Specific Characteristic Features Research Articles

Examining feature extraction and classification modules in machine learning for diagnosis of low-dose computed tomographic screening-detected in vivo lesions.

Medical imaging-based machine learning (ML) for computer-aided diagnosis of in vivo lesions consists of two basic components or modules of (i)feature extraction from non-invasively acquired medical images and (ii)feature classification for prediction of malignancy of lesions detected or localized in the medical images. This study investigates their individual performances for diagnosis of low-dose computed tomography (CT) screening-detected lesions of pulmonary nodules and colorectal polyps. Three feature extraction methods were investigated. One uses the mathematical descriptor of gray-level co-occurrence image texture measure to extract the Haralick image texture features (HFs). One uses the convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to extract deep learning (DL) image abstractive features (DFs). The third one uses the interactions between lesion tissues and X-ray energy of CT to extract tissue-energy specific characteristic features (TFs). All the above three categories of extracted features were classified by the random forest (RF) classifier with comparison to the DL-CNN method, which reads the images, extracts the DFs, and classifies the DFs in an end-to-end manner. The ML diagnosis of lesions or prediction of lesion malignancy was measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Three lesion image datasets were used. The lesions' tissue pathological reports were used as the learning labels. Experiments on the three datasets produced AUC values of 0.724 to 0.878 for the HFs, 0.652 to 0.965 for the DFs, and 0.985 to 0.996 for the TFs, compared to the DL-CNN of 0.694 to 0.964. These experimental outcomes indicate that the RF classifier performed comparably to the DL-CNN classification module and the extraction of tissue-energy specific characteristic features dramatically improved AUC value. The feature extraction module is more important than the feature classification module. Extraction of tissue-energy specific characteristic features is more important than extraction of image abstractive and characteristic features.

Phytochemical and Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Kodiveli Churnam - A Polyherbal Siddha Formulation

Kodiveli Churnam is a traditional Siddha formulation made up of Plumbago zeylanica, Pongamia pinnata, Chukrasia tabularis, Piper longum, Brassica juncea, Nigella sativa, Zingiber officinalis and Terminalia chebula. The formulation has been studied using the macroscopic, microscopic, TLC/HPTLC techniques. The pharmacognostical studies revealed the presence of specific characteristic features of the raw drugs. The HPTLC fingerprinting was derived using a specific solvent system which could capture majority of the phytoconstituents of this drug. It is concluded that the formulation of Kodiveli churnam, the HPTLC fingerprinting and microscopic characteristics can be used to validate the preparation and authenticity of the formulation.

The pre- and postembryonic development of Artemia franciscana (Anostraca: Artemiidae).

Artemia franciscana is a universal live feed in aquaculture, and it has been reported as an invasive species in many Asian hypersaline ecosystems. The present observations illustrated the pre- and postembryonic development stages of the A. franciscana population confined to the Indian saltern of Kelambakkam. We observed their growth patterns during various hydration periods with specific time intervals. Results showed differences in the development stages with respect to unique identity. Interestingly, a period of hydration showed notable cellular movement toward clockwise positions in the hydrating cysts. After 10 h of hydration, blastocoel appeared, accelerating the dynamic route of nuclei movement. At the end of the invagination, the embryo burst out of the cyst, and a sequence of emerging stages was noted. With reference to light microscopic observations, a series of developmental stages were observed, and each instar was documented by developing limb buds of nauplii. Excitingly, the 10th and 11th instar stages reveal sexual differentiation between male and female individuals. Thus, the laboratory culture study clearly documented the different developmental stages with their specific characteristic features. However, further molecular study would provide a cellular basis for understanding the early development of A. franciscana.

Collection of Partition Coefficients in Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide, Sodium Cholate, and Lithium Perfluorooctanesulfonate Micellar Solutions: Experimental Determination and Computational Predictions.

