, the PNA can be conjugated to macromolecular carriers or modified with positively charged side chains such as guanidinium groups to improve the aqueous solubility and cell permeability. In general, a preformed modified PNA monomer was required. In this study, a new approach for post-synthetic modification of PNA backbone with one or more hydrophilic groups was proposed. The PNA used in this study was the conformationally constrained pyrrolidinyl PNA with prolyl-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid dipeptide backbone (acpcPNA) that shows several advantages over the conventional PNA. The aldehyde modifiers carrying different linkers (alkylene and oligo(ethylene glycol)) and end groups (-OH, -NH2, and guanidinium) were synthesized and attached to the backbone of modified acpcPNA by reductive alkylation. The hybrids between the modified acpcPNAs and DNA exhibited comparable or superior thermal stability with base-pairing specificity similar to those of unmodified acpcPNA. Moreover, the modified apcPNAs also showed the improvement of aqueous solubility (10-20 folds compared to unmodified PNA) and readily penetrate cell membranes without requiring any special delivery agents. This study not only demonstrates the practicality of the proposed post-synthetic modification approach for PNA modification, which could be readily applied to other systems, but also opens up opportunities for using pyrrolidinyl PNA in various applications such as intracellular RNA sensing, specific gene detection, and antisense and antigene therapy.

Regulation of Cell Signaling Factors Using PLGA Nanoparticles Coated/Loaded with Genes and Proteins for Osteogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Transfection of specific genes and transportation of proteins into cells have been a focus of stem cell differentiation research. However, it is not easy to regulate codelivery of a gene and a protein into cells. For codelivery into undifferentiated cells (human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)), we used biodegradable carriers loaded with Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) protein and coated with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) plasmid DNA (pDNA) to induce osteogenesis. The released gene and protein were first localized in the cytosol of transfected hMSCs, and the gene then moved into the nucleus. The levels of internalized PLGA nanoparticles were tested using different doses and incubation durations. Then, transfection of BMP2 pDNA was confirmed by determining mRNA and protein levels and acquiring cell images. The same techniques were used to assess osteogenesis of hMSCs both in vitro and in vivo upon internalization of PLGA NPs carrying the BMP2 gene and RUNX2 protein. Detection of specific genes and proteins demonstrated that cells transfected with PLGA NPs carrying both the BMP2 gene and RUNX2 protein were highly differentiated compared with other samples. Histological and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that transfection of PLGA nanoparticles carrying both the BMP2 gene and RUNX2 protein dramatically enhanced osteogenesis of hMSCs.

English

The aim of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity potential of Vibrio cholerae isolates originated from water samples and bivalve mollusks. The strains were subjected to phenotypic identification and molecular confirmation using the species-specific initiator (OmpW); minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined; and the production of metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs) and virulence potential of the strains by using the initiator ctxAB (cholera toxin), tcp (toxin co-regulator pilus), rfbO1 (serogroup O1) and zot (zonula occludens toxin) were investigated. Six isolates of the bacterium (three from water and three from bivalve mollusks) were confirmed through the biochemical and specific gene detection tests. The isolates presented a high susceptibility toward the tested antimicrobials (91%) (10/11). One of the strains from water showing resistance to imipenem (MIC 20 µg), and producing MβLs did not show any involvement of plasmids. The genes related to the virulence were not detected; and all of the V. cholerae isolates belonged to the non-O1 serotype. However, the presence of an imipenem-resistant and MβLs-producing V. cholerae in a river mouth aquatic environment, which is a natural aviary of bivalve mollusks, represents a risk to the health of the population and alarms the public health agencies. Key words: Mollusc, public health, antibiotic resistance.

Rapid, highly sensitive and highly specific gene detection by combining enzymatic amplification and DNA chip detection simultaneously

We have developed a novel gene detection method based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction and the DNA dissociation reaction on the same DNA chip surface to achieve a lower detection limit, broader dynamic range and faster detection time than are attainable with a conventional DNA chip. Both FAM- and thiol-labeled DNA probe bound to the complementary sequence accompanying Dabcyl was immobilized on the gold surface via Au/thiol bond. The LAMP reaction was carried out on the DNA probe fixed gold surface. At first, Dabcyl molecules quenched the FAM fluorescence. According to the LAMP reaction, the complementary sequence with Dabcyl was competitively reacted with the amplified targeted sequence. As a result, the FAM fluorescence increased owing to dissociation of the complementary sequence from the DNA probe. The simultaneous reaction of LAMP and DNA chip detection was achieved, and 103 copies of the targeted gene were detected within an hour by measuring fluorescence intensity of the DNA probe.

サケ科魚類の細菌性腎臓病

The first outbreak of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) of salmonids occurred in the autumn of 1973 in Hokkaido, Japan. Subsequently, outbreaks of BKD were confirmed in Hokkaido and main land of Japan. Most of the cases were caused by imported eyed eggs of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. In this review, pathogenicity of the causative agent R. salmoninarum (Rs), culture methods of Rs, serological and Rs specific gene detection methods for diagnoses, disease signs of infected fish, and distribution of BKD in Japan are described. Also, preventive measures of vertical transmission and control methods of BKD are introduced.

Formation, Degradation, and Detoxification of Putrescine by Foodborne Bacteria: A Review

AbstractBiogenic amines (BAs) represent a considerable toxicological risk in some food products. Putrescine is one of the most common BAs in food. Its increased occurrence in food may lead to alimentary poisoning, due to enhancement of the toxic effects of other BAs, and also to lower quality of food, this amine is potentially carcinogenic. Increased occurrence of putrescine in food is mainly due to the bacterial metabolism of the Gram‐negative as well as Gram‐positive bacteria present. The bacterial metabolism of putrescine is very specific due to its complexity (in comparison with the metabolism of other BAs). There are 3 distinct known pathways leading toward the formation of putrescine, in some splices involving up to 6 different enzymes. The existence of more metabolic pathways and the possibility of their simultaneous use by different bacteria complicate the specification of the best conditions for food production and storage, which could lead to a lower content of putrescine. This review provides a summary of the existing knowledge about putrescine production and detection (mainly detection of specific genes for different enzymes using polymerase chain reaction) in both starter and contaminating microorganisms. Thus, this comprehensive review gives a useful overview for further research.