Specific Episodes Research Articles

Embodied Shame and Organization Studies

If we truly want to understand the impact of shame on organizational life there is a need to dig deeper into the very heart of our embodied experience. Building on work that has sought to understand how shame shapes and controls us, we push for an embodied perspective on shame to enter into our scholarly inquiry. To do so, in this essay, we draw on feminist and critical race theory to argue that felt shame can accumulate, untethered to specific episodes of shaming, and inhibit bodily expression. We bring attention to this embodied and durable aspect of shame and suggest there is a need to attend to its impacts on our organizations, the ways we are organized, and how we can organize to resist.

Teachers’ Questioning Practices in Chinese Secondary Biology Classrooms

AbstractAcross the curriculum, the questions that teachers ask in class direct learners’ attention to key subject matter, and shape what they learn. This paper examines the types of questions that Chinese school Biology teachers ask, and considers how and why they vary their questioning in the context of scientific practices. Six teachers from four schools in Xi’an City in mainland China took part. Three lessons were observed for each teacher, followed by interviews in which teachers were asked to focus on specific teaching episodes and explain their questioning. Findings reveal that teachers’ questions were mostly closed-ended, but in certain types of lessons their questions were more open and they used questions to manage class discussion. Teacher questioning is affected by personal beliefs, institutional working practices, and external policy shift, and teachers experienced tension in navigating between these factors. The results have important implications for policy and practice; for example, teacher educators need to recognize the complexity of teacher questioning and encourage teachers to discuss the challenges associated with asking more open questions, while policy-makers need to acknowledge the impact their decisions can have at the classroom level.

Bale, Heywood, and the Politics of Necessity

Abstract: This essay offers a reading of two well-known early sixteenth-century plays, John Bale’s Kynge Johan and John Heywood’s Play of the Wether , in terms of their Henrician (and possibly early Elizabethan) political resonances. Unlike most such critical accounts of these plays, which often consider them in terms of their relevance to specific episodes of ecclesiastical or courtly controversy, this study suggests that Bale and Heywood represent a particular political practice in order to stage a more broadly theoretical political intervention. I argue that the plays’ interest in acts of petitioning—the licit process through which English subjects may seek redress of grievances from the courts, Parliament, or the Crown—serves to legitimate the condition of need as a basis for broad political participation. In Kynge Johan and The Wether , material need and its more abstract cousin “necessity,” expressed through acts of petitioning, are capable of performing remarkable reorientations of political and ethical duty, as well as of power more generally. Not all of these reorientations, as Kynge Johan in particular demonstrates, are positive, and both plays are conscious of and hesitant about the potentially destabilizing force of need. Yet ultimately, both plays move toward a more collective and less proto-absolutist political model in which need can, through acts of petitioning, be articulated and managed.

Entanglements of Technologies, Agency and Selfhood: Exploring the Complexity in Attitudes Toward Mental Health Chatbots

Whilst chatbots for mental health are becoming increasingly prevalent, research on user experiences and expectations is relatively scarce and also equivocal on their acceptability and utility. This paper asks how people formulate their understandings of what might be appropriate in this space. We draw on data from a group of non-users who have experienced a need for support, and so can imagine self as therapeutic target—enabling us to tap into their imaginative speculations of the self in relation to the chatbot other and the forms of agency they see as being at play; unconstrained by a specific actual chatbot. Analysis points towards ambiguity over some key issues: whether the apps were seen as having a role in specific episodes of mental health or in relation to an ongoing project of supporting wellbeing; whether the chatbot could be viewed as having a therapeutic agency or was a mere tool; and how far these issues related to matters of the user’s personal qualities or the specific nature of the mental health condition. A range of traditions, norms and practices were used to construct diverse expectations on whether chatbots could offer a solution to cost-effective mental health support at scale.

Specificity and integration of meaning in self-defining memories of breast cancer survivors: clinical reflections to promote a narrative identity integration.

