Species Of Papilio Research Articles

Ammonia as a puddling site-marshaling substance for Japanese Papilio butterflies

Butterflies, especially the males, often come to dumping grounds to sip water. This behavior is called “puddling”. The aim of the present study was to identify the key substances marshaling eight species of Japanese Papilio butterfly to their puddling sites. We conducted behavioral field experiments and found that ammonia is one of these marshaling compounds. We examined the olfactory sensilla on the antennae of four Papilio species by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and the single-cell response recording method. We found sensilla responding to ammonia on the ventral surfaces of the antennae of male and female Papilio xuthus and male P. maackii, P. protenor, and P. memnon. We also identified sensilla responding to humidity on the dorsal surfaces of the antennae of male and female P. xuthus. As members of this genus are primarily herbivores, they do not normally approach natural sources of this compound, namely, decomposing urine and dead animal carcasses. However, there was evidence to indicate that water sources emitting ammonia attractant were also often sources of vital Na+ cation that is frequently deficient in the diets of herbivorous butterflies.

A chromosomal investigation of three species of Papilio (Papilionidae:Lepidoptera)

Lepidoptera is one of the largest orders of the class Insecta which includes butterflies and moths and is economically, biologically and aesthetically an important order. Chromosome structure and size are of great significance in karyological studies and have relevance to evolution, speciation and chromosome organization. Karyotypic studies in Lepidoptera has been a difficult task due to small dot- like chromosomes of similar sizes. The chromosome cytology of Indian Lepidoptera is very much limited. Chromosome studies in three species of butterflies ( Papilio polytes, Papilio demoleus, Papilio glaucus ) revealed 60 as diploid chromosome number.

The population biology and ecology of the Homerus swallowtail, Papilio (Pterourus) homerus, in the Cockpit Country, Jamaica

The Homerus swallowtail, Papilio (Pterourus) homerus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), is an endangered species of butterfly endemic to Jamaica. As the largest species of the genus Papilio in the world and the largest butterfly in the Western Hemisphere, this rare butterfly once inhabited most of Jamaica but has now dwindled into two tiny populations: an eastern population, found where the Blue Mountains and John Crow Mountains merge, and a western population in the Cockpit Country. The present research focused on the previously unstudied Cockpit Country population of P. homerus; most previous information about this species is derived from studies of the eastern population. The purpose was to estimate the size of the remaining population in the Cockpit Country using MRR protocols, while making observations to better understand its ecology. Sampling consisted of carefully netting the butterfly, marking a permanent ink number on the wing (metallic Sharpie® marker), and recording winglength, wing condition, time, and sex. The population was found to be very small, estimated at fewer than 50 flying individuals. Many observations were made about the ecology of the species. These new data suggest a conservation plan is strongly needed, coupled with a breeding program to increase numbers of this extraordinary butterfly.

Sculpted-multilayer optical effects in two species of Papilio butterfly

The wing-scale microstructures associated with two species of Papilio butterfly are described and characterized. Despite close similarities in their structures, they do not exhibit analogous optical effects. With Papilio palinurus, deep modulations in its multilayering create bicolor reflectivity with strong polarization effects, and this leads to additive color mixing in certain visual systems. In contrast to this, Papilio ulysses features shallow multilayer modulation that produces monocolor reflectivity without significant polarization effects.

Molecular Phylogeny of Swallowtail Butterflies of the Tribe Papilionini (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera)

Swallowtail butterflies of the tribe Papilionini number about 225 species and are currently used as model organisms in several research areas, including genetics, chemical ecology and phylogenetics of host plant utilization and mimicry, mechanisms of speciation, and conservation. We have inferred phylogenetic relationships for a sample of 18 species of the genus Papilio (sensu lato) and five outgroup taxa by sequencing two stretches of mitochondrial DNA that correspond to segments 12886–13370 and 12083–12545 of Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA and consist of sections of the genes for the large ribosomal RNA and subunit 1 of NADH-dehydrogenase. Our data support the monophyly of Papilio and, within it, of several traditionally recognized subgroups. Species belonging to groups that utilize primarily Rutaceae as larval foodplants form two clusters, corresponding to Old World and American taxa, respectively, while two previously recognized clades—of American and South Asian–Austronesian origin—whose members were known to feed mostly on Lauraceae and Magnoliaceae, are observed to form a clade. The sister group of Papilio is found to be the South Asian genus Meandrusa, which also happens to feed on Lauraceae. The latter plant family is therefore the probable larval host of the ancestor Papilio and the shift to Rutaceae (which four-fifths of extant Papilio species use as foodplants) is more likely to have occured only after the initial diversification of the genus.

