Specific Adjectives Research Articles

Validation of a Questionnaire for Equine Personality Assessement

ABSTRACT We propose a practical method of assessing the personality of horsesusing five personality axes. Four evaluators empirically judged 19 horseindividuals on specific adjectives for each axis. To validate thequestionnaire, four behavioral tests were conducted with these same animals(social interactions, novel object test, bridge test,and arena test). In this tests, the frequencyof specific behaviors were evaluated to create a scale related to the samepersonality adjectives and judge the animals based on their reactions.The questionnaire was reliable in determiningthe personality of horses, since the results were consistent with thoseobtained through behavioral tests. Additionally, in this group of horsesattention reactions were more frequent than fear reactions, but significantdifferences occurred among tests. This study proposes a practical questionnairefor owners and trainers to assess the personality of their horses. Theapplication of this tool can improve the relationship between humans andhorses, directing a more empathic approach in the everyday routine with theseanimals

Notes on the Western Palaearctic genus Leptocharis Reitter (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae).

A morphological study of the Western Palaearctic genus Leptocharis Reitter revealed remarkable differences between L. microphthalmus Meybohm and all remaining congeners. This species is the only Eurasian member of Stenichnini with the mesocoxae not separated by the mesoventral process. A new genus, Turkocharis gen. n., is proposed to accommodate L. microphthalmus. Morphological details of both Leptocharis and Turkocharis are illustrated and discussed, and the Nearctic genus Neladius Casey is indicated as morphologically most similar to the presumably closely related Leptocharis and Turkocharis. As the genus name Leptocharis is of a feminine grammatical gender, specific adjectives previously with masculine endings are corrected to Leptocharis algerica Besuchet, L. cretica (Pic), and Turkocharis microphthalma (Meybohm) comb. n. An updated key for identification of the Eurasian and New Guinean genera of Stenichnini is given.

Patterns of Bias: How Mainstream Media Operationalize Links between Mass Shootings and Terrorism

ABSTRACT How do race and/or religion shape news media coverage of mass shooters and whether media associate mass shooters with terrorism? This article combines natural language processing (NLP), statistical analysis of U.S. mass shooting events (1990–2016) and an in-depth case-study comparison to evaluate whether media exhibit patterns in how they frame mass shooters from different racial and/or religious groups. First, we use NLP to target and model the specific adjectives media use to describe mass shooters. We find identifiable text patterns in the adjectives media apply to mass shooters that vary along racial/religious lines. Second, we statistically estimate disagreement between established definitions of terrorism and media associations with the term “terrorism” (excluding negations). This analysis suggests that media disproportionately fail to link non-Muslim white perpetrators to events that should properly be considered terrorism. Our in-depth case-study comparison reinforces and contextualizes these results. This research provides scientific evidence to support the increasingly prominent public speculation that U.S. institutions insufficiently acknowledge the threat of white-perpetrated terrorism. We suggest that biased media coverage reflects and contributes to a process by which certain identity groups are framed as outsiders.

Self-Reported Reproductive Health Experiences in Women with Von Willebrand Disease: A Qualitative Interview-Based Study