Potential traumatic events, such as breast cancer, can influence autobiographical memory (AM), interrupting the continuity of narrative identity. AM is based on a hierarchical search across different levels of specificity that are indexed from top to bottom when a memory is retrieved. In the breast cancer field, non-specific AMs are an observed clinical phenomenon. In particular, breast cancer survivors report issues related to self-defining memories (SDMs), specific and significant AMs that evoke strong emotions and sensory details at the time of memory. SDMs are linked to life goals and facilitate adaptation to critical experiences, preserving the continuity of identity. This study explored the narrative identity integration process of breast cancer survivors, analyzing themes, specificity, and integrative meaning in SDMs. Ten women participated in an online group support program centered on the integration of AMs linked to the cancer journey. Participants were asked to assess their body image perceptions, filling out an online survey three times, in which they had to report three SDMs each time. A reflexive thematic analysis of the SDMs identified three main themes: the onset of breast cancer; the labeling of negative emotions, and changes in the body. The results indicated inhibited retrieval of specific episodes, fostering a progressive failure in memory characterization and the concurrent meaning-making process. Participants struggled with connecting the memories to insights regarding their self and life, as well as relating the memories to external conditions and other individuals. Further studies might examine the impact of these difficulties on the psychological adjustment of BC long-term survivors. They could also explore cognitive reconstruction by reframing the memories and re-evaluating their traumatic meanings.

Proxy reports of others’ behaviors: when are they more accurate?

ABSTRACT Surveys often ask people to report about someone else’s behavior. Two approaches to constructing a behavioral frequency judgment are recalling specific episodes of the other person’s behavior or using more general knowledge to infer a frequency judgment. A two-stage study was conducted with 40 roommate-pairs who maintained diaries for 7-days and then reported behavioral frequencies for themself and their roommate. Behavior regularity and relationship closeness were also measured. When general knowledge is cued, judgment error is negatively related to behavior regularity and relationship closeness, while cuing episodic-based recall resulted in less judgment error when regularity and relationship closeness are low.

Emotion socialization in early childhood education and care – How preschool teachers support children's emotion regulation

Children’s emotional experiences during early childhood education and care (ECEC) are important for children’s emotional development and the socialization of this development by teachers. One central goal of emotion socialization is that it should help children acquire reflective regulation of their emotions, resulting in socially acceptable and age-appropriate experience and behavior. The current study is based on emotionally challenging situations of children in ECEC and aims at investigating, first, associations of teachers’ emotion coaching and co-regulation with children’s self-regulation, and, second, how teachers’ emotion coaching and co-regulation are linked with characteristics of the specific emotion episode and the involved child. Based on extensive video observations in the preschool setting (N = 19 groups), this study analyzed episodes with teacher interventions (N = 48 teachers) following a negative emotion expression by one or two children (N = 213 children aged 2–6 years old). Multilevel results show, first, that teachers’ initial emotion coaching and co-regulation through meta-cognitive prompts were associated with children’s independent self-regulation. Second, teachers’ emotion coaching and co-regulation were systematically associated with characteristics of the emotion episode, especially emotion quality and intensity. The findings support the assumption that emotion coaching and co-regulation are especially valuable tools to support self-regulation. However, emotion coaching and the different co-regulation levels and strategies do not turn out to be universal strategies that are used indiscriminately, but teachers use them depending on individual child and situational characteristics.

Swipe Right for Tradition: Decoding Gender Constructs in Modern Indian Matrimony through Media Representations

This paper examines the portrayal of arranged marriages in India as depicted in mainstream media with a special focus on Netflix’s Indian Matchmaking. It utilises an intersectional feminism framework to explore themes of colourism, casteism, and gender discrimination within the context of Indian matrimony. Methodologically, the study employs a qualitative content analysis of specific episodes and character interactions within the documentary-style format of Indian Matchmaking. By analysing these depictions, the paper aims to uncover how mainstream media reflects and perpetuates societal norms and discriminatory practices inherent in the Indian matrimonial tradition. Through detailed examination, the findings highlight the ways in which the Netflix series perpetuates entrenched patriarchal structures and regressive value systems, illustrating the complexities of identity negotiation within the marriage market. The analysis demonstrates that while the series provides a platform for cross-cultural exploration, it simultaneously reinforces harmful ideologies and existing power dynamics. The paper concludes by discussing the broader implications of media representation for social discourses on gender equality and social justice, emphasising the dual potential of popular culture to both perpetuate and subvert dominant narratives.