Ecological aspects of antioxidant enzymes and [formula omitted] in Three Papilio Species

Phototoxins are compounds capable of absorbing light to form an excited state molecule, which can itself react with macromolecules to cause toxicity or react with molecular oxygen to form toxic oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, and other oxyradicals. Aerobic organisms possess a suite of antioxidant enzymes to protect against reactive oxygen damage. Significant differences in activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as glutathione-S- transferases were found in larvae of three species of Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Levels of catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione transferase were high in P. polyxenes, intermediate in P. cresphontes, and low in P. glaucus glaucus. Levels of superoxide dismutase were similar in P. polyxenes and P. cresphontes and significantly higher than in P. glaucus glaucus. The overall hierarchy of antioxidant enzyme activity level in these species is consistent with the phytochemical composition of their host plants: P. polyxenes and P. cresphontes feed almost exclusively on plants (in the Apiaceae and Rutaceae, respectively) that contain phototoxic compounds; P. glaucus glaucus feeds almost exclusively on plants that lack phototoxins. The presence of considerable antioxidant enyme activity in the integument of P. polyxenes and P. cresphontes suggests that these enzymes may protect cuticle, which is not only exposed to sunlight but also to toxic oxyradicals generated from phototoxins at the leaf surface.

Natural hybrids of Papilio (Insecta: Lepidoptera): poor taxonomy or interesting evolutionary problem?

A minimum of 6% of Papilio species hybridize in nature, with most hybrids derived from parents within the same species group. Extensive laboratory hybridization between Papilio species indicates relatively little postzygotic incompatibility and suggests that most barriers to gene flow are prezygotic. In some species, mating behavior appears to be a by-product of selection on ecologically important traits. For example, larval host shifts in P. machaon in western North America may have led to changes in its mating sites and phenology. The extent of these changes can be related to the frequency of hybridization between P. zelicaon and P. machaon. In another species, P. glaucus, gene flow between two distinct subspecies may be decreased by genetic linkage between ecologically important traits on sex chromosomes. Although current information for Papilio species indicates that most species differences developed in allopatry, the observed connection between ecological traits and mating traits suggests the possibility of significant divergence in parapatry or sympatry. The persistent formation of natural hybrids between otherwise distinct species of Papilio supports the view that species are populations primarily maintained by ecological selection.

The phylogeny of some Papilio species based on interspecific hybridization data

Abstract. Adults of different species of the genus Papilio can easily be mated by hand‐pairing. The data on egg hatchability, adult formation and F1 fertility in these interspecific hybrids show notable variations according to the crosses. Using these data, values of a differentiation index for each cross were calculated. These estimates of genetic distance were then used to study the phylo‐genetic relationships of the species involved. The data are consistent with the existence of the following groups, each consisting of closely related species: the black Papilio supergroup, the Papilio memnon group, the P.demoleus group, the P.xuthus group, the P.machaon group, the P.bianor group, the P.glaucus group and the P.troilus group. The phylogenetic relationships revealed by these data generally coincide with the relationships established by classical taxonomy. In cases where there are differences of opinion among taxonomists, the writer's data usually support one or other of them.

A new species of Papilio from the eastern United States (Papilionidae)

A new species of Papilio from the eastern United States (Papilionidae)

POLLEN EXCHANGE AS A FUNCTION OF SPECIES PROXIMITY IN PHLOX.

