Specific Dynamic Action Of Food Research Articles

Assessment of Actual Nutrition of Schoolchildren in the Republic of Tatarstan Based on the Results of Monitoring Activities

Introduction: One of the main principles of balanced nutrition is the adequate energy value of the diet consistent with the child’s energy expenditures mostly attributed to physical activity. Failure to comply with basic principles of healthy eating leads to developmental disorders and diet-related diseases in children, thus requiring a serious attitude towards nutrition issues and determining the relevance of this study. Objective: To assess organization and quality of actual nutrition of schoolchildren with account for their physical activity. Materials and methods: We analyzed data of a questionnaire-based survey of 1,163 schoolchildren (626 girls and 537 boys) carried out during the 2020/21 academic year in five schools of the city of Kazan. Daily energy expenditures and the level of physical activity were assessed using the method developed by the Novosibirsk Research Institute of Hygiene (Invention Patent No. 272262 of July 28, 2020). Statistical data processing was done using STATISTICA 10 and Microsoft Office Excel 2016. Results: Our findings showed that the observed dietary calcium intake in children aged 7–11 years and 12 years and older was over 60 % lower than the recommended value, that of fluorine and magnesium – 86.5 % and 53.05 %, and 6.8 % and 9.5 % lower than the appropriate recommended values in children of the same age groups, respectively. Phosphorus deficiency in the daily diet of children aged 12 years and older exceeded 25 %. The dietary intake of potassium, iodine, and selenium satisfied physiological requirements for the age groups of children studied. Energy expenditures of the children, including their level of physical activity, basic metabolism, the value of the specific dynamic action of food, and the total value of daily energy expenditures, were estimated using the Internet resource “Assessment of Physical Activities”. Conclusion: The revealed regional features of malnutrition of schoolchildren confirm the importance of effective monitoring activities and require the development of appropriate preventive measures aimed at promoting commitment to principles and habits of healthy eating in pupils.

A comparison of diets, exercise patterns and postpartum weight retention based on levels of acculturation in Mexican immigrants and Mexican American women

Prevalence of overweight Mexican women in the U.S. has increased. Pregnancy‐related weight gain has emerged as a cause of obesity. This study compares dietary intake, physical activity, energy balance, and postpartum weight retention in low and high acculturated postpartum Mexican immigrants and Mexican American women, and determines variables that may predict postpartum weight retention. Dietary and activity recall, a food frequency, and demographic questionnaire were collected from 67 subjects 6–12 months postpartum, at a community clinic. Language determined level of acculturation (Marin and Marin, 1991). Food Processor 8.0, SPSS 14.0, and Minitab 15.0 were used for analysis. There was no significant difference in calorie intake or energy balance between the low (n=33) and high (n=34) acculturation groups. The high acculturation group ate more calories from fat (p=0.000), expended more energy (p= 0.032 for basal metabolic rate; p= 0.000 for physical activity and specific dynamic action of food), and retained less weight postpartum (9.54 pounds). Variables predicting postpartum weight retention were employment, daily physical activity, pre‐pregnancy BMI, and energy expenditure. Results prove that health programs for postpartum Mexican women in the U.S. be designed based on acculturation level. All postpartum women should reduce calorie intake and increase physical activity for weight management.

Specific Dynamic Action of Food and Energy Metabolism of Fishes under Experimental and Natural Conditions

Based on literature and original experimental (aquarium) and natural (the Mediterranean Sea) data, the author’s point of view on the nature of the specific dynamic food effect (SDA) in fishes is substantiated. It is concluded that, in fishes the SDA exists constantly because this effect is supported by continuously proceeding digestion of food. The intensity and duration of the SDA as an energy metabolic process depend on the ratios of chemical components in food.

Effect Of L-Thyroxin Hormone (T4) On Compensatory Growth In Broiler Chicks

Purpose of researches in feed restriction area is improvement of feed efficiency, decrease of carcass fat content and abdominal fat pad size (Plavnik and Hurvitz,1991).Birds after early life feed restriction have less maintenance requirements due to decrease of heat increment and decrease of basal metabolic rate and specific dynamic action of food (Forsum et al.,1981).In many investigations, compensatory growth have not observed (Summers et al.,1990).It seems administration of Thyroid hormone after feed restriction can induce compensatory growth. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of early feed restriction and L-Thyroxin administration after early feed restriction on compensatory growth in broiler chickens.

