Species Of Phrynopus Research Articles

A new species of Phrynopus from the northeastern Andes of Peru, its phylogenetic position, and notes on the relationships of Holoadeninae (Anura: Craugastoridae).

We report the discovery of a geographically disjunct and morphologically distinctive species of direct-developing frog of the genus Phrynopus (Phrynopus mariellaleo sp. nov.) that changes considerably our understanding of the distribution of species in this Andean genus. The type locality lies on a subcordillera (Cerro de Campanario area) of the extreme northeastern portion of the Cordillera Central of Peru, on the headwaters of the Mayo River, Amazonas department, at 2575 m asl (6°6'42.9''S, 77°26'24''W). This area is situated 170 km to the NE from the northernmost record of Phrynopus known so far. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of a supermatrix (13269 aligned positions of gene sequences of four mitochondrial and ten nuclear genes) of 105 terminals (representing 93 named and 9 unnamed species of Holoadeninae) recover this new species as the sister to Phrynopus auriculatus, a species occurring more than 500 km south of the type locality of the new species. Both Phrynopus auriculatus and the new species occur at moderate elevations on the easternmost stretches of the Andean subcordilleras; their sister relationship point to a potentially broader distribution of species of Phrynopus along the poorly sampled intervening areas of the eastern hills of the Andes. The new species has a conspicuous and visibly large tympanic membrane (a trait rare in the clade), outlined by a marked bold black supratympanic fold and a black facial mask, and exhibits conspicuous dorsolateral, scapular, and middorsal Y-shaped folds. Specimens were found on the forest floor-a rocky substrate covered by a thick layer of leaf litter, moss and roots-of a primary humid montane forest (Yungas ecoregion) with scattered patches of bamboo (Chusquea spp.). Our phylogenetic analyses corroborate the monophyly of all Holoadeninae genera, including Euparkerella and Psychrophrynella, genera for which tests of monophyly were pending, and corroborates Hypodactylus nigrovittatus as part of Hypodactylus and sister to a clade that includes H. brunneus, H. elassodiscus and H. peraccai.

A new species of Phrynopus (Amphibia, Anura, Craugastoridae) from upper montane forests and high Andean grasslands of the Pui Pui Protected Forest in central Peru.

We describe a new species of Phrynopus from the upper montane forests and high Andean grasslands (puna) of the Pui Pui Protected Forest and its close surroundings (Región Junín, central Peru) and compare it morphologically and genetically with other species of Phrynopus. Phrynopus inti sp. n. is known from four localities outside and two localities inside the Pui Pui Protected Forest between 3350 and 3890 m a.s.l. Studied specimens of the new species are characterized by a snout-vent length of 27.2–35.2 mm in males (n = 6), and 40.4 mm in a single female, by having the skin on dorsum and flanks smooth with scattered tubercles, venter smooth, by lacking a tympanum, and males without vocal slits and nuptial pads. In life, the dorsum is pale grayish brown with or without dark brown blotches, or dorsum blackish brown with small yellow flecks, throat, chest and venter are pale grayish brown with salmon mottling, groin is pale grayish brown with salmon colored flecks, and the iris is golden orange with fine dark brown reticulations. The new species is morphologically most similar to Phrynopus kauneorum and P. juninensis. For the latter we describe the coloration in life for a specimen obtained at the type locality. A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences inferred that the new species is most closely related to Phrynopus kauneorum, P. miroslawae, P. tautzorum, and an undescribed species distributed at high elevation in Región Pasco, central Peru.

A new species of Phrynopus (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the central Peruvian Andes.

We describe a new species of Phrynopus from the humid grassland of Distrito de Comas, Provincia Concepcion, Department of Junin. The new species is diagnosed by the lack of dentigerous processes of vomers, tympanic annulus and membrane imperceptible through the skin, males with nuptial pads and vocal slits, warty dorsal skin, and aerolate throat, belly and ventral surfaces of thighs, by possessing pronounced subconical tubercles in the post-tympanic area, by having rounded finger and toe tips with no disc structure, and by its overall dark brown to black coloration with few white and yellow spots in the dorsum and a dark-brown belly with white to gray blotches. Specimens were found under stones at a single area of the central Peruvian Andes at elevations between 4205-4490 m.a.s.l. The eggs had an average diameter of 4.3 mm. With the description and naming of the new species, the genus Phrynopus now contains 26 species, all of them endemic to Peru, and five of which are restricted to Departamento Junin.