This study focuses on determining the partition coefficients (logP) of a diverse set of 63 molecules in three distinct micellar systems: hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB), sodium cholate (SC), and lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate (LPFOS). The experimental log p values were obtained through micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) experiments, conducted under controlled pH conditions. Then, Quantum Mechanics (QM) and machine learning approaches are proposed for the prediction of the partition coefficients in these three micellar systems. In the applied QM approach, the experimentally obtained partition coefficients were correlated with the calculated values for the case of the 15 solvent mixtures. Using Density Function Theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional, we calculated the solvation free energies of 63 molecules in these 16 solvents. The combined data from the experimental partition coefficients in the three micellar formulations showed that the 1-propanol/water combination demonstrated the best agreement with the experimental partition coefficients for the SC and HTAB micelles. Moreover, we employed the SVM approach and k-means clustering based on the generation of the chemical descriptor space. The analysis revealed distinct partitioning patterns associated with specific characteristic features within each identified class. These results indicate the utility of the combined techniques when we want an efficient and quicker model for predicting partition coefficients in diverse micelles.

The Historical Changes of /k/ and /q/ in Najdi Arabic: A Phonological Analysis

This paper seeks to explore the potential phonological reasons for the historical change of /k/ and /q/ in Najdi Arabic and the influence of these two consonants on the frequency and duration of vowels, such as /i/ sound through the prism of acoustic analysis. The /k/ phoneme transforms into [ts] and /q/ transforms into [ɡ] and [dz] in many Najdi Arabic words. This transformational process is called ‘palatalization’. Although it is a universal phenomenon, palatalization in Najdi Arabic has specific characteristic features. The main reason for this specificity is that the Najdi dialect had not been in contact with any other foreign languages in Najd region (the region of Najdi speakers) to create the affrication. This historical change is thus attributable to phonological reasons motivated by specific phonological features. Data were extracted from two recordings by two native speakers of the Najdi dialect who produced 217 words. They were phonologically transcribed and analyzed by the researcher to understand the motivation for the phonological change of these two consonants. Additionally, Pratt software was used to analyze the data to explore the influence of consonants on the /i/ sound frequency and duration. The results revealed that the palatalization of [ts] and [dz] does not occur in all the Najdi Arabic words, but only in some due to specific phonological features. The phonological patterns of /k/ and /q/ rely on the place of vocalic articulation preceding and following them.

Неписанные практики как препятствие при осуществлении защиты социальных прав граждан территориальными органами прокуратуры Российской Федерации

Introduction: in the paper, the authors express their own value judgments about the unwritten practices that have been developed or are only being developed in many state and municipal institutions, which are currently used when considering citizens’ appeals related to the violation of their subjective rights and (or) legitimate interests, the basis for the real application of which, in many cases, is Federal Law of 02.05.2006 No. 59-FZ (ed. 27.12.2018) “On the Procedure for Consideration of Appeals by Citizens of the Russian Federation”. The purpose of the paper is to familiarize the territorial bodies of the Prosecutor’s Office of Russia with some of these unwritten practices, which should be remembered by the territorial bodies of the Prosecutor’s Office of Russia when strengthening the protection of citizens who have applied to them for the protection of their social rights. Methods: the methodological framework for the research is the methods of scientific cognition, and general scientific and specific scientific methods, in particular, such as: dialectical, logical, systemic, structural-functional and formallegal. Results: in the paper, the authors give their own classification of some of these unwritten practices, show their specific content and characteristic features for each of them, allowing to distinguish one practice from another, and most importantly, to prevent the influence and penetration of these practices in the activities of the territorial bodies of the Prosecutor’s Office of Russia or the reliance on them in the form of responses received from these institutions, when working with appeals by citizens for the protection of their social rights, without carrying out a real check of all the facts of violation of their social rights set out in citizens’ appeals by the Prosecutor’s Office of Russia. Conclusions: after a scientific analysis of the material and the generalization of their own value judgments obtained as a result, the authors come to the following conclusions. Firstly, the very possibility of classifying some unwritten practices testifies not only to their real existence, but also to their wide dissemination and application when considering various appeals by citizens related to the violation of their social rights and legitimate interests of certain state or municipal institutions in the order of their administrative subordination. Secondly, the own content and characteristic features of these unwritten practices currently act as serious obstacles to the territorial bodies of the Prosecutor’s Office of Russia and the implementation of direct instructions from the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin on strengthening the protection of social rights of citizens. Thirdly, the absence of real measures to eliminate them in the activities of the state and municipal institutions at all levels of administrative subordination will objectively contribute to their even greater spread in various combinations and variants, and most importantly – lead to the widespread effect of these customary legal practices by narrowing the scope of application of the current Russian legislation regulating the social sphere.