Отношение российского общества к Отдельному корпусу жандармов в начале XX века

The political police have always been viewed ambiguously by society. In the early XX century, the Russian Empire’s primary political police organization was the Special Gendarme Corps. Society held a largely negative view of this organization. Cultural figures depicted gendarme officers as rough and cruel suppressors of free thought, as stern guardians of autocracy. This article attempts to ascertain whether this perception was deserved. A comparison is drawn between the Special Gendarme Corps and another political police institution, Secret Police Department. An assessment is provided of the moral and ethical qualities of the gendarmes, their activities, and their relations with broad segments of society. The specifics of the selection process for candidates entering the corps and the content of their training are described. Memories of gendarme officers regarding their work, specific episodes of detective work, and interactions with revolutionaries are recounted. Also, an attempt is being made to find out whether they could change this attitude, and whether they could preserve the Russian monarchy entrusted to them.

Taxonomy of an Enslaved Heart

“Taxonomy of an Enslaved Heart” opens up the figuration of heartache, so common to sentimental writings, to consider how it can signify anatomical pain as well. What does it mean to read figuratively—accepting that every instance of a heart broken or throbbing or heavy indexes emotional pain addressing the reader’s sympathy—and, at the same time, to literalize these instances, so that each one refers to a specific episode in the history of a circulatory system? This essay attempts to hold both in tension, even as they resist each other. Attending to texts by Harriet Jacobs, Mary Prince, Sojourner Truth, and James Baldwin, the essay argues for what it calls the story of the heart: a minoritized account of pain that deforms sentimental language to register at once somatically, mentally, and intersubjectively. Because of its insecure legibility, the story of the heart subverts the biopolitical logic of legitimacy that traps many patients who are Black, disabled, or both today. What emerges from holding figuration with literalization subtly shifts the illnesses we know and the conditions by which we know them.

Does Trade Reform Promote Economic Growth? A Review of Recent Evidence

Abstract Do trade reforms that significantly reduce import barriers lead to faster economic growth? In the twenty-five years since Rodríguez and Rodrik's (2000) critical survey of empirical work on this question, new research has tried to overcome the various methodological problems that have plagued previous attempts to provide a convincing answer. I examine three strands of recent work on this issue: cross-country regressions focusing on within-country growth, synthetic control methods on specific reform episodes, and empirical country studies looking at the channels through which lower trade barriers may increase productivity. A consistent finding is that trade reforms have had a positive impact on economic growth, on average, although the effect is heterogeneous across countries. Overall, these research findings should temper some of the previous agnosticism about the empirical link between trade reform and economic performance.

ПОДХОДЫ К РЕШЕНИЮ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ДОСТОВЕРНОСТИ ВОСПОМИНАНИЙ О ПЕРЕЖИТОМ В ДЕТСКОМ ВОЗРАСТЕ ЖЕСТОКОМ ОБРАЩЕНИИ

The article provides an overview of the theoretical foundations that allow a reasonable approach to assessing the reliability and accuracy of memories of traumatic events, in particular, abuse experienced in childhood. Solving the problem of accuracy and reliability of memories of abuse experienced in childhood requires simultaneous taking into account both the patterns of functioning of autobiographical memory and the peculiarities of the formation of individual traumatic memory. The most plastic components of autobiographical memory are the temporal localization of specific memories and the plot sequence of individual events within an entire episode. Autobiographical recollections of characters within a certain personally significant situation in the past are little subject to change. Victims of repeated violent acts may not remember the details of each specific episode, but they form a kind of ‘scheme’ or ‘script’ that includes characteristic elements of what happened to them. Such a ‘script’ has a high degree of accuracy and is subject to little change over time. The study of the basis for assessing the accuracy and reliability of memories of traumatic events is relevant for various areas of science and practice: from statistical estimates of the prevalence of violence against children and adolescents to law enforcement practice in situations of violent acts against children.

