Species Phaseolus Vulgaris Research Articles

A comparative study on compost preparation using lab prepared eco-enzyme and its effect on growth of plant species Phaseolus vulgaris.

The augmented rise in population in the last few decades has resulted in gigantic increase in the solid waste production in India and around the globe. The conventional composting methods are slow and sluggish process that has resulted in the advancement techniques for the emergence in new rapid composting processes. Use of eco-enzyme is such a rapid technique that helps to degrade the solid waste in a very accelerative manner. The present study has been carried out by preparing eco-enzyme using the kitchen waste and with the objective to utilize it for degradation of agricultural wastes and preparing compost for its utilization for different plant species as soil conditioner and fertilizer. The prepared eco-enzyme was added during the composting process in each batch with concentration variations of 10%, 15%, and 20% (V/V) once every week. The pH value of the final prepared compost was found to be within the neutral range of 6.51 ± 0.03-7.88 ± 0.50 in all the samples. Overall compost prepared using 10% eco-enzyme has the highest growth promoting effects for Phaseolus vulgaris. The present study will be having twofold advantage as the environment will get rid of such wastes as the same can be utilized as resource and it will also be helpful for the farmers from economical point of view.

Conocimiento práctico y teórico de maíz y frijol en la región triqui alta, Oaxaca

El objetivo del artículo es contrastar los conocimientos prácticos que poseen mujeres y hombres sobre la calidad y uso de maíz y frijol, con los conocimientos teóricos para evaluar la calidad de estos granos en laboratorio. Se efectuaron 27 entrevistas semiestructuradas y dos talleres participativos, en la lengua materna ‘triqui’, en Santo Domingo del estado, región ‘triqui alta, Oaxaca. Se evaluó el peso hectolítrico (PH) e índice de flotación (IF) en 20 colectas de maíz. En frijol se evaluó el tiempo de cocción (TC), capacidad de absorción de agua durante el remojo (CAA) y porcentaje de sólidos en el caldo de cocción (PSC) en 15 accesiones. Los resultados se analizaron con un diseño completamente al azar, prueba de comparación de medias tukey y correlaciones. Los/as entrevistados/as indicaron preferencia por el maíz blanco, con granos duros (IF= 0-12) e intermedios (IF= 38-62), seguido del azul, pinto, amarillo, el rojo fue de menor preferencia. Todos los maíces pigmentados fueron de grano duro (IF= 13-37). El PH estuvo entre 74-81 kg hl-1. En frijol se identificaron las especies Phaseolus vulgaris L. (común) y Phaseolus coccineus L. (ayocote), el de mayor tradición y preferencia para el consumo fue el ‘ejote seco’ (ayocote) que requiere 317 min para su cocción. El conocimiento práctico de hombres y mujeres de Santo Domingo del Estado sobre la calidad del maíz y frijol, mostró asociación con las tendencias teóricas de calidad en maíz; en el frijol se mostró asociación con el tiempo de cocción.

Identification and analysis of alternative splicing events in Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max

BackgroundThe vast diversification of proteins in eukaryotic cells has been related with multiple transcript isoforms from a single gene that result in alternative splicing (AS) of primary transcripts. Analysis of RNA sequencing data from expressed sequence tags and next generation RNA sequencing has been crucial for AS identification and genome-wide AS studies. For the identification of AS events from the related legume species Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max, 157 and 88 publicly available RNA-seq libraries, respectively, were analyzed.ResultsWe identified 85,570 AS events from P. vulgaris in 72% of expressed genes and 134,316 AS events in 70% of expressed genes from G. max. These were categorized in seven AS event types with intron retention being the most abundant followed by alternative acceptor and alternative donor, representing ~75% of all AS events in both plants. Conservation of AS events in homologous genes between the two species was analyzed where an overrepresentation of AS affecting 5’UTR regions was observed for certain types of AS events. The conservation of AS events was experimentally validated for 8 selected genes, through RT-PCR analysis. The different types of AS events also varied by relative position in the genes. The results were consistent in both species.ConclusionsThe identification and analysis of AS events are first steps to understand their biological relevance. The results presented here from two related legume species reveal high conservation, over ~15–20 MY of divergence, and may point to the biological relevance of AS.