Background: Women with von Willebrand disease (VWD) may experience multiple reproductive health challenges, particularly related to menstruation and pregnancy. Patient-reported experiences in this setting have not been well characterized.Aim: To elicit patient-reported menstrual health experiences in women with VWD.Methods: We conducted a physician-administered telephone survey of women seen at Mayo Clinic for workup and/or management of VWD. Patients were asked to discuss their diagnosis of VWD and questioned about menstrual health, contraception, and pregnancy and asked to describe how their VWD had impacted their reproductive health experiences. Quantitative data were analyzed using R (version 3.2.0). Qualitative comments were analyzed by frequency of response (specific adjectives) and general thematic elements.Results: Of 130 women diagnosed with VWD, 82 (63%) agreed to participate, including 58 (71%) with type 1, 9 (11%) with type 2A, 4 (5%) with type 2B, 8 (10%) with type 2M, 1 (1%) with type 2N, and 3 (2%) with type 3. 89% of women self-reported a history of heavy menstrual bleeding; for 23 (28%) this was their first bleeding event. 28 women (34%) ultimately underwent hysterectomy for heavy menstrual bleeding. Women used several forms of contraception, most commonly estrogen-containing oral contraceptives (61, 74%) and intrauterine device (9, 11%). 65 women (79%) reported at least one pregnancy. There were 200 total pregnancies (median 3 per woman, range 1-10). 142 pregnancies (71%) resulted in live term birth, 47 (24%) in spontaneous abortion (at a median of 12 weeks), 9 (4%) in a live preterm birth, and 2 (1%) in therapeutic abortion. Patients' self-reported comments are described in the Table, with responses in bold indicating the same themes were used by more than one patient. Women used primarily negative adjectives to describe heavy menstrual bleeding and reported a significant negative impact on their academic, home, and sexual lives. Despite this, women often reported that they “just dealt with it” and “thought it was normal.” Regarding pregnancy and VWD, women again used primarily negative adjectives to describe their experiences. Many described pregnancy-associated bleeding events (generally postpartum hemorrhage). Overall, women reported that it was often “uncomfortable” to discuss their reproductive concerns with their medical providers (including hematologists). One woman reported that she “wished [she] had been more confident speaking with [her] doctor” and another that “it is important to be your own advocate.”Conclusions: VWD is a relatively common bleeding condition which appears to significantly impact women's reproductive health. In this qualitative interview study, women often used negative adjectives to describe their reproductive experiences as related to VWD. Additionally, many were uncomfortable discussing their reproductive health with their providers. Physicians (particularly hematologists and obstetrician-gynecologists) should be trained to recognize the impact of VWD on reproductive health and include reproductive health as part of their essential health maintenance conversations with their patients. More compassionate and informational patient-physician conversations may help to optimize reproductive health experiences and outcomes in women with VWD. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Intensifiers in Bidayuh Bau-Jagoi

This paper describes intensifiers in Bidayuh Bau-Jagoi, a variation of the Bidayuh language, spoken in Sarawak, Malaysia. Data were gathered from 10 informants, aged 50-80, who are native speakers of the Bidayuh Bau-Jagoi. In this language, intensifiers are used to intensify the meaning of expressions, particularly adjectives. Results show that intensifiers are categorised into lexical items and reduplication. Three general lexical items (sikia, manah and bonar) were identified from the data, and 86 specific lexical intensifiers were found to be paired with specific adjectives with the exception of posah and ngakag. There is only one full reduplication form where a lexical item is reduplicated (tok-tok) and it intensifies the meaning of the adjectives that precede it. As for lexical items, the intensifiers are placed after the adjective with the exception of sikia. This study has uncovered rules pertaining to the use of intensifiers in Bidayuh Bau-Jagoi that will lead to a proper and better understanding of the language structure.

Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes

Word embeddings are a powerful machine-learning framework that represents each English word by a vector. The geometric relationship between these vectors captures meaningful semantic relationships between the corresponding words. In this paper, we develop a framework to demonstrate how the temporal dynamics of the embedding helps to quantify changes in stereotypes and attitudes toward women and ethnic minorities in the 20th and 21st centuries in the United States. We integrate word embeddings trained on 100 y of text data with the US Census to show that changes in the embedding track closely with demographic and occupation shifts over time. The embedding captures societal shifts-e.g., the women's movement in the 1960s and Asian immigration into the United States-and also illuminates how specific adjectives and occupations became more closely associated with certain populations over time. Our framework for temporal analysis of word embedding opens up a fruitful intersection between machine learning and quantitative social science.

The Subjective Hand and Preferences Evaluation of Artificial Leather by Use

Sensory attributes and preferences that contribute to consumer satisfaction with artificial leather were measured by subjective evaluation, and subjective hand and preferences were analyzed in relation to its use. Using tactile and visual senses, 50 experts in fashion and textile industry evaluated leathers classified into two categories, suede and polyurethane coated, according to different manufacturing methods. They answered questions on subjective hand and preferences of different artificial leathers of various fashion items (jackets, purses, bags, shoes, boots, furniture, etc.), using specific adjectives to describe the hand properties. As a result, it was found that the subjective hand properties of artificial leathers were related to 'Thickness', 'Fullness/softness', 'Surface contour', 'Stickiness', and 'Elasticity'. The leather type from different manufacturing methods influenced their perceived hand and preferences relating to use. By use, different hands were preferred. The preferences for jackets and furniture of suede type leathers were related to their surface properties, whereas the preferences for items of the other type of leathers were associated with their resilience. On the other hand, in the case of polyurethane coated leathers, the preferences for jackets were significantly affected by their thickness, while those for the other items were influenced by their resilience and surface properties.