Industry dynamics and trade association power: The shifting nature of business influence in UK aluminium

This article examines industry dynamics and their influence on ­business-government relations through a study of the UK aluminium industry, focusing on the changing role of its leading trade association, the Aluminium Federation (ALFED). It explores how ALFED developed its capabilities and relations with executive and legislature over time, revealing how it changed its composition to reflect the changes in the industry that it represents, consequently affecting its wielding of influence and power. This is examined through specific episodes and what they reveal about gradual, as well as dramatic changes, in the organisation and business power and influence.

Collapse Studies in Archaeology from 2012 to 2023

AbstractThe study of collapse in archaeology and history has continued to grow and develop in the last decade and is a respectable target of investigation in and beyond these fields. Environmental determinism and apocalyptic narratives have become less acceptable and collapsology has matured into a more nuanced, self-critical, and sophisticated field. This review explores recent work on collapse in archaeology between 2012 and 2023. It demonstrates how collapse, and associated concepts such as resilience, fragility, and vulnerability, are studied in the light of present-day threats, how collapse studies are increasingly recognized to have application in the present day, where they can contribute to discourses of resilience and sustainable development, and shows the diversity present in collapse studies. It also discusses the language and concepts of collapse. I explore these areas with reference to general works on collapse and to six specific historical episodes of collapse: Old World collapse, eastern Mediterranean collapse, the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, the Classic Maya, Tiwanaku, and Rapa Nui.

WHO LIVES IN A PINNEAPPLE UNDER THE SEA? SUBJECTIVITY AND WORK REPRESENTED IN A CHILDREN'S DRAWING

The filmography is the art that facilitates the construction of a connection between theoretical subjects and the practical reality of a given situation, through the use of films, cartoons, and even series. In the children's cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants, one can perceive a very detailed and rich business environment for study. Thus, the question arises: how is the idea of subjectivity and work portrayed in SpongeBob? This research aimed to verify how the idea of subjectivity and work is portrayed in a children's cartoon, known to people of various age groups. To assist this objective, this study adopts the following steps: bibliographic research on the subjects, mapping of specific episodes, and analysis of the characteristics of the cartoon characters. The research is applied, qualitative, abductive, deductive, explanatory, exploratory, descriptive, bibliographical, telematized, and Ex Post Facto. Thus, the following conclusion is reached: the characters in the film represent human characteristics, with the cartoon serving as a critique of society, thus becoming an allegory.

Translation motivation and foreword by Charles Baudelaire "Edgar Poe, sa vie et ses œuvres" to the edition of E. A. Poe's texts

Charles Baudelaire is primarily known as a French poet, the author of the internationally acclaimed poetry collection "Flowers of Evil" ("Les Fleurs du Mal"). However, he is also known as a translator: it was he who created the translations that changed the literary fate of the genius not recognized at the time – Edgar Allan Poe. He wrote a 24-page preface to the collection of his translations "Histoires extraordinaires", on the basis of which the author analyzes the poet's approach to translation, records his argumentation and motivation. Within the framework of this article, the author provides an analysis of the preface by Sh. Baudelaire studies why the connection between these figures has been repeatedly called absolutely exceptional by researchers. The subject of the study is the motivation of Sh. Baudelaire's translation of E. A. Poe's texts, which he explains both in the preface to the publication of the texts of the American writer and in personal correspondence. The object of the study is the preface under the heading "Sa vie et ses œuvres", written by Sh. Baudelaire's edition of E. A. Poe's texts in his own translation, published by the publishing house "Michel Lévy" in 1869. The main research method was a detailed analysis of the text of the preface by Sh. Baudelaire's "Edgar Poe, sa vie et ses œuvres" to the edition of E. A. Poe's texts in his own translation of 1869. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is a detailed study of the preface by Sh. Baudelaire as an artifact containing the formulation of translation motivation directly by the translator himself. The artifact is presented to the author all the more valuable because the translator is a famous poet with a special, recognizable style, which obviously leaves its mark on his translations. The main conclusions of this study are: the need to study the phenomenon of the Baudelaire translator not only from the prefaces to the translations, but also from his statements in correspondence, as well as in the study of the cultural era accompanying the creation of these translations and containing events such as the confrontation of the Romantics and the Parnassian school. The scientific novelty lies in the creation of a detailed analysis, based on which more specific episodes of the life and work of S. Baudelaire as a translator can be studied.