Two new species of Phrynopus (Anura, Strabomantidae) from high elevations in the Yanachaga-Chemillén National park in Peru (Departamento de Pasco)

We describe two new species of Phrynopus from a cloud forest of the Cordillera Yanachaga, Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park in Peru and describe and document the first clutch and case of parental care for a species of Phrynopus. One of the new species of Phrynopus is described based on two females (SVL 19.1–21.0 mm) which were found in leaf litter and moss layer in a cloud forest at 2900 m elevation. This new species is most similar to Phrynopus bracki. The second new species of Phrynopus was found in the transitional formation between cloud forest and wet puna at 3000 m elevation. Its description is based on a single female (SVL 20.7 mm) that was observed guarding nine eggs under moss. This new species is most similar to Phrynopus nicoleae. The eggs had a diameter of 5.7–5.8 mm (n = 3) and froglets when hatched a SVL of 6.2–6.5 mm (n = 3). Sympatric anurans include Gastrotheca sp., Pristimantis aniptopalmatus, Pristimantis bromeliaceus, Pristimantis sp., and Rhinella yanachaga.

Two new species of Phrynopus (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Cordillera de Carpish in central Peru (Departamento de Huánuco)

We describe two new species of Phrynopus from cloud forests of the Cordillera de Carpish, Departamento de Huánuco incentral Peru, increasing the number of currently known Phrynopus to 23. Phrynopus interstinctus n. sp. is described basedon one female (SVL 23.8 mm) and two males (SVL 14.9–16.5 mm). Specimens were found between 3100 and 3180 melevation. This species has weakly developed dorsolateral folds, minute dentigerous processes of vomers, no tympanum,and coloration in life consisting of a reddish-brown, dark grayish-brown or olive-brown dorsum, a black venter with whiteblotches and flecks, and a black groin with large white blotches that are partially pale salmon. Phrynopus vestigiatus n.sp. is described based on a single female (SVL 18.8 mm) specimen that was found at 3100 m elevation. This species hasprominent, discontinuous, undulated dorsolateral folds, a X-shaped ridge in occipital region, a middorsal Y-shaped ridge,short postocular folds, minute dentigerous processes of vomers, no tympanum, and a coloration in life consisting of a creamish-brown dorsum, a dark brown venter with white spots, and a dark brown groin with red blotches.

Two sympatric new species of Phrynopus (Anura: Strabomantidae) from Yanachaga Chemillen National Park (central Peruvian Andes)

Two sympatric new species of Phrynopus (Anura: Strabomantidae) are described from elfin forests and puna grasslands (3363–3589 m) of the eastern slopes of the Andes of Departamento Pasco in central Peru. Phrynopus miroslawae sp. nov. is a medium-sized species characterized by lacking vomerine teeth and tympanic membrane, and by having dorsolateral folds, areolate ventral skin, dorsum gray with black spots, venter cream with small scattered black blotches, and iris bronze. Phrynopus nicoleae sp. nov. is a small species characterized by lacking tympanic membrane and by having vomerine teeth, an X-shaped middorsal fold, ventral skin areolate, dorsum tan with black stripes and bluish tubercles, and iris bronze with black reticulations.

NEW ELEUTHERODACTYLINE FROGS (LEPTODACTYLIDAE: PRISTIMANTIS, PHRYNOPUS) FROM PERU

Abstract Four new species of Pristimantis and three new species of Phrynopus are described from Peru. Two of the new species of Pristimantis are assigned to the orestes species Group, one to the conspicillatus Group, and one to the unistrigatus Group. Three of the new species of Pristimantis were obtained from the Cordillera de Vilcabamba in southern Peru, which is known for high biological diversity and endemism. One of the new species from the Vilcabamba region belongs to the orestes species Group and is separated by approximately 600 km (straightline) from proximate known species of the group (Pristimantis cordovae) in northern Peru. This new species is the only one of Pristimantis attaining an elevation of 3,350 m in southern Peru. Two of the new species of Phrynopus are from central Peru, lack a tympanum, and have previously been confused with P. montium; the third species of Phrynopus is described from the Departamento de Ayacucho in southern Peru. Pristimantis pharangobates is excluded from the syn...

A new species of Phrynopus from Departamento Cusco, southern Peru(Anura: Brachycephalidae)

We describe a new species of Phrynopus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from two close localities at the upper limits of cloud forest in the southern Peruvian Departamento Cusco, between 3555–3950 m a.s.l. The new species is characterized by having medium size (maximum snout-vent length 23.4 mm), dentigerous processes of vomers absent, tympanic membrane inconspicuous, dorsal skin coarsely shagreen in life, dorsolateral folds, ventral skin areolate, dorsum tan, venter bold black with conspicuous bluish-gray spots, and a bluish-white iris.