Language In Pakistani Crime Reporting: Use Of Gender Specific Adjectives

Newspapers use language as a tool to create power structures based on gender; and it is through specific vocabulary that they present men and women as different stereotypes in the society. Through language choices not only men and women are presented as different but also as unequal: the former is powerful while the later is powerless, the former is independent while the later is dependant. The present paper attempts to analyze news reporting in the Pakistani print media with special focus on the relationship between gender and language used in crime report headings. It is examined how gender specific adjectives are used to create the reality of women as weak, subdued, and submissive; while men are projected as empowered, dominant and authoritative. Out of the selected four newspapers two are English (Dawn and The News) while two are Urdu (Jang and Khabrain). From these newspapers the headings of crime reports that project the relationship between gender and choice of adjectives, have been sorted out and analyzed under two categories: category ‘A’ deals with adjectives used for men while category ‘B’ deals with adjectives used for women.

Online synonym materials and concordancing for EFL college writing

The phenomenon of overused adjectives by non-native speaking learners (NNS) has been pinpointed by recent research. This study designed five online units for increasing students' awareness of underused specific adjectives for EFL college writing. Five units were developed for five identified overused adjectives: important, beautiful, hard, deep, and big. In each unit, data-driven learning materials, incorporating a bilingual collocation concordancer TANGO, first had learners engaged in distinguishing synonymous adjectives from concordance lines as their first task. Then three exercises for practise followed as a second task. Nineteen English majors in a college freshman writing class participated in the study. The assessment measures included three tests, two in-class writing tasks, and questionnaires. The findings indicate that, in addition to improvement in the immediate posttest, students' word knowledge for synonym use was still retained as measured two months later in the delayed posttest. Moreover, in the post-instruction writing task, students avoided using general adjectives, tried to apply more specific items, and thus improved their overall writing quality. As for students' attitude toward the learning units, over half reported that inductive learning was beneficial although they still found it difficult to verbalize differences among semantically similar words. TANGO was also considered a useful tool for learning synonyms and their collocates.

Dispute théologique , discussion oiseuse et conversation téléphonique : les collcations adjectivo-nominales au coeur du débat

The first aim of this contribution is to compare terminologies developed around the notion of collocation under two points of view, the functional one (represented by F.J.Hausmann, I.Mel’auk or F.Grossmann & A.Tutin) and the statistical one (the British brand resting on the work of J.R.Firth on the distinction between collocation and colligation). The second aim of the authors is to test the intuition that nouns expressing types of dialogue or debate enjoy privileged cooccurrences with specific adjectives, either relational of qualifying, building predominantly what I.Mel’auk and A.Polguere label “quasi-phrasemes”. The method applied here consists in establishing the list of adjectival collocatives of debat and its synonyms delivered by the Electronic Synonym Dictionary of the research team CRISCO based in Caen, by using the textual data base Frantext (from 1830 to the present time). On this basis, the authors are able to list three types of collocation profiles (in the statistical sense): the narrow, asymmetrical and loose collocations. The functional concept of collocation is relevant only for the first type, whereas the second and the third grasp only preferential cooccurrences.

