Species Of Polygonatum Research Articles

A New Polygonatum, P. bifolium species (Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae: Polygonateae) from Myanmar and a Checklist of the Species Known to Occur There

A new species of Polygonatum Mill., P. bifolium Floden & K. Armstr. (Asparagaceae), is described and illustrated from northern Myanmar, Kachin State, Putao District. Polygonatum bifolium is highly distinctive in that the mature plant consists of two opposite leaves with a single flower borne between these. It occurs as an epiphyte at mid-elevations from ca. 2000 to 2500 m. It is the smallest species of Polygonatum thus far discovered. A conservation assessment is provided based on the available data and several collections with a proposed IUCN status of Vulnerable [VU D2]. We provide a preliminary list of the described species that are known to be present in Myanmar and taxonomic notes on each. Lastly, we provide a lectotypification for P. nervulosum Baker, which should be expected in Myanmar.

Comparison of polysaccharides from 10 species of genera Paris, Trillium, Aspidistra, and Polygonatum

Comparison of polysaccharides from 10 species of genera Paris, Trillium, Aspidistra, and Polygonatum

Pollen micromorphology of eastern Chinese Polygonatum and its role in taxonomy by using scanning electron microscopy.

Although considerable progress has recently been made in the taxonomic study of Asparagaceae, but the Polygonatum remains one of the most poorly investigated genus. Therefore, the present study was designed with the aim, to document the pollen micromorphology of closely related Polygonatum taxa and its taxonomic significance. Pollen micro-morphological features were observed using scanning electron microscopy-SEM). The pollen grains are monad, navicular, monocolpate, and radially symmetrical. A significant variation was observed in the exine sculpturing. Moreover, most of the Polygonatum taxa have perforate pollen while some of them were mixed with psilate to perforate, perforate to microreticulate, sometimes scabrate, gemmate with baculate. Hence, this study documented the pollen morphology of Polygonatum taxa and strengthens the taxonomic identification of the genus Polygonatum based on pollen characters, which helps and can be used as an additional tool for the correct identification and discrimination of the species of Polygonatum at generic and species level.

<p><strong><em>Polygonatum daminense</em></strong><strong> (Asparagaceae), a new species from China based on morphological and molecular evidence</strong></p>

A new species of Polygonatum (Asparagaceae), P. daminense is described and illustrated from Pan’an, Zhejiang, China. The new species is similar to P. filipes, but differs from it for some features of the rhizome, the inflorescence, the peduncle, the pedicel, the bract, the bractlet and the perianth. The new species is only known from Zhejiang Province and is assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

Comparative studies on characterization, saccharide mapping and antiglycation activity of polysaccharides from different Polygonatum ssp

Multiple species of Polygonatum are used as “Huangjing” in China and polysaccharides are the main effective constituents of “Huangjing”. However, there is a lack of systematic comparison of polysaccharides from Polygonatum spp., and little work concerning on the polysaccharides from unofficial species. This paper conducted a comparison study on the characterization, high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) saccharide mapping and antiglycation assay of polysaccharides and their enzymatic hydrolysates from nine species of Polygonatum. The results showed that polysaccharides from P. macropodium were mainly composed of fructans (3.3 × 103 Da); while polysaccharides from other eight Polygonatum spp. contained both fructans (2.5 × 103-4.1 × 103 Da) and pectins (more than 4.1 × 105 Da). Antiglycation assay showed that polysaccharides from Polygonatum spp. could significantly inhibit the formation of AGEs, and degradation of pectins and fructans could result in loss of activity. The results are helpful to the rational usage and quality control of Polygonatum spp.