EPISODE OF CARE MODEL PROVIDES A MORE ACCURATE ESTIMATE OF COSTS FOR PATIENTS WITH IBD COMPARED TO THE TRADITIONAL CALENDAR YEAR MODEL

Abstract INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are gastrointestinal (GI) conditions characterized by chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, which are associated with significant costs. Traditionally, research has focused on the overall costs of a disease per calendar year, however examining the cost of a specific illness-related index event and the surrounding episode of care may provide a more representative estimate of the costs of care and identify opportunities for targeted value-based interventions. METHODS We conducted a cohort study using data from IBM Watson, a claims-based database covering millions of commercially insured individuals. We identified adult patients aged 18 to 65 years with encounters associated with a primary or secondary diagnosis of IBD from 01/01/2018 to 12/31/2019 based on ICD-10 codes. We defined an episode of care as 360 days of continuous care (90 days prior to the index event to 270 days after such event) around an emergency room (ER) visit, gastroenterologist visit, and non-gastroenterologist GI visit (which could include a visit to a PCP, rheumatologist, dietician, and other services attributable to IBD symptoms). Measures of cost and utilization were calculated as a per member mean over 360 days. RESULTS 105,496 IBD patients with 1 year of continuous enrollment between 01/01/2019 to 12/31/2019 (calendar year cohort) and 81,774 patients with 2 years of continuous enrollment between 1/1/2018-12/31/2019 (episode of care cohort) were identified. Among IBD patients identified in the episode of care cohort, 13,164 (16.1%) patients had an IBD-related ER visit, 42,001 (51.4%) patients had a gastroenterologist visit, and 28,699 (35.1%) patients had a non-gastroenterologist GI visit. The mean per member calendar year total cost and GI-related costs were $40,842 and $31,051 respectively, compared to $68,0565 and $54,060 for an ER episode, $42,915 and $34,870 for gastroenterologist visit episode, and $48,556 and $38,120 for a non-gastroenterologist GI visit episode. Per member GI inpatient admissions (0.84), GI ER visits (1.98), GI-tests (5.90), and GI-imaging (0.91) were highest in the ER episode of care. Per member gastroenterologist visits (2.20), GI-related medication administration services (1.22) and biologic medication (1.41) were highest in the gastroenterologist episode of care. Per member non-gastroenterologist GI visits (4.50), and non-biologic GI medications (8.26) were highest in the non-gastroenterologist GI visits episode of care (Table 1 and 2). CONCLUSION This study found large variations in costs and utilization when looking at IBD- specific episodes of care. This episode-centered approach provides insights for developing targeted strategies to identify and intervene at the critical moments when patients seek advanced care, which may lead to patient-centered and cost-efficient healthcare delivery.