Effects of Post-exposure Description and Imaging on Subsequent Face Recognition Performance

After viewing a crime, witnesses are frequently asked by police investigators to give a verbal description of the perpetrator. At a later time, witnesses may be asked to try to recognize the perpetrator in a lineup or a mugfile. The purpose of this research was to determine whether performance on a later recognition test is influenced by an earlier verbal description test of the target. Participants viewed six target faces, and after each, performed one of four post-exposure activities. Two were verbal description tasks. The descriptor checklist task had participants indicate, using a list of potential adjectives, those descriptors that best described the most recently seen face. The descriptor generate task had participants recall descriptors that best described the most recently seen face. Both description tasks were accomplished using a questionnaire that was identical except for the presence or absence of specific adjectives. Other participants were instructed to image the target face or they performed an irrelevant task during the post-exposure period. In a later recognition test, participants tried to find the targets in a set of faces containing 134 distractors. The results showed that participants using the checklist produced lower performance on the recognition test than participants who generated their own descriptors. Imaging produced the highest recognition performance but was not significantly different from the irrelevant condition. The recognition decrement of the descriptor checklist is explained in terms of interference caused by the presence of irrelevant face descriptors that added noise to participants' memory of the targets. Implications for testing witness memory by police investigators are discussed. For example, if verbal descriptions of faces are requested from eyewitnesses, descriptor recall may be preferred over a descriptor recognition because the former task does not degrade later recognition of the perpetrator.

Preliminary report on reliability and validity of the trait form of the Depression Adjective Check List in a representative community sample

The purpose of this study was to investigate preliminary internal consistency and split-half reliability estimates of the trait form of the Depression Adjective Check List-Form E (DACL-E), as well as to validate three specific adjectives. The sample consisted of 294 residents of 17 inner-city neighborhoods of a large midwestern city, selected through a modified cluster sampling procedure. The Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability estimates were similar in magnitude for both genders (.88 for males and .85 for females) and were at a level generally found to be reliable. Analyses of the three DACL-E adjectives--"distressed," "safe," and "active"--were related, respectively, to fear of crime (p less than .01), perception of one's safety (p less than .01), and active participation in crime prevention activities (p less than .001).

GENERA OF NORTH AMERICAN FABACEAE VII. ASTRAGALUS AND RELATED GENERA (CONTINUED)

Annual or perennial herbs. The leaves are alternate, odd-pinnate, with several or many leaflets. The flowers are perfect, in axillary racemes. The calyx-tube is campanulate, the teeth subulate. The corolla is purple or white, rarely ochroleucous. The banner is broadly obovate, subsessile. The wings are clawed, the blade obliquely oblanceolate or lunate, with a reflexed auricle, free. The keel-petals are adnate, clawed, the blades broadly lunate, in two American species produced into a small beak. The stamens are diadelphous (9 and I), the sheath is straight, the free upper part of the filaments curved upwards. The ovary is many-ovuled, the style curved, the stigma minute, terminal. The pod is elongate, sessile, linear or oblong, or rarely lance-oblong in outline, usually somewhat compressed, rarely terete, coriaceous, or rarely membranous, not inflated, completely (or in one species incompletely) 2-celled, the septum meeting the upper suture. The seeds are obliquely reniform. ILLUSTRATION: Plate XVI U. Hamosa Nuttalliana (DC.) Rydb., X 2/3; I. calyx; 2. banner; 3. wing; 4. keel-petal; 5. stamens; 6. pistil, X 2; 7. pod; 8. pod in longitudinal section, the septum partly removed to show the seeds, X I; 9. pod in cross-section; IO. seed, X 2. SYNONYM: Hamaria Fourr, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, II. i6: 364. i868. Fourreau changed the name to Hamaria, a noun meaning a bearer or user of hooks, as hamosa is an adjective, meaning full of or abundant in hooks. Medicus, who established the genus on Astragalus hamosus L., used the feminine adjective form of the specific name as generic name. He also used several other specific adjectives in a similar way for his genera. The worst of these is perhaps Contortuplicata, another genus of this group. In the type species, Astragalus hamosus, the pod is much elongate, semiwoody or firmly leathery, completely 2-celled, and strongly curved. The main difference between Hamosa and Astragalus, in a restricted sense, is the elongate, spreading, or reflexed pod of the former. Only in a few of the species (in none of the American ones), the pod is as much curved as in the type; in many of them the pod is straight. In the North American species the texture of the valves is less thick and less firm, in some submembranous. In one species, Hamosa imperfecta, the septum does not meet the upper suture, but in every other respect the structure of the pod and the habit of the plant agrees perfectly with the other species of the section LEPTOCARPAE. In two species, H. nothoxys and H. acutirostris,