Expressive Speech Acts in Political Discourse: An Integrative Approach Perspective

The article aims at analyzing of the contemporary political discourse modality that has acquired specific characteristic features of highly emotional utterances based on deliberate or unintended violation of political etiquette principles recently. The article’s generalized theorizing is illustrated by a sample of case study of invectives in political discourse. This analysis aims at distinguishing “agonal” signs (a deliberate use of invectives in speech) and pragmatic borrowings (inadvertent use of invectives) in their functioning, their pragma-semantic characteristics and discursive markers, which helps us in identification of both types of political discourse linguistic items. This research represents an integrative approach combining the Critical Discourse Analysis, the Political Discourse Semiotics Theory, the Role Theory, the Communication Theory, and others, in order to discover the actual reasons and consequences of these changes in the society in general, and in political discourse in particular.

PENDIDIKAN ETIKA REKA BENTUK DALAM PROGRAM INDUSTRI KREATIF DI INSTITUSI PENGAJIAN TINGGI MALAYSIA [DESIGN ETHICS EDUCATION FOR CREATIVE INDUSTRIES PROGRAMMES IN MALAYSIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Nowadays, the creative industry is rapidly developing with various technologies and creativity moving forward. However, problems and issues involving ethical aspects are still often seen on social media, television and print media, it clearly shows the lack of values and ethical aspects of the individual in the production of designs. Therefore, this study is conducted to propose the guidelines on ethical education design for creative industry programs in the institutions of higher learning. The objective of this study is to evaluate students' behavior towards design ethics among students of higher education institutions, evaluate teaching practices implemented by educators of higher education institutions as well as to assess challenges related to design ethics faced by creative industry professionals in submitting proposal regarding ethical education guidelines for creative industry programs. This study uses quantitative method which is the survey method in which questionnaires are distributed to respondents. For the sampling of studies, which is stratified sampling that refers to individual specific characteristic features in terms of his/her involvement in the creative industry. The numbers of respondents were 164 for the students, 108 respondents for the teaching staff and 89 respondents were from creative industry professionals. The findings of this study that are based on the mean value and standard deviation from the data collected through the survey study, show that students' behavior on ethical aspects is an important aspect of design ethics. Meanwhile, for the lecturers, the teaching practices implemented show that ethical aspects are a crucial element in the teaching sessions. Next, for the creative industry professionals, ethical aspects are considered as an important element in facing the challenges regarding design ethics. This is explained through the findings of students, lecturers and creative industry professionals through high recorded mean value. Therefore, it is clear that ethical aspects are a vital element to these three groups. Thus, a guideline on ethical education design for creative industry programs in institutions of higher learning is produced through the findings. Hence, this study provides a module on design ethics education that can be practiced in creative industry programs in Institutions of Higher Learning in Malaysia.

Критический реализм в диалоге науки и религии: подход И. Барбура и Дж. Полкинхорна

The purpose of the study is to identify specific nature and characteristic features of critical realism methodology used by I. Barbour and J. Polkinghorne in elaboration of the problems peculiar to the dialogue between science and religion. The article presents an analysis of justification concerning the use of critical realism methodology in the dialogue between science and religion. Scientific novelty lies in the fact that the study reveals causes of the debate on using critical realism methodology in science and religion, shows limitations of applying critical realism in the field of religion, as well as identifies possible ways to adjust the considered authors’ approach to the dialogue between science and religion. As a result, it is proved that even though critical realism can serve as a “bridge” in the dialogue between scientific and religious worldviews, its use has significant limitations in the field of theology.

Verbs derived from interjections in Polish, Russian and German

The article discusses verbs derived from interjections in three languages: Polish, Russian and German. In particular, it presents an overview of derivation processes which are implemented while forming the analyzed lexemes, the most productive affixes in the three languages in question and specific characteristic features of the word formation processes involved therein. The present study is based on the material of Polish, Russian and German verbs derived from representative, impulsive and imperative interjections and shows that, as far as morphological processes are concerned, numerous analogies exist between Polish and Russian. For instance, morphemes -a(ć) /-a(ть) are highly productive, both languages implement the morpheme -ot-/ -от- as well as the infixes -k-/-к- and -cz-/-ч-. Because of the different properties of the language, which belongs to a different language family, German verbs derived from interjections display slightly different characteristic features.