Morphological Characteristics and Allometric Relationships of Shoot in Two Undergrowth Plants: Polygonatum odoratum and Polygonatum multiflorum

The main purpose of this investigation was to describe the spatial arrangement of shoot tissues, as seen in transverse section, and allometric relationships in two contrasting species of Polygonatum i.e., Polygonatum odoratum which commonly grows in mixed pine-oak forest with shoots rectangular in shape, and Polygonatum multiflorum found in oak-hornbeam forest with cylindrical shoots. The mass and length of the aerial shoots of each individual plant were measured. The shoot regions of each plant were then categorized as basal (b), central (c) or apical (a). Transverse sections of these shoot regions were subsequently cut, and the following parameters were measured: (1) Diameter of shoots, (2) thickness of the outer and inner zones of parenchyma and (3) thickness of the sclerenchyma zone. Additional allometric relationships between the various measurements were computed and determined as Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r). Both species of Polygonatum differed significantly with respect to the length, diameter and thickness of the outer zone of parenchyma. Shoots of P. multiflorum were taller but narrower than those of P. odoratum, which had a significantly wider zone of outer parenchyma. Allometric relationships were stronger for P. multiflorum, and for both species, they were generally stronger in the basal part of the shoot. We conclude that in P. multiflorum, the strong correlation between the diameter and length of the shoot seems to be important to the growth in shaded environments.

Using phylogenomics to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within tribe Polygonateae (Asparagaceae), with a special focus on Polygonatum

Polygonatum is a widespread temperate genus with approximately 75 species centered in the Eastern Himalaya and Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots. A complete assessment of the remarkable diversity of Polygonatum in these areas requires an accurate circumscription of the genus, as well as a clear understanding of generic and infrageneric relationships, both of which have been problematic in the past. In this study, we reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within Polygonatum and test its monophyly using a phylogenomic approach. For that, we built a comprehensive dataset that includes complete or nearly-complete plastid genomes of 19 species of Polygonatum, one of Disporopsis, and four of Heteropolygonatum. Their plastid genomes do not present any major structural differences and range from 153,821 to 155,580 bp in length. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast coding regions indicate that Polygonatum and Heteropolygonatum are monophyletic, providing support for their recognition as distinct genera and corroborating recent adjustments of their circumscriptions. An expanded analysis with higher species sampling using the petA-psbJ plastid gene region combined with the nuclear ribosomal ITS provided support for the recognition of three distinct sections within Polygonatum. These same sections are further supported by chromosome data: Polygonatum sect. Sibirica (x = 12); Polygonatum sect. Polygonatum (x = 9–11); and, Polygonatum sect. Verticillata (x = 13–15). Populations of P. multiflorum from northwestern Himalaya are here shown to be best treated as a separate taxon, P. govanianum. Furthermore, P. verticillatum is shown to be polyphyletic, indicating that it represents a species-complex that includes multiple Asiatic species. Despite that, additional studies are still needed until the proper nomenclatural adjustments can be made.

Polygonatum dolichocarpum (Asparagaceae), a New Species from Yunnan, China

based on plants from Gaoligong Shan, Yunnan, China, we provide the first description of Polygonatum dolichocarpum, sp. nov. (Asparagaceae). In all previously described species of Polygonatum the young

A new Polygonatum (Asparagaceae) endemic to the Trường Sơn of southern Vietnam

A new species of Polygonatum, P. annamense based on evidence from herbarium studies, molecular data, and cultivated material is described and illustrated from upper elevations of the southern Annamite ecoregion where it occurs disjunctly in both the Central Highlands and the Đà Lạt Plateau, Vietnam. It is compared to the morphologically similar P. punctatum with which it has been confused, and its relationship to P. mengtzense, P. punctatum, and P. urceolatum is discussed.

Anatomical structure and histochemical localization about rhizomes of five species of Polygonatum

The microscopic structure and histochemical localization of the Polygonatum sibiricum, P. cytonema, P. filipes, P. zanlanscianense and P. odoratum was studied. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and digital biological microscope (DBM) were applied in the research. Venation bundle showed in three types included collateral, amphivasal and incomplete amphivasal bundles. Morphological differences of venation bundles could be seen under the fluorescence microscope. Calcium oxalate existed in the mucilage cells looked similar to columnar crystals under SEM. In rhizome of Polygonatum, polysaccharides presented in mucilage cells, saponins and volatile oil were found in ground tissue. Microstructure difference of rhizomes would be used for identification of the Polygonatum plants. Polysaccharides and saponins are distributed in different cells of Polygonatum plants.