TAXONOMIC STATUS OF SOME SPECIES OF PERUVIAN PHRYNOPUS (ANURA: LEPTODACTYLIDAE), WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM THE ANDES OF SOUTHERN PERU

Based on external morphological and osteological characters, Phrynopus fallaciosus and Phrynopus flavomaculatus are placed in the Eleutherodactylus nigrovittatus Group, and the latter is reported for the first time in Peru (Departamento de Piura). Based on external morphological characters, Phrynopus laplacai is considered to be a junior synonym of P. wettsteini. The type locality of P. wettsteini in Peru is considered as doubtful, and the distribution of the species seems to be restricted to Bolivia. Based on external and internal morphological characters, including comparatively large testes, Phrynopus spectabilis is placed in the synonymy of Pleurodema marmorata. Males of several species of Phrynopus have Finger I (and Finger II in P. cophites) with a nuptial pad, a character that was thought to be restricted to Eleutherodactylus within eleutherodactyline frogs. A new, small species of Phrynopus is described from the Andes in southern Peru.

Two Sympatric New Species of Phrynopus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from a Cloud Forest in the Peruvian Andes

Abstract Two new sympatric species of Phrynopus are described from cloud forest (3020–3380 m) of the eastern slopes of the Andes in central Peru (Departamento Huanuco). Both new species appear to be members of the Phrynopus peruanus group.

A New Species of Phrynopus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Elfin Forest in the Bolivian Andes

-A new species of Phrynopus is described from elfin forest (3450 m) in the Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia. The new species is most readily differentiated from its congeners by its distinctive coloration, smooth skin, basal webbing, and first finger much shorter than second. RESUMEN.-Se describe una nueva especie de Phrynopus procedente de ceja de montafia (3450) en los Yungas de La Paz, Bolivia. La nueva especie se distingue de los demis miembros del genero por su color distintivo, piel lisa, membrana basal en las patas, y primer dedo de la mano mas corto que el segundo. The leptodactylid frogs of the genus Phrynopus occur in paramo, subparamo, and cloud forests along the eastern slopes of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. They were reviewed by Lynch (1975) who recognized 14 species. Since that review, Syrrhophus juninensis Shreve was shown to be a species of Phrynopus (Cannatella, 1985) rather than Telmatobius as originally thought (Lynch, 1978), and six new species have been described (Cannatella, 1984; Lynch, 1986; Hedges, 1990; De la Riva, 1992). In Bolivia, three species have been reported previously. Phrynopus laplacai occurs from paramo to cloud forest in the Yungas of La Paz (Cei, 1968; Ergueta, 1993). The newly described species P. kempffi is known only from cloud forest along the crests of mountains in the Serrania de Siberia (De la Riva, 1992). De la Riva (1990) predicted the occurrence of Phrynopus peruvianus in Bolivia, and this species's presence in the country was later confirmed for the department of La Paz (Kohler, 1995). While exploring the headwaters of the Rio Miguillas, La Paz, Fernando Guerra and Eduardo Foro discovered a fourth species of Phrynopus from Bolivia. We propose that this new species be called Phrynopus pinguis sp. nov. Fig. 1 Holotype.-CBF (Colecci6n Boliviana de Fauna) 1906, an adult female collected at Choquetanga Chico, Provincia Inquisivi, Departamento La Paz, Bolivia by J. Fernando Guerra S. and Eduardo Forno G on 18 August 1994. Paratypes (two males, five females).-CBF 190708, CBF 1911-12, and UTA (University of Texas at Arlington) 48731-33 collected with the holotype. Diagnosis.-A small species of Phrynopus (SVL to 20.1 mm) possessing the following characteristics: (1) dentigerous process and teeth absent; (2) tympanum visible under skin; (3) first finger much shorter than second; (4) tips of digits slightly swollen, not expanded laterally; (5) webbing of toes basal, lateral fringes absent; (6) two metatarsal tubercles, no tarsal fold; (7) skin of dorsum and venter smooth; (8) adults rotund with legs short relative to SVL; (9) dorsum charcoal-gray; (10) venter immaculate yellow or charcoal-gray. Phrynopus pinguis is most likely to be confused with the possibly sympatric species P. peruvianus. The new species differs from P. peruvianus (characteristics in parenthesis) by having the first finger much shorter than the second (slightly longer or equal to second), basal webbing (basal webbing absent on toes), and short legs (long legs) relative to its SVL. Phrynopus laplacai occurs in similar habitats as P. pinguis (Ergueta, 1993) and in adjacent valleys to the type locality of the new species. However, the new species is much smaller (P. laplacai reaches SVL of 33.4 mm fide Ergueta, 1993), has smooth skin (areolate), has the first finger shorter than the second (longer), and has basal webbing (no basal webbing). Phrynopus pinguis is distantly allopatric from the remaining species of Bolivian Phrynopus, P. kempffi, and differs by having the dorsum charcoal-gray (reddish brown) and venter immaculate yellow or charcoal-gray (venter cream with white and/or black spots). Description.-Body rotund; head not distinct from neck, 24% of snout-vent length; head about three-fourths as long as wide (Fig. 2); interorbital region flat; cranial crests absent; eyelid width about three-fourths of interorbital distance; snout round in dorsal view and in profile; This content downloaded from 157.55.39.139 on Sat, 26 Nov 2016 04:07:13 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms NEW BOLIVIAN PHRYNOPUS FIG. 1. Holotype on left (dorsal aspect, SVL = 20.1 aspect, CBF 1910) of Phrynopus pinguis sp. nov. lips not flared; nostrils not protuberant; snout short; eye-nostril distance about equal to distance from nostril to tip of snout; interarial region not depressed; canthus slightly concave, rounded in cross section; loreal region sloping and only weakly concave; tympanum visible under skin; dorsal and caudal edges of tympanic annulus concealed by low supratympanic fold; diameter of tympanum about half of eye diameter; tongue oval, lacking posterior notch; choanae oval at anterolateral edge of palate, widely spaced, and dorsal to palatal shelf; dentigerous processes of vomer absent. Skin of venter and dorsum smooth but with numerous round, cream-colored glands under its surface; folds and tubercles entirely lacking from dorsal and ventral surfaces other than on