Monitoring Tools in the New Millennium: Technology Solutions for Weight Management

Monitoring Tools in the New Millennium: Technology Solutions for Weight Management

Effects of temperature on specific dynamic action and protein synthesis rates in the Baltic isopod crustacean, Saduria entomon

The mean rate of oxygen consumption in fasted Saduria entomon increased between 4°C and 13°C with a Q 10 of 2.33. After feeding, rates of oxygen uptake increased significantly by two- to threefold at both temperatures. However, the magnitude of the ‘specific dynamic action of food’ (SDA) response varied with temperature. At 4°C, the magnitude was 45.5±4.2 μmol, while at 13°C, magnitude was significantly higher at 62.8±6.5 μmol. In contrast, the duration of the response did not vary significantly with temperature in Saduria, with the consequence that the duration at 4°C was considerably shorter than that measured at this temperature from an Antarctic isopod in a parallel study, and the duration at 13°C was considerably longer than published values for temperate crustaceans at similar temperatures. Fasted rates of ammonia excretion increased with a Q 10 of 4.74 between 4°C and 13°C. The increase after feeding was sevenfold at 4°C but only 2.6-fold at 13°C. Fasted O/N ratios for Saduria at 4°C were about twice those at 13°C. Fasted whole body protein synthesis rates ( k S) increased with a Q 10 of 2.61 between 4°C and 13°C. Whole body k S, measured at the peak of the SDA response, showed significant 2.7-and 1.9-fold increases at 4°C and 13°C, respectively, compared to fasted values, although the factorial rise at 13°C was reduced compared to 4°C. Alterations in k S rates after feeding at both temperatures resulted from significant increases in RNA activity ( K RNA) alone. However, the increase in k S between 4°C and 13°C was accompanied by increases in both K RNA and RNA/protein ratio, a measure of the capacity for protein synthesis ( C S).

Blood oxygen requirements in resting crab (Carcinus maenas) 24 h after feeding

Numerous resting unfed water-breathers have a strategy of gas-exchange regulation that consists of setting the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (Pao2) at 1-3 kPa. This raises a question concerning the extent to which physiological functions are limited in this situation. To obtain insight into this problem, we studied the steady-state adaptation of the blood-oxygen transfer system in the crab Carcinus maenas during the doubling of the oxygen consumption rate, Mo2(i.e., during the period of specific dynamic action of food (SDA)), that occurs 24 h after feeding. We showed that this increase in the oxygen consumption rate 24 h after a meal is not limited by a blood partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) as low as 0.8-1.5 kPa in either normoxia or hypoxia (Po2of the inspired water = 4 kPa). In normoxia, adaptation of the oxygen-transport system, if any, consisted of a combined set of adaptations of small amplitude (in absolute value), rather than major changes in blood oxygenation status, blood flow rate, or oxygen affinity (although blood pH decreases). In hypoxia, the SDA was mainly associated with an increase in blood flow rate and blood pH, with no changes in blood lactate, urate, calcium, and haemocyanin concentrations. The results are discussed, in an environmental context, in terms of minimal oxygen requirements in water-breathers.

Metabolic Requirements of the Critically Ill, Mechanically Ventilated Trauma Patient: Measured Versus Predicted Energy Expenditure

Nutritional requirements of mechanically ventilated, critically ill trauma patients are to estimate because of the variety of injuries and many variables that must be considered in making an accurate nutrition assessment. The Harris‐Benedict predictive equation is often cited in the literature as an overestimation of caloric requirements in the critically ill when compared with indirect calorimetry, and, additionally, studies examining critically ill populations are inconsistent with the application of two important variables: physical activity and fasting. For this study, measurements of resting energy expenditure were compared with the predicted basal energy expenditure (BEE) using the Harris‐Benedict equation with the addition of a selected injury correction factor (ICF), and potential relationships were evaluated for their agreement. When the elements of routine intensive care unit physical activity (which increases energy expenditure by approximately 10%) and the patient's fasting state (the specific dynamic action of food which increased energy expenditure by 10%) are accounted for by the addition of 20% to the measured resting energy expenditure (MREE), the predicted BEE with ICF was in moderate significant agreement with MREE.