On the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol in chemical transport models: an evaluation of the WRF-CHIMERE (v2020r2) model with a focus over the Finnish boreal forest

Abstract. We present an evaluation of the regional chemical transport model (CTM) WRF-CHIMERE (v2020r2) for the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) with a focus over the Finnish boreal forest. Formation processes of biogenic aerosols are still affected by different sources of uncertainties, and model predictions vary greatly depending on the levels of details of the adopted chemical and emissions schemes. In this study, air quality simulations were conducted for the summer of 2019 using different organic aerosol (OA) schemes (as currently available in the literature) to treat the formation of BSOA. First, we performed a set of simulations in the framework of the volatility basis set (VBS) scheme carrying different assumptions for the treatment of the aging processes of BSOA. The results of the model were compared against high-resolution (i.e., 1 h) organic aerosol mass and size distribution measurements performed at the Station for Measuring Ecosystem–Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR-II) site located in Hyytiälä, in addition to other gas-phase species such as ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) measurements of isoprene (C5H10) and monoterpenes. We show that WRF-CHIMERE could reproduce well the diurnal variation of the measured OA concentrations for all the investigated scenarios (along with the standard meteorological parameters) as well as the increase in concentrations during specific heat wave episodes. However, the modeled OA concentrations varied greatly between the schemes used to describe the aging processes of BSOA, as also confirmed by an additional evaluation using organic carbon (OC) measurement data retrieved from the EBAS European databases. Comparisons with isoprene and monoterpene air concentrations revealed that the model captured the observed monoterpene concentrations, but isoprene was largely overestimated, a feature that was mainly attributed to the overstated biogenic emissions of isoprene. We investigated the potential consequences of such an overestimation by inhibiting isoprene emissions from the modeling system. Results indicated that the modeled BSOA concentrations increased in the northern regions of the domain (e.g., Finland) compared to southern European countries, possibly due to a shift in the reactions of monoterpene compounds against available radicals, as further suggested by the reduction in α-pinene modeled air concentrations. Finally, we briefly analyze the differences in the modeled cloud liquid water content (clwc) among the simulations carrying different chemical schemes for the treatment of the aging processes of BSOA. The results of the model indicated an increase in clwc values at the SMEAR-II site, for simulations with higher biogenic organic aerosol loads, most likely as a result of the increased number of biogenic aerosol particles capable of activating cloud droplets.

Interparental Positivity Spillover Theory: How Parents' Positive Relational Interactions Influence Children.

Interparental interactions have an important influence on child well-being and development. Yet prior theory and research have primarily focused on interparental conflict as contributing to child maladjustment, which leaves out the critical question of how interparental positive interactions-such as expressed gratitude, capitalization, and shared laughter-may benefit child growth and development. In this article, we integrate theory and research in family, relationship, and affective science to propose a new framework for understanding how the heretofore underexamined positive interparental interactions influence children: interparental positivity spillover theory (IPST). IPST proposes that, distinct from the influence of conflict, interparental positive interactions spill over into children's experiences in the form of their (a) experience of positive emotions, (b) beneficially altered perceptions of their parents, and (c) emulation of their parents' positive interpersonal behaviors. This spillover is theorized to promote beneficial cognitive, behavioral, social, and physiological outcomes in children in the short term (i.e., immediately after a specific episode of interparental positivity, or on a given day) as well as cumulatively across time. As a framework, IPST generates a host of novel and testable predictions to guide future research, all of which have important implications for the mental health, well-being, and positive development of children and families.

Banter and beyond: The role of humor in addressing gendered organizational tensions and belonging within the UK Fire and Rescue Service

AbstractThis article explores the role of humor, specifically banter, in addressing gendered organizational tensions within the UK Fire and Rescue Service during a period of modernizing change. Such tensions reflect who holds authority and who is deemed to belong, and we explore how banter is used to both contest and confirm authority associated with the formal rank system and the informal, masculinist ideal‐typical worker in this context. We discuss banter's various roles as a cohering mode of humorous workplace communication, one that can reduce tension and consolidate authority and belonging, as well as its boundary setting, testing, and crossing capacities. In terms of the latter, we ask whether banter can genuinely trouble masculinist organizational norms. We conclude that specific humorous episodes that go “beyond banter” create particular ambivalence, but their impact is significantly limited by widespread discursive acceptance of banter as a central and permissible communication mode in the Service's culture.