Karyotypes of 16 populations of eight species in the genusPolygonatum(Asparagaceae) from China

The karyotypes of 16 populations belonging to eight species of Polygonatum from China were analysed. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of P. omeiense, P. adnatum and P. hirtellum and the diploidy of P. tessellatum are reported for the first time. The basic chromosome numbers were x = 11, 13, 14 and 15. Based on Stebbins' karyotypic classification, the four karyotypes were recognized as 2B, 3B, 2C and 3C. Considering the arm ratio and individual chromosome size, it was concluded that the possible evolutionary trend of the karyotypes in Polygonatum was from 2B to 3C. The results show that: (1) satellite heterozygosity occurs in many species of this genus; (2) mixoploidy and B chromosomes occur in some species; and (c) karyotypes are different in different species and even in different populations of the same species. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159, 245–254.

Pharmacognostical Studies of Polygonatum cirrifolium and Polygonatum verticillatum

ABSTRACT The rhizomes of Polygonatum cirrifolium and Polygonatum verticillatum are well known as members of “Ashta-varga,” a group of eight drugs in the Ayurvedic system of medicine, and highly valued for their rejuvenating, restorative, and activating effects. These two species of Polygonatum can be differentiated from each other on the basis of color, size, microscopy, and HPTLC fingerprint profile. Dried rhizomes of P. cirrifolium are cream colored and smooth surfaced, about 0.4–0.8 cm broad, while P. verticillatum rhizomes are orange-brown in color, rough or sandy surfaced, and 1–2 cm broad. Histologically, the rhizomes are similar in both species, but the roots show a sclerenchymatous central zone in P. verticillatum that is absent in P. cirrifolium. Steroidal saponins were detected in both species, two of which can be used as marker spots to differentiate the two species.

The Genus Polygonatum (Liliaceae) in Eastern Asia

Revised descriptions are provided for the species of Polygonatum known to occur in Japan, Korea, China and Mongolia. A full synonymy is given and a key to species is provided. General variation, distributions and ecology are summarized and briefly discussed. P. filipes is described as new and the following new combinations under P. kingianum are made: var. cavaleriei, var. ericoideum and var. uncinatum. An index to numbered exsiccata studied is given.

Karyotype in two himalayan species of polygonatum

Die Chromosomenzahl und der Karyotypus vonPolygonatum verticillatum Allioni (2n = 30, 64) undP. cirrifolium Royle (2n = 38), die im Himalaya vorkommen, wurden mit fruher untersuchten europaischen Formen verglichen. Die beobachteten Unterschiede lassen sich durch die Annahme erklaren, dass die europaischen Formen aus den Himalaya-Formen durch den Vorgang der Chromosomenverminderung und Veranderungen des Karyotypus hervorgingen.

Francis Daniels' Flora of Columbia, Missouri

In a previous paper, (Amer. MidI. Nat. 12: 185, 343, 1931) I reported the results of my examination on the grasses as well as on the Carices of Daniels' Flora of Columbia, Mo. (Univ. Mo. Stud. Sci. Ser. 1 (2), 1907). This report covers the greater number of specimens upon which Daniels based the remaining part of his Flora. Since this work appeared in print, some changes have been made in specific names. Further research on certain genera, especially on Crataegus, Malus, Rubus, Rosa, Prunus and Carya, has resulted in additions to the number of species known to occur in the state. It has also been discovered that many species supposed to occur in Missouri are not found in the state, and, consequently, have been falsely reported from Boone County. This is especially true of species of the genera Equisetum, Tradescantia, Polygonatum, Celtis, Aesculus, Acer and Viburnum. In this report, I am presenting Daniels' generic and specific names and his numbers just as he has given them in his Flora, so that reference to the species can be readily made.

The Species of Polygonatum

I did finally conclude in 1900 that in the West here, we had a species that seemed by general consent to be P. cormutaturn, while in the East there was something or some species that no one understood or knew anything about. This opinion of mine is found in the Manual of the Flora of Jackson County, Missouri, which was published in 1902. After the publication of the Manual, I put the whole matter of the species of POLYGONATUM into the pile of unsolved problems, and it remained there until I saw Farwell's paper on the Michigan species of Plygonatum.1 This paper of Farwell's which presented five species and six varieties, threw some light on hitherto obscure places, and made more obscure some things already too dark for me.