Apparent specific dynamic action of food in the grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon fabricius

1. 1. The influence of feeding on the oxygen consumption of Penaeus monodon was studied under controlled laboratory conditions. 2. 2. The shrimp adapted quickly to the experimental conditions as indicated by the short period (6–8 hr) required for their oxygen consumption to stabilize. 3. 3. Night-time oxygen consumption rates of the shrimps were significantly higher than those of the day-time. 4. 4. After feeding, the oxygen consumption of P. monodon increased (up to 512%, mean: 115 ± 90%) from the prefeeding level. 5. 5. Apparent specific dynamic action (SDA) ranged from 2.0 to 19.5% (mean: 9.1± 4.7%) and was not influenced by salinity. A significant portion of the energy ingested by a shrimp is therefore lost as apparent SDA. 6. 6. The increase in routine oxygen consumption associated with dark periods and feeding emphasize the importance of sufficient dissolved oxygen in production ponds during the night and when the shrimps are being fed. Sufficient dissolved oxygen during these periods would therefore improve production.

Palatability and postprandial thermogenesis in dogs.

The role of palatability on postprandial thermogenesis was determined in six mongrel dogs of approximately 16 kg. Oxygen uptake (VO2) was continuously monitored by indirect calorimetry for 1 h before and 2 h after a standard meal of 1,390 kcal. In the first experiment each dog was given access to the meal, which was ingested within 5 min. In a second experiment the same meal was sham fed and collected into an esophageal pouch. In a third experiment the dogs were tube fed. In the first experiment a biphasic response was found in the postprandial increase in metabolic rate; a first phase lasting approximately 40 min and the other from 40 to 125 min. In the second experiment the increase in VO2 was comparable with that of the first experiment for the first 40 min but almost abolished for the remaining period; the sight and smell of food alone produced a similar effect. In the third experiment tube feeding caused a small increase in VO2, which was four times smaller than that found in both the first and the second experiment during the initial phase. However, during the second phase the increase in VO2 was comparable with that of experiment 1. An initial phase of feeding lasting approximately 40 min is identified with food palatability, whereas the second phase would correspond to a large extent to specific dynamic action of food.

The relationship between specific dynamic action (SDA) and growth in the common starfish, Asterias rubens L.

After feeding the metabolic rate of animals rapidly increases to a peak level and thereafter slowly declines to pre-feeding level. This phenomenon has been termed the specific dynamic action of food. The processes causing the increase in metabolism are uncertain. In Asterias rubens there was a close relationship between the magnitude of SDA and growth rate (coefficient of determination=r 2=0.85), suggesting that the increased metabolic expenditure following feeding represent the energetic cost of growth.

Effect of Energy Restriction on Total Heat Production, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Specific Dynamic Action of Food in Rats

Man and experimental animals are able to adapt to restricted levels of energy intake mainly by a reduction in basal metabolic rate (BMR) while the effects of energy restriction on the specific dynamic action (SDA) of food and the spontaneous activity are less well established. In this study, growing rats were fed ad libitum or restricted amounts of diet during 28–31 days. Then total heat production (THP) and BMR during 22 hours, as well as SDA of a test meal, were measured on individual rats by indirect calorimetry. After the calorimeter study rats were kept in metabolic cages for 6 days after which they were killed and analyzed for total body composition. The energy balance of the rats over the last 7 days of the study was calculated from changes in body composition and measurements of food intake during this period. During the calorimeter experiment an indirect estimation of the spontaneous activity of the rat was made. Results showed that THP, BMR and SDA of restricted rats were significantly lower than for ad libitum-fed rats. From body composition measurements, rats restricted in food intake before the calorimetry study were found to mobilize more protein and less fat compared to rats fed ad libitum until the calorimetry and body composition studies were carried out. No difference in spontaneous activity was observed between the two dietary treatments.energy intake specific dynamic action basal metabolic rate body composition heat production

Modulation of maximum thermogenesis by feeding in the white rat.