A New Species of Phrynopus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Perú

THE leptodactylid genus Phrynopus includes 18 species occupying moderate to high elevations (>1000 m) in the Andes of South America (Frost, 1985; Cannatella, 1985; Lynch, 1986). Most species are allopatric in distribution. Phylogenetically, Phrynopus is believed to be an offshoot of the large genus Eleutherodactylus (ca 450 sp.; Hedges, 1989), differing from that group by the absence of circumferential grooves on the digital pads (Lynch, 1975; Cannatella, 1984, 1985). Also, some species ofPhrynopus lack the T-shaped terminal phalanges present in Eleutherodactylus (Lynch, 1975). Recently, I had the opportunity to collect in a relatively isolated mountain range east of the Andes in central Peru. Rising to over 4000 m, the Cordillera Yanachaga is bordered on the west by the Rio Huancabamba and Rio Chontabamba, and on the east by the drainage system of the Rio Palcazu and Rio Cacazu. Most of the

New Species of Minute Leptodactylid Frogs from the Andes of Ecuador and Peru

--A new species of Phyllonastes (P. heyerl) is named from the Andean ridges in the Huancabamba Depression in southern Ecuador and northern Peru. A similar species is described as a new species of Phrynopus (P. bagrecito) from the Andes of Cuzco, Peru. Based on the similarities in skeletons, Phyllonastes may share a common ancestry with frogs of the Phrynopus peruvianus group. An additional record is provided for Adelophryne adiastola (Amazonas, Colombia). A suite of minute (adults less than 20 mm SVL) leptodactylid frogs has been described from the lowlands of northern South America and along the eastern Andean flanks in Ecuador (Lynch, 1976; Heyer, 1977; Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984). Lynch (1976) described the first two as species of the genus Euparkerella (previously known only from southeastern Brazil). Heyer (1977) placed these two species in a new genus (Phyllonastes) and named another new genus (Phyzelaphryne) from Amazonian Brazil. Lynch (1980) treated Phyzelaphryne miriamae as a synonym of Eleutherodactylus nigrovittatus. Lastly, Hoogmoed and Lescure (1984) revalidated Phyzelaphryne miriamae and proposed a new genus with two new species (Adelophryne). At present, all of these minute frogs are placed in the tribe Eleutheradactylini. The five Amazonian species are placed in three genera: Adelophryne (A. adiastola and A. gutturosa), Phyllonastes (P. lochites and P. myrmecoides), and Phyzelaphryne (P. miriamae). These small frogs are rather imperfectly known, being separated generically on the basis of (1) presence/absence of vomerine dentition, (2) presence/absence of a tarsal tubercle, (3) digits flattened/round in cross section, and (4) reduction of fourth finger of hand (sometimes with reduction in number of phalanges). Hoogmoed and Lescure (1984) suggested that Adelophryne and Phyzelaphryne might be closely related because each has a peculiar form to the digital pads (lateral grooves not united at tip). They cautioned however that it was difficult to distinguish features that reflect adaptation to a leaf-litter habitat from t ose that are correlates of achieving very small size from those reflecting relationships. As Hoogmoed and Lescure noted, these frogs are all quite rare and too few specimens are available to permit skeletal preparations. The two new species described here are represented by sufficient material to permit osteological preparations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens are identified with a catalogue number and museum abbreviation (following list in Leviton et al., 1980). Measurements were made with dial calipers (under magnification) and recorded to the nearest 0.1 mm. Specimens were cleared and stained (Alizarin and Alcian Blue) using the methods of Dingerkus and Uhler (1977). All drawings were made using a Wild M-5 with a drawing tube attachment. Terminology and measurements follow Lynch (1975).