Оцінювання стану безпекозабезпечувальної діяльності підприємства

It is considered that security-providing activity is a new functional kind of an enterprise activity. Purpose of the enterprise security-providing activity is avoiding dangers in the enterprise activity and development. Condition of the enterprise securityproviding activity is the subject of evaluating in the enterprise evaluating system together with the result of the enterprise security-providing activity and its features (effectiveness and measure of result). Notions of “enterprise security-providing activity” and “condition of the enterprise security-providing activity” are considered. There are specific characteristic features suggested to evaluate the condition of the enterprise securityproviding activity. Measure of existence of such features characterizes the condition of the enterprise security-providing activity in the specific moment of time. Measure of existence of such features is evaluated in points. Quantity of points can be defined by the results of managerial diagnostics of the enterprise security-providing activity using suggested procedures united in evaluating and analytical concepts.

Learning Extremal Representations with Deep Archetypal Analysis

Archetypes represent extreme manifestations of a population with respect to specific characteristic traits or features. In linear feature space, archetypes approximate the data convex hull allowing all data points to be expressed as convex mixtures of archetypes. As mixing of archetypes is performed directly on the input data, linear Archetypal Analysis requires additivity of the input, which is a strong assumption unlikely to hold e.g. in case of image data. To address this problem, we propose learning an appropriate latent feature space while simultaneously identifying suitable archetypes. We thus introduce a generative formulation of the linear archetype model, parameterized by neural networks. By introducing the distance-dependent archetype loss, the linear archetype model can be integrated into the latent space of a deep variational information bottleneck and an optimal representation, together with the archetypes, can be learned end-to-end. Moreover, the information bottleneck framework allows for a natural incorporation of arbitrarily complex side information during training. As a consequence, learned archetypes become easily interpretable as they derive their meaning directly from the included side information. Applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated by exploring archetypes of female facial expressions while using multi-rater based emotion scores of these expressions as side information. A second application illustrates the exploration of the chemical space of small organic molecules. By using different kinds of side information we demonstrate how identified archetypes, along with their interpretation, largely depend on the side information provided.

Современная кобызовая школа Казахстана (к проблеме исторических связей и перспектив)

The kobyz is a historical Kazakh musical instrument which received new forms of life in the 21st century, while preserving the “kuy” as its main instrumental genre. The present article is devoted to studying the contemporary kobyz performance school in Kazakhstan. The topicality of the theme is connected with the necessity of studying the traditions of the Kazakh musical performance on the kobyz, comprehending the continuity of the musical-pedagogical connections and bringing out the individual particularities of the artistic individual character of outstanding representatives of the kobyz school in the context of the processes of the overall globalization of the space of musical performance. The kobyz performing school of Kazakhstan is endowed with a set of specific characteristic features stipulated by the historical circumstances of its development, contemporary technologies, new trends and genres, as well as the particularities of the Kazakh system of musical education. Indication of the crucial figures in the formation of the kobyz school makes it possible to determine the essential differences of the individual performance styles, as well as to disclose the most topical questions of methodology of instruction and notation of kuys for the kobyz. Keywords: kobyz, traditional musician, Kazakh music, individual style, performance school.

Cohen Syndrome-Associated Cataract Is Explained by VPS13B Functions in Lens Homeostasis and Is Modified by Additional Genetic Factors.