The present study investigated the availability of substrates as a limiting factor in acute cold exposure. By use of a self-control experimental design, thermogenesis was measured in rats at -10 degrees C under 21% O2-79% He following different feeding regimes. Overnight fasting resulted in the lowest total heat production (9,949 +/- 189 cal/120 min, mean +/- SE, n = 11), maximum rate of thermogenesis (1,320 +/- 23 cal/15 min), and final body temperature (31.0 +/- 0.3 degrees C). The values were significantly lower than those found after overnight rationing (10,630 +/- 231, 1,386 +/- 29, and 32.8 +/- 0.5, respectively) or ad libitum feeding (10,821 +/- 224, 1,395 +/- 27, and 33.5 +/- 0.3). Rats fasted overnight but fed intragastrically a 5-ml substrate mixture (3 kcal/ml) 60 min prior to cold exposure resulted in the highest values for all parameters (11,553 +/- 207, 1,488 +/- 23, and 33.7 +/- 0.4). The increases were not due to the specific dynamic action of food. Since the levels of maximum thermogenesis and cold tolerance can be modulated by feeding, it is evident that substrate availability limits thermogenesis in severe cold independent of respiratory-cardiovascular functions and cellular oxidative capabilities.

Apparent Specific Dynamic Action of Food in the Fish Blennius pholis

Apparent Specific Dynamic Action of Food in the Fish Blennius pholis

Relation of specific dynamic action of food (SDA) to growth in rats

The relation between food induced thermogenesis and anabolic processes was investigated in normal and malnourished rats. The metabolic rate was measured 5 and 17 hr after food removal. The difference between the two measurements was 3.9% during growth arrest of malnourished rats gaining 0.6 g/day, but 20.0 and 28.7% during growth recovery when rats were gaining 4.1 and 5.3 g/day, respectively. The 5 hr postprandial metabolic rates rose in normal rats from 15.6 kcal/day at 4 weeks to 45.3 kcal/day at 15 weeks, and then declined to 38.5 kcal/day at 36 weeks. The difference between 5 and 17 hr postprandial metabolic rates was 28.8% in 5 to 15-week-old rats gaining 5.2 g/day, and 1.1% in 24 to 32-week-old rats who were no longer gaining weight.

Metabolizm energetyczny sarny

Energy metabolism of the roe deer Capreolus capreolus (L i n n e a e u s, 1758) was investigated by means of the respirometric method. The level of metabolism in roe deer is similar to that of other wild ruminants but higher than the mean interspecies metabolism of mammals. Fasting heat production (FHP) shows seasonal variations, being the highest during spring molting season, slightly lower in summer and the lowest in winter: 117.0, 99.4 and 91.3 kcalXkg-0.75Xday -1, respectively. Zbadano metabolizm energetyczny sarn używając respirometru systemu otwartego i specjalnej komory (Fig. 1). Poziom metabolizmu sarn jest podobny jaki i u innych dzikich pzeżuwaczy, chociaż wyższy niż średni międzygatunkowy dla ssaków. Metabolizm głodowy wykazuje wahania sezonowe; jest najwyższy w okresie wiosennej zmiany sierści, nieco niższy latem, a najniższy zimą: 117.0, 99.4 and 91.3 kcalXkgXdoba 1 (Tabela 1).

The role of physical activity in the control of obesity.

An exercise programme is an important part of the management of the obese patient. Exercise may increase both the specific dynamic action of food and the post-exercise metabolic rate, in addition to its direct caloric cost. Moderate daily exercise aids regulation of the appetite and may reduce the voluntary caloric intake of otherwise sedentary persons. Post-prandial activity may utilize more calories; therefore an adequate breakfast and avoidance of late night eating may be effective in weight control. A better tolerated and more nutritious diet may be allowed, and lean body weight better preserved, by combining exercise with a dietary programme. Regular exercise may also reduce some of the more serious life-threatening complications of obesity and poor dietary habits, allowing greater freedom in the pursuit of other pleasures.

Thermic effect of glucose and amino acids in man studied by direct and indirect calorimetry.