The isolation of plant species has beei and remains a subject of active interes and research. There have been numerous studies of reproductive and environmenta factors which limit or preclude hybridi zation, and sufficient evidence is at hanc to warrant some generalizations about th4 isolating mechanisms of taxa sharing cer tain habits or habitats (cf. Grant, 1971) One factor which has a profound effect or the isolation of species, but which has re ceived little attention, is the proximity o heterospecific populations. Although refer ence is made to the fact that isolation iL less when populations are confluent rathei than discontinuous, or closely adjacenl rather than far apart, the writer knows oi no analysis relating, in quantitative terms the isolation of species in nature to the spatial association of their populations. The degree to which entomophilous spe cies are isolated by a given distance is E function of the pollen dispersal agent. Some groups of pollinators routinely fly long dis tances between consecutively visited plant. (Janzen, 1971), whereas others typicall3 traverse short distances on single flights (Levin and Kerster, 1968; Free, 1970) Accordingly, the degree of isolation experi enced by two species separated by a giver distance may be quite different from thal achieved by two other species separated b3 the same distance. Like flower constancy foraging flight distance is a behavioral at tribute of pollinators, and should be in cluded with flower constancy as an effector of ethological isolation. The present investigation was undertaker to determine the relationship between th( proximity of Phlox divaricata L. and P bifida L. and the level of pollen exchange These species are especially common in Brown County, Indiana, which was chosen as the study area. Phlox bifida generally is restricted to sites with open canopies prevailing in forest borders, and the more open oak-hickory forests of upper slopes and ridges. On the other hand, P. divaricata occurs under a spectrum of forest canopy conditions and in moister habitats, including wooded depressions, moist slopes, stream flats, and water drainage courses. In spite of these differences, the phloxes often grow within a few meters of each other, and occasionally form contiguous or confluent populations especially where the canopy has been thinned. The species flower for about six weeks and have overlapping flowering periods, P. bifida reaching its flowering peak in late April and P. divaricata in early May. Both have lavender corollas and are suited for lepidopteran pollination. The nectaries are located at the base of a salverform corolla whose tube varies from 9 to 14 mm in length in P. bifida and 11 to 16 mm in P. divaricata. Pollination of both species is accomplished by species of Papilio, Danaus, Colias, Polites, and other lepidopterans (Grant and Grant, 1965; Levin, unpubl.). Although there are no mechanical barriers to interspecific pollination, the flowers of the species are distinctive in two respects which relate to this discussion. First, the corolla lobes of P. bifida are strongly bifid, whereas those of P. divaricata are notched (Fig. 1). This feature may be an important recognition signal for pollinators. The ability of the aforementioned lepidopterans to discriminate between different corolla outlines in Phlox has been established (Levin, 1969). The species also differ in

Chemical Factors Determining the Choice of Food Plants by Papilio Larvae

A series of complex chemical compounds present in the essential oils of Umbelliferae impart characteristic odors to the plants of this family. Species of Papilio which feed on Umbelliferae are attracted by these chemicals. Although the attractant chemicals are most common in Umbelliferae, they occur sporadically in other families. Papilios now feeding on umbelliferous plants originally fed upon Rutaceae. The transition from one part family to the other took place because of the presence of identical attractant chemicals in both families. The present distribution of the genus Papilio is related in part to the distribution of the host plants.

XXVII.—Description of a new species of Papilio from Bwool, North Celebes

XXVII.—<i>Description of a new species of</i> Papilio <i>from Bwool, North Celebes</i>

XLI.—Description of a new species of Papilio from West Africa

XLI.—<i>Description of a new species of</i> Papilio <i>from West Africa</i>

On a little‐known species of Papilio from the Island of Lifu, Loyalty Group

Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of LondonVolume 40, Issue 1 p. 141-142 On a little-known species of Papilio from the Island of Lifu, Loyalty Group WALTER ROTHSCHILD F.Z.S., F.Z.S., WALTER ROTHSCHILD F.Z.S., F.Z.S.Search for more papers by this author WALTER ROTHSCHILD F.Z.S., F.Z.S., WALTER ROTHSCHILD F.Z.S., F.Z.S.Search for more papers by this author First published: March 1892 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1892.tb03050.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume40, Issue1March 1892Pages 141-142 RelatedInformation