PurposeCohen syndrome (CS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by variants of the VPS13B gene. CS patients are affected with a severe form of retinal dystrophy, and in several cases cataracts also develop. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms and risk factors for cataract in CS, as well as to report on cataract surgeries in CS patients.MethodsTo understand how VPS13B is associated with visual impairments in CS, we generated the Vps13b∆Ex3/∆Ex3 mouse model. Mice from 1 to 3 months of age were followed by ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp examinations. Phenotypes were investigated by histology, immunohistochemistry, and western blot. Literature analysis was performed to determine specific characteristic features of cataract in CS and to identify potential genotype–phenotype correlations.ResultsCataracts rapidly developed in 2-month-old knockout mice and were present in almost all lenses at 3 months. Eye fundi appeared normal until cataract development. Lens immunostaining revealed that cataract formation was associated with the appearance of large vacuoles in the cortical area, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and fibrosis. In later stages, cataracts became hypermature, leading to profound retinal remodeling due to inflammatory events. Literature analysis showed that CS-related cataracts display specific features compared to other forms of retinitis pigmentosa-related cataracts, and their onset is modified by additional genetic factors. Corroboratively, we were able to isolate a subline of the Vps13b∆Ex3/∆Ex3 model with delayed cataract onset.ConclusionsVPS13B participates in lens homeostasis, and the CS-related cataract development dynamic is linked to additional genetic factors.

Специфика самореализации подростков с музыкальным типом одарённости

In contemporary society continuously more demands are applied to organization of allround support of gifted children. On the state-managed level various purposeful programs and specialized centers of supplementary education directed at the development of giftedness. Musical education extensively facilitates the development of personality, especially during the period of growing up. The article presents an analysis of characteristic manifestations of the self-realization of adolescents endowed with a musical type of giftedness. The aim of the carried out research is to display the specific characteristic features of the growing self-realization of adolescents who are successful in their musical activities. Those surveyed in the research were 92 participants (46 youths and 46 young girls) aged 16 and 17 studying music in special educational institutions for 7–10 years. All the respondents have had significant achievements in mastery of the art of music. The study of the particularities of this group’s self-realization made use of the “Multidimensional questionnaire of self-realization of personality” developed by professor Sergei Kudinov within the framework of a poly-systemic conception of personality. The results of empiric research have been subjected to quality and quantity analysis and mathematic-stylistic elaboration. The carried-out research disclosed the specificity of self-realization of adolescents with musical giftedness. It allows specialists in educational institutions to develop technologies to organize the psychological and pedagogical maintenance for the youth with the consideration of the specificity of manifestation of self-realization in the given age period of development of personality. Keywords: creative giftedness, adolescent age, musical giftedness, correlational plead, selfrealization.

Salento Honey (Apulia, South-East Italy): A Preliminary Characterization by 1H-NMR Metabolomic Fingerprinting

Honey is a natural sweet substance produced by honeybees from the nectar of flowers, plant secretions or plant-sucking insect excretions. Sugars and water constitute the major components, other minor components characterize the organoleptic and nutritional properties. To date, Salento (Apulia region, Italy) honey production is considerably threatened due to the suggested use of neonicotinoids in order to control the insect-vectored bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (subsp. pauca). Metabolomics based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to describe, for the first time, the composition of honey samples from different Salento producers. Exploratory Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed, among the observed clustering, a separation between light and dark honeys and a discrimination according to producers, both further analyzed by supervised multivariate analysis. According to the obtained data, although limited to small-scale emerging production, Salento honey shows at the molecular level, a range of specific characteristic features analogous to those exhibited by similar products originating elsewhere and appreciated by consumers. The impact on this production should therefore be carefully considered when suggesting extensive use of pesticides in the area.

MCDM/A Based Design of Sustainable Logistics Corridors Combined with Suppliers Selection. The Case Study of Freight Movement to Iraq.

The paper is focused on developing a rational paradigm of solving a joint decision problem of selecting a supplier and designing the supply chain/ logistic corridor. We consider the design of a logistic solution in developing, politically, and military sensitive regions. Thus, we analyse the supply chains that deliver goods (electrical cables) to Iraq. The decision problem involves the selection of suppliers combined with the intuitive/ heuristic design of transportation logistic corridors. This joint decision problem (suppliers’ selection and logistics corridors design) is formulated as a multiple criteria ranking problem and solved with the application of the Multiple Criteria Decision Making/ Aiding (MCDM/A) methodology. Our approach is based on thorough analysis of the decision situation (internal and external conditions; decision makers, stakeholders; specific local constraints; existing expectations and preferences). We take into account the trade-offs and constraints (economic, political, social) to reach a compromise and most desirable solution. We carry out a series of computational experiments with the application of selected MCDM/A ranking methods, e.g. ELECTRE III/IV and AHP. We develop a universal decision model and adapt it to specific local circumstances and characteristic features of the applied decision tools, i.e. ELECTRE III/IV and AHP methods. We take into account the concept of sustainability in our analyses.