1. In order to reinvestigate the classical concept of specific dynamic action of food, the thermic effect of ingested glucose (50 g) or essential amino acids (50 g) or both was measured in seven healthy male subjects dressed in shorts, by using both direct and indirect calorimetry simultaneously. Experiments were performed under conditions of thermal comfort at 28°.2. Energy ‘balance’ (heat production minus heat losses) was negative during the control period (mean heat deficit: −16.0 ± 0.8 kJ/m2per h.3. Metabolic rate increased 13.6 ± 1.8% after the glucose load, 17.2 ± 1.4% after amino acids, and 17.3 ± 2.9% after both glucose and amino acids: thus there was no additive thermic effect when both nutrients were given together.4. In contrast to the metabolic rate, heat losses were not significantly altered after nutrient ingestion; consequently, the energy ‘balance’ became rapidly positive.5. These results show that: (a) the food-induced thermogenesis, for a moderate energy intake, is less dependent on the nature of the nutrients than was classically admitted; (b) this increased heat production mainly induces changes in heat storage rather than in heat losses during the first hours following ingestion of a meal.

Non-shivering thermogenesis and its thermoregulatory significance.

Summary1. Non‐shivering thermogenesis (NST) is a heat‐production mechanism participating in the chemical thermoregulation of mammals.2. NST is additional to shivering and takes place at temperatures close to the thermoneutral zone.3. NST occurs in newborn mammals and in those that hibernate. In some adult mammals it can be induced by adaptation to cold.4. In small mammals NST produces approximately the same amount of heat as shivering. It becomes less important with increasing body weight of the animals.5. NST is regulated by the hypothalamus and it is based predominantly on the calorigenic action of noradrenaline released from sympathetic nerve‐endings.Participation of other calorigenic substances and of the specific dynamic action of food cannot be excluded.6. NST is localized mainly in skeletal muscles and in brown adipose tissue. Small amounts of NST may come from liver, intestine, heart and brain.7. The biochemical basis of the calorigenic action of noradrenaline has not yet been fully elucidated.

Specific dynamic action in premature infants kept at and below the neutral temperature.

Extract: The calorigenic effect of an artificial formula, Adapta, was examined in premature infants kept at and below the neutral temperature. After a preliminary period of 15–30 minutes, a feeding (40–60 ml) was offered or given by gavage. The test feeding was followed by an experimental period of four hours, during which time oxygen consumption and CO2 production were continuously recorded by an open circuit method using the Kipp diaferometer. The results of investigations carried out in the zone of thermoneutrality are summarized in table I. The amount of oxygen consumed 30 minutes after ingestion of the formula was already appreciably larger than that corresponding to the basal metabolic rate. At 90 or 120 minutes, the average oxygen consumption was 30% higher than that at the preliminary level. Oxygen consumption then fell and had approached the fasting level by the end of the period of observation. In order to obtain the cumulative effect of thermogenesis, total and basal heat production were calculated for a period of four hours. The average amount of total extra calories was 1.7 kcal/kg which, in relation to basal heat production during the same period of time and to the ingested calories, represented an increase of 26.4 and 9.2%, respectively (table VI). The changes in oxygen consumption at different levels of thermoregulatory heat production in totally and partially swaddled premature infants maintained at 20–22° are shown in tables II, III and IV. The responses are also diagrammatically compared (fig. 4). It can be seen that the magnitude of specific dynamic action is the same for babies in a thermoneutral and colder environment, despite the difference in the preingestion levels of oxygen consumption. Control experiments in nonfed premature infants revealed that the specific dynamic action of food in a heat-losing environment is not due to muscular activity, but appears in an additive manner and independently of the metabolic increase induced by the cold environment (table V). The summation of the metabolic response to cold and to food was also reflected by the behavior of body temperature. The ingestion of 50 ml of formula stopped the fall in body temperature and even caused a small transient rise during the period of maximum increase in heat production. Speculation: When considering the various factors upon which the zone of thermoneutrality depends, it is likely that a protein or calorie-rich feeding may constitute a significant thermal burden to premature infants cared for at neutral temperature. In contrast to thermoneutral conditions, however, the independence of the stimulating effect of food and cold on thermogenesis indicates that specific dynamic action below the critical temperature can be regarded as a useful source of heat to help maintain the body temperature in a heat-losing environment. Future studies are needed to clarify the thermoregulatory significance of postprandial thermogenesis in premature infants cared for under various environmental conditions and maintained on different feeding regimens.