Identity recognition in response to different levels of genetic relatedness in commercial soya bean.

Identity recognition systems allow plants to tailor competitive phenotypes in response to the genetic relatedness of neighbours. There is limited evidence for the existence of recognition systems in crop species and whether they operate at a level that would allow for identification of different degrees of relatedness. Here, we test the responses of commercial soya bean cultivars to neighbours of varying genetic relatedness consisting of other commercial cultivars (intraspecific), its wild progenitor Glycine soja, and another leguminous species Phaseolus vulgaris (interspecific). We found, for the first time to our knowledge, that a commercial soya bean cultivar, OAC Wallace, showed identity recognition responses to neighbours at different levels of genetic relatedness. OAC Wallace showed no response when grown with other commercial soya bean cultivars (intra-specific neighbours), showed increased allocation to leaves compared with stems with wild soya beans (highly related wild progenitor species), and increased allocation to leaves compared with stems and roots with white beans (interspecific neighbours). Wild soya bean also responded to identity recognition but these responses involved changes in biomass allocation towards stems instead of leaves suggesting that identity recognition responses are species-specific and consistent with the ecology of the species. In conclusion, elucidating identity recognition in crops may provide further knowledge into mechanisms of crop competition and the relationship between crop density and yield.

Anatomical Characterization and Evaluation of Starch Granules in Grains of Black Common Bean and Cowpea in Raw and Cooked

Bean is a popular name for a large variety of seeds from Leguminosae family. Beans are very important in human and animal diet because it´s a rich source of fiber, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins B-complex and minerals, at relatively low cost. The Vigna unguiculata specie, known as cowpea-bean is widely consumed in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, featuring the typical cuisine of these regions, in which the most famous dish is called Acaraje. This legume is also widely consumed in many African countries. The species Phaseolus vulgaris, the common-bean, alongside of rice is part of the daily diet in many parts of the world, composing one of the most nutritionally complete meals. This study aimed to achieve, by the optical microscopy techniques, the anatomical structure characterization of seeds of common-bean variety black, and cowpea-bean, as well as evaluation of starch granules present in grains in the forms raw, and cooked in a pressure cooker. Slides were prepared by the techniques of free-hand cut, and cut with the microtome in which the samples were previously embedded in paraffin. In the images of raw cotyledon samples under polarized light, the typical model of Maltese cross resulting by birefringence of the crystalline regions of the starch granule and the spherical structure was observed. In the images of cotyledon of the cowpea cooked samples, with polarized light, was not observed the starches granules, indicating a loss of molecular ordering due to heat greater than 120°F, but in the samples of cooked black bean, the granules of starch is present, may indicate a long time of grain storage. Three tissues layers can be observed in the images of hand-free-cut integument: epidermis, hypodermis and palisade parenchyma. The samples prepared by embedment in paraffin had their structures palisade disrupted, suggesting that the samples are suffering interference by technique.

Elemental characterization of Brazilian beans using neutron activation analysis

Beans are important for many developing countries as a source of protein and mineral nutrients. Here, ten commercial types of Brazilian beans, from the species Phaseolus vulgaris (common beans) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpeas), were analyzed by neutron activation analysis for the determination of Br, Ca, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Mo, Na, Rb, Sc and Zn. There were statistical differences (p < 0.05) amongst the commercial types, except for Br, Rb and Sc. In general, non-essential elements showed high variability, indicating that the origin of beans had a strong influence on the mass fraction of such elements.

The Cancer Prevention Properties of Beans

The Cancer Prevention Properties of Beans

The pgip family in soybean and three other legume species: evidence for a birth-and-death model of evolution.

BackgroundPolygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are leucine-rich repeat (LRR) plant cell wall glycoproteins involved in plant immunity. They are typically encoded by gene families with a small number of gene copies whose evolutionary origin has been poorly investigated. Here we report the complete characterization of the full complement of the pgip family in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and the characterization of the genomic region surrounding the pgip family in four legume species.ResultsBAC clone and genome sequence analyses showed that the soybean genome contains two pgip loci. Each locus is composed of three clustered genes that are induced following infection with the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, and remnant sequences of pgip genes. The analyzed homeologous soybean genomic regions (about 126 Kb) that include the pgip loci are strongly conserved and this conservation extends also to the genomes of the legume species Phaseolus vulgaris L., Medicago truncatula Gaertn. and Cicer arietinum L., each containing a single pgip locus. Maximum likelihood-based gene trees suggest that the genes within the pgip clusters have independently undergone tandem duplication in each species.ConclusionsThe paleopolyploid soybean genome contains two pgip loci comprised in large and highly conserved duplicated regions, which are also conserved in bean, M. truncatula and C. arietinum. The genomic features of these legume pgip families suggest that the forces driving the evolution of pgip genes follow the birth-and-death model, similar to that proposed for the evolution of resistance (R) genes of NBS-LRR-type.

Development of 12 chloroplast microsatellite markers in Vigna unguiculata (Fabaceae) and amplification in Phaseolus vulgaris.

• Premise of the study: Vigna unguiculata is an economically important legume, and the complexity of its variability and evolution needs to be further understood. Based on publicly available databases, we developed chloroplast microsatellite primers to investigate genetic diversity within V. unguiculata and its related species Phaseolus vulgaris.• Methods and Results: Twelve polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in 62 V. unguiculata individuals. The number of alleles per locus varied between two and four, the unbiased haploid diversity per locus ranged from 0.123 to 0.497, and the polymorphism information content varied from 0.114 to 0.369. In cross-species amplifications, nine of these markers showed polymorphism in 29 P. vulgaris individuals.• Conclusions: The newly developed chloroplast microsatellite markers exhibit variation in V. unguiculata as well as their transferability in P. vulgaris. These markers can be used to investigate genetic diversity and evolution in V. unguiculata and P. vulgaris.

BioSpotlight

BioSpotlight

Molecular characterization and experimental host range of an isolate of Wissadula golden mosaic St. Thomas virus

Partial genome segments of a begomovirus were previously amplified from Wissadula amplissima exhibiting yellow-mosaic and leaf-curl symptoms in the parish of St. Thomas, Jamaica and this isolate assigned to a tentative begomovirus species, Wissadula golden mosaic St. Thomas virus. To clone the complete genome of this isolate of Wissadula golden mosaic St. Thomas virus, abutting primers were designed to PCR amplify its full-length DNA-A and DNA-B components. Sequence analysis of the complete begomovirus genome obtained, confirmed that it belongs to a distinct begomovirus species and this isolate was named Wissadula golden mosaic St. Thomas virus-[Jamaica:Albion:2005] (WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05]). The genome of WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05] is organized similar to that of other bipartite Western Hemisphere begomoviruses. Phylogenetic analyses placed the genome components of WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05] in the Abutilon mosaic virus clade and showed that the DNA-A component is most closely related to four begomovirus species from Cuba, Tobacco leaf curl Cuba virus, Tobacco leaf rugose virus, Tobacco mottle leaf curl virus, and Tomato yellow distortion leaf virus. The putative Rep-binding-site motif in the common region of WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05] was observed to be identical to that of Chino del tomate virus-Tomato [Mexico:Sinaloa:1983], Sida yellow mosaic Yucatan virus-[Mexico:Yucatan:2005], and Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus-[Nicaragua:Santa Lucia], suggesting that WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05] is capable of forming viable pseudo-recombinants with these begomoviruses, but not with other members of the Abutilon mosaic virus clade. Biolistic inoculation of test plant species with partial dimers of the WGMSTV-[JM:Alb:05] DNA-A and DNA-B components showed that the virus was infectious to Nicotiana benthamiana and W. amplissima and the cultivated species Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) and Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Infected W. amplissima plants developed symptoms similar to symptoms observed under field conditions, confirming that this virus is a causal agent of Wissadula yellow mosaic disease in W. amplissima.