CATEGORISATION OF BODILY SENSATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH EXCORIATION DISORDER WITH IMPULSIVE ACTIONS

Relevance. Categorization, being one of the main cognitive processes, is involved in the perception and comprehension of objects with meaning, depending on the personal significance. Exceptional subjectivity of bodily experience makes it important to explore its structuring and mediating with sign through the analysis of bodily sensations categorisation in patients with complaints of pathological bodily sensations. Objective: description of specific characteristic features of categorization of bodily sensations in patients with excoriation disorder with impulsive actions. Methods and Sample. 15 patients with excoriation disorder with impulsive actions (mean age 47±17 years) and 50 patients with depression with somatic symptoms (mean age 42±13 years) took part in the study. They were asked to perform psychosemantic test “Choice of intraceptive sensations descriptors” for describing all bodily sensations and health-related bodily sensations. Results. Patients with excoriation disorder with impulsive actions, when categorizing all bodily sensations and health-related bodily sensations, chose descriptors of actions with the skin and descriptors of negative emotional states. Significant differences were found in the choice of descriptors of emotional states. Their number was less in patients with excoriation disorder with impulsive actions in comparison with patients with depression with somatic symptoms who demonstrated a variety of choices of descriptors of different classes in response to both instructions of the test. Conclusion. Bodily sensations categorisation study allowed to discuss the features of bodily experience in general and health-related bodily experience. In excoriation disorder with impulsive actions the bodily sensations categorisation was characterized by an attribution of actions with skin and emotions to bodily experience. The characteristics of bodily sensations choices in patients from different groups allowed to associate features of bodily sensations categorisation with clinical symptoms of these mental disorders.

Blessing or curse? The World Wide Web as information source for autism and Asperger Syndrome

Blessing or curse? The World Wide Web as information source for autism and Asperger Syndrome Abstract. Objective: The World Wide Web is today one of the most common methods used for obtaining health-related information, though the quality of the information is sometimes questionable. The present study addresses the quality of the information source internet and the resulting implications and discusses examples related to autism spectrum disorder. Method: We systematically evaluated 96 German websites, with the aim of estimating specific characteristic features, reliability of publications, presentation of information as well as overall website quality. We also analyzed the clinical implications of the presentations. Results: Only 39 % of the websites provided references to scientifically well-founded information, whereas advertisements were found on 53 % of websites. The greatest percentage of false information (17 %) was disseminated concerning therapy. 75 % of the websites provided incomplete information. Only 10 % of websites discussed the impairment or familial burden. The quality of information was insufficient on 30 %, poor on 41 %, and good on only 6 % of the websites. Conclusions: Similar to results available for English-language websites, the quality of German websites providing health-related information can be considered low. Implications concerning confirmation bias, stigma, overidentification, in-group/outgroup, contrast and snowball effects are discussed.

Neural Probabilistic Graphical Model for Face Sketch Synthesis.

Neural network learning for face sketch synthesis from photos has attracted substantial attention due to its favorable synthesis performance. However, most existing deep-learning-based face sketch synthesis models stacked only by multiple convolutional layers without structured regression often lose the common facial structures, limiting their flexibility in a wide range of practical applications, including intelligent security and digital entertainment. In this article, we introduce a neural network to a probabilistic graphical model and propose a novel face sketch synthesis framework based on the neural probabilistic graphical model (NPGM) composed of a specific structure and a common structure. In the specific structure, we investigate a neural network for mapping the direct relationship between training photos and sketches, yielding the specific information and characteristic features of a test photo. In the common structure, the fidelity between the sketch pixels generated by the specific structure and their candidates selected from the training data are considered, ensuring the preservation of the common facial structure. Experimental results on the Chinese University of Hong Kong face sketch database demonstrate, both qualitatively and quantitatively, that the proposed NPGM-based face sketch synthesis approach can more effectively capture specific features and recover common structures compared with the state-of-the-art methods. Extensive experiments in practical applications further illustrate that the proposed method achieves superior performance.