Societies and Academies

LONDON.Zoological Society, November 3.—Prof. W. H. Flower, F.R.S., President, in the chair.—The Secretary read a report on the additions that had been made to the Society's Menagerie during the months of June, July, August, and September, 1891, and called attention to certain interesting accessions which had been received during that period.—The following objects were exhibited:—(l) On behalf of Mr. F. E. Blaauw, a stuffed specimen of a young Wondrous Grass-Finch (Poephila mirabilis), bred in captivity at his house in Holland; (2) on behalf of Prof. E. C. Stirling, a water-colour drawing of the new Australian Mammal Notaryctes typhlops; (3) by Mr. G. A. Boulenger, an Iguana with the tail reproduced; (4) by Mr. R. Gordon Wickham, a very fine pair of horns of the Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) from Port Elizabeth, South Africa; and (5) by Dr. Edward Hamilton, a photograph of an example of the Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus), shot on the i-land of Barra, Oater Hebrides, in August last.—Mr. R. Lydekker gave a description of some Pleistocene Bird-remains from the Sardinian and Corsican Islands. These belonged mostly to recent forms, but to genera and species which in several instances had not been found fossil. They showed rather more of an African character than the present avifauna of these islands.—Mr. R. Lydekker also read some notes on the remains of a large Stork from the Allier Miocene. These remains were referred to the genus, closely allied to Ciconia, lately named Pelargopsis, but which (that term being preoccupied) it was now proposed to rename Pelargoides.—Mr. R. Lydekker also exhibited and made remarks on the leg-bones of an extinct Dinornithine Bird from New Zealand, upon which he proposed to base a new species allied to Pachyornis elephantopus (Owen), and to call it, after the owner of the specimens, Pachyornis rothschildi.—Dr. A. Gunther, F.R.S., read a description of a remarkable new Fish from Mauritius belonging to the genus Scorpæna, which he proposed to call Scorpæna frondosa.—A communication was read from Mr. Roland Trimen, containing an account of the occurrence of a specimen of the scarce Fish Lophotes cepedianus, Giorna, at the Cape of Good Hope.—A communication was read from the Hon. L. W. Rothschild, giving a description of a little-known species of Papilio from the Island of Lifu, Loyalty Group.—Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy read some remarks on a fine specimen of Pleurotomaria from the island of Tobago.—A communication was read from Mr. L. Péringuey, giving an account of a series of Beetles collected in Tropical Southwestern Africa by Mr. A. W. Eriksson.

XIII.—Descriptions of two new species of Papilio from Northeastern India, with a preliminary indication of an apparently new and remarkable case of mimicry between the two distinct groups which they represents

(1882). XIII.—Descriptions of two new species of Papilio from Northeastern India, with a preliminary indication of an apparently new and remarkable case of mimicry between the two distinct groups which they represents. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 9, No. 50, pp. 103-105.

On a new species of Papilio from South India, with remarks on the species allied thereto

<i>On a new species of</i> Papilio <i>from South India, with remarks on the species allied thereto</i>

Descriptions of three new species of Papilio from the collection of Mr. Herbert Druce

Descriptions of three new species of Papilio from the collection of Mr. Herbert Druce

Societies and Academies

LONDONEntomological Society, July 3.-A. R. Wallace, president, in the chair. Prof. Westwood exhibited the minute-book of proceedings of an Entomological Society existing in London in 1780, but which appeared to have been dissolved after about a year. The members seemed to have consisted of Messrs. Drury, Honey, Swift, Francillon, Jones, and Bentley; the meetings being held weekly.-Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a collection of * Bulletino Meteorologico del Collegia Romano, dell Osservatorio di Palermo edel Collegio Carlo Alberto a Moncalieri. Coleoptera recently made in Ireland, the most interesting species being Chlcemius holosericeus from near Killaloe. Mr. Champion exhibited an example of Emus kiriics recently captured by him in the New Forest; also rare British Hemiptera. Mr. Blackmore exhibited a collection of insects of all orders'from Tangiers; locusts were extremely destructive there, and on the shore the pedestrian is often up to his ankles in the dead and dying accumulations of these insects.-Mr. Dunning read a letter from the Rev. Mr. Wayne, of Much Wenlock, calling attention to the damage done to his strawberries in consequence of a Myriopod effecting an entrance into the interior of the ripe fruit; also complaining that his young carrots were destroyed by a dipterous larva, probably that oíPsiZa rosa, which bored into the root.-Mr. Druce exhibited a collectionofrare Diurnal Lepidoptera, including'speciesof Papilio, Euryades, Ifeliconia, Eresia, Catagramma, Agrias. Paphia, &c.- Mr. S.tainton exhibited an example of Botys fuscalis captured by the Rev. R. P. Murray in the Isle of Man, to the head of which a portion of the puparium still adhered; the insect was flying briskly when taken, notwithstanding that it must have been nearly blind. Mr. Albert Miiller exhibited a leaf from a vine growing at Basle showing the damage done by Phytoptus vitis.-Mr. Riley, State Entomologist for Missouri, exhibited a collection of American insects with their transformations.