Rhizobium lusitanum sp. nov. a bacterium that nodulates Phaseolus vulgaris

The species Phaseolus vulgaris is a promiscuous legume nodulated by several species of the family Rhizobiaceae. During a study of rhizobia nodulating this legume in Portugal, we isolated several strains that nodulate P. vulgaris effectively and also Macroptilium atropurpureum and Leucaena leucocephala, but they form ineffective nodules in Medicago sativa. According to phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strains from this study belong to the genus Rhizobium, with Rhizobium rhizogenes and Rhizobium tropici as the closest related species, with 99.9 and 99.2% similarity, respectively, between the type strains of these species and strain P1-7T. The nodD and nifH genes carried by strain P1-7T are phylogenetically related to those of other species nodulating Phaseolus. This strain does not carry virulence genes present in the type strain of R. rhizogenes, ATCC 11325T. Analysis of the recA and atpD genes confirms this phylogenetic arrangement, showing low similarity with respect to those of R. rhizogenes ATCC 11325T (91.9 and 94.1% similarity, respectively) and R. tropici IIB CIAT 899T (90.6% and 91.8% similarity, respectively). The intergenic spacer (ITS) of the strains from this study is phylogenetically divergent from those of R. rhizogenes ATCC 11235T and R. tropici CIAT 899T, with 85.9 and 82.8% similarity, respectively, with respect to strain P1-7T. The tRNA profile and two-primer random amplified polymorphic DNA pattern of strain P1-7T are also different from those of R. rhizogenes ATCC 11235T and R. tropici CIAT 899T. The strains isolated in this study can be also differentiated from R. rhizogenes and R. tropici by several phenotypic characteristics. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization showed means of 28 and 25% similarity between strain P1-7T and R. rhizogenes ATCC 11235T and R. tropici CIAT 899T, respectively. All these data showed that the strains isolated in this study belong to a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which we propose the name Rhizobium lusitanum sp. nov.; the type strain is P1-7T (=LMG 22705T=CECT 7016T).

Induced plant uptake and transport of mercury in the presence of sulphur‐containing ligands and humic acid

The induced accumulation of mercury (Hg) by plants was investigated for the species Phaseolus vulgaris (Bush bean), Brassica juncea (Indian mustard), and Vicia villosa (Hairy vetch). All plants were grown in modified Hg-contaminated mine tailings and were treated with sulphur-containing ligands to induce Hg accumulation. The effects of varied substrate Hg concentration and humic acid (HA) level on the induced plant-Hg accumulation for B. juncea were examined. Thiosulphate salts (ammonium and sodium) mobilised Hg in the substrates and caused an increase in the Hg concentration of roots and shoots of all tested plant species. Root Hg accumulation was positively correlated to extractable Hg for (NH4)2S2O3-treated B. juncea plants grown in HA-amended substrates. However, shoot Hg translocation for this species was inhibited at 1.25 g HA kg(-1) of substrate. Mercury-thiosulphate complexes could be translocated and accumulated in the upper parts of the plants up to 25 times the Hg concentration in the substrate. We conclude that shoot Hg accumulation in the presence of thiosulphate salts is dependent upon plant species characteristics (e.g. root surface area) and humic acid content.

Short-term carbon-isotope discrimination in C3−C4 intermediate species

Short-term discrimination in assimilation of stable isotopes of carbon was measured for leaves of the C3 speciesPhaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Hawkesbury Wonder andFlaveria pringlei Gandoger, the C4 speciesAmaranthus edulis Speg., and the C3-C4 intermediate speciesPanicum milioides Nees ex. Trin,Flaveria floridana Johnson, andFlaveria anomala B.L. Robinson. Discriminations in the C3 and C4 species were similar to those expected from theoretical considerations. When ambient CO2 pressure was 330 μbar the mean discriminations in the C3 species andPanicum milioides were similar, whereas the mean discriminations inF. floridana andF. anomala were less than discrimination in C3 species andPanicum milioides. When ambient CO2 pressure was 100 μbar the mean discriminations inPanicum milioides andF. anomala were greater, and that inF. floridana was less, than that inPhaseolus vulgaris. We conclude that the pattern of discrimination inPanicum milioides is consistent with the presence of a glycine shuttle; inF. floridana andF. anomala, discrimination is consistent with the presence of a C4 pathway coupled with the operation of a glycine shuttle.

Nitrogen nutrition of seedling grain legumes: some taxonomic, morphological and physiological constraints

Abstract The growth of young plants of the epigeal species Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max is compared with that of the hypogeal species Pisum sativum and Vicia faba, with particular reference to synchronization between the exhuastion of seed reserves of N and the availability of fixed N. It is argued that the N stress symptoms which occur when these two processes are not synchronized are more common and obvious in Phaseolus or Glycine than in Pisum or Vicia. This is primarily because in these species (a) the first fixed N is used for nodule growth rather than being exported to the shoot system and (b) the first foliage leaves have a much greater area and contain a larger proportion of N reserves from the seed.It is further suggested that Phaseolus and Glycine may show the greater response to nitrogen fertilizer applied at sowing since (a) most of the applied nitrate is passed directly to the shoots (rather than being reduced in the roots as in Pisum or Vicia) and (b) in addition to being used for growth (following reduction), it may also be used prior to reduction as part of the osmotic force driving cell expansion.

The comparison of lectin spectra of certain representatives of the speciesPhaseolus vulgaris ssp.aborigineus of different geographical origin

Using biospecific chromatography on fetuin D-Glc-Separon H 1.000, lectins were isolated from the seeds of six representatives of the speciesPhaseolus vulgaris ssp.aborigineus of different geographical origin. The lectins of all the six representatives exhibit the agglutinating activity against rabbit erythrocytes (non-treated, tryp3in-treated and pronase-treated) as well as against human erythrocytes (irrespective of blood group) but of different quantity. Lectins isolated from 4 seed types showed mitogenic activity against lymphocytes of murine spleen, whereas in two seed types mitogenic activity was not proved. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels revealed in the different seed types 2 to 5 bands of lectins within the range of pI 4–6. Differences in the composition of lectin spectra were proved by means of immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion. The presence of α-D-galactosidase has not been established in any isolated lectin.

A Model for the Interaction of Low Temperature, ABA, IAA, and CO2in the Control of Stomatal Behaviour

In the chilling sensitive (C.S.) species Phaseolus vulgaris it was found that at 22 °C ABA induced stomatal closure but this effect was dependent on the presence of CO2. In the absence of CO2 the effect of ABA was completely lost. In contrast to ABA, the effect of IAA at 22 °C was to increase stomatal opening as the IAA concentration increased from 10−2 to 10 mol m−3, and this effect was dependent upon the presence of CO2. However, at 5 °C the action of ABA was reversed and it was found to induce stomatal opening when fed via the transpiration stream in excised leaves. Similarly, the CO2 response characteristics were reversed at low temperatures as removal of CO2 from the atmosphere caused stomatal closure. However, the effect of IAA at 5 °C in the presence of CO2 and with or without ABA was to increase stomatal aperture with increasing IAA concentration. Significantly, ABA was found to have no effect upon aperture in the presence of CO2 when IAA was added. The interactive effects of ABA, IAA, CO2 and low temperature are discussed in relation to a model proposed by the authors.

Stomatal Behaviour and Water Relations of ChilledPhaseolus vulgarisL. andPisum sativumL.

Leaf diffusion resistance interpreted as stomatal resistance, leaf water potential ((//w), solute potential (y/s) and leaf turgor potential (^p) of the chilling sensitive species Phaseolus vulgaris were determined during chilling at 4 °C in the light. Both chill-hardened and non-hardened plants were used. For comparison, the chilling resistant species Pisum sativum was also used. The results for chilled P. sativum were similar to those obtained for chill-hardened P. vulgaris plants receiving a chilling treatment. In both cases a reduction in stomatal aperture and the maintenance of a positive leaf turgor were the responses to chilling. Leaves of chilled but non-hardened P. vulgaris plants were found to maintain open stomata throughout the chilling treatment despite a severe wilt developing after 7 h at 4 °C. This was in contrast to the chill-resistant P. sativum, which showed a rapid closing and subsequent re-opening of the stomata to a new reduced aperture. During the first 12 h of chilling i//w of P. vulgaris leaves changed from —0-47 MPa to - 1 -24 MPa. On more prolonged chilling y/w tended to return to pre-chilling values. In addition, i//p decreased from 0-42 MPa to zero after only 9 h of chilling, and remained at this value for the remainder of the chilling period. y/s changed rapidly from -0-89 MPa to -1-35 MPa in the first 7-5 h, and after 9 h. (//w and t//s were equal, i.e. zero i//p. In contrast, the chilling resistant plant P. sativum maintained a positive i//v throughout the chilling period, and there was little difference between values of i//w and i//s in control and chilled leaves.

The comparison of lectins from albumin complexes of certain representatives of the speciesPhaseolus vulgaris

Using biospecific chromatography on D-Glc-Separon-fetuin, lectins were isolated from seed albumin complexes of four cultivars ofPhaseolus vulgaris (Veltruska Saxa, Vainica Saavegra, Krupnaya sakharnaya, Olympia) andPhaseolus vulgaris ssp.aborigineus (wild form, considered to be one of the ancestors of cultivated beans). In the lectins isolated the agglutinating activity against human erythrocytes of the A, B, and O groups was estimated, as well as against trypsin-treated and non-treated rabbit erythrocytes. Further analyses involved their mitogenic activity against lymphocytes of murine spleen, their isoelectric points by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels, and eventually their immunospecific similarity with the lectins of the standard cultivar ofPhaseolus vulgaris, Veltruska Saxa. The lectins of all taxa were mitogenic, but differed from one another in their agglutinating activity and in the number and isoelectric points of the zones, as revealed by both isoelectric focusing and immunoelectrophoresis. In the case of the cultivar Vainica Saavegra, which is a seggregating population, even the lectins of individual seed groups were different.

LEAF RESPIRATION AND ATP LEVELS AT CHILLING TEMPERATURES

SUMMARYIn the extremely chill‐sensitive species Episcia reptans the dark respiration rate of leaves after 80 min chilling at 5°C was three times greater than in leaves maintained at 25°C. The rate and size of the respiratory increase depended on the chilling temperature and the growth conditions prior to chilling and was at a maximum at the same time as the onset of visible injury. The addition of 2,4‐dinitrophenol and potassium cyanide to the leaves of E. reptans accelerated the rate of oxygen uptake at 5°C. In contrast, there was no increase in the respiration rate of the leaves of the less chill‐sensitive species Phaseolus vulgaris after prolonged chilling at 5°C.A reduction in ATP supply below that necessary to maintain the metabolic integrity of the cytoplasm is not considered to be important in the development of chilling‐injury to Episcia reptans or Phaseolus vulgaris as the ATP level decreased only after the onset of visible leaf injury. Furthermore, the increase in ATP level on chilling P. vulgaris leaves which had been either chill‐hardened or maintained in a saturated atmosphere on transfer from 25 to 5°C (Wilson, 1976) demonstrated that leaf injury and water stress are the primary cause of the decline in ATP level during chilling and not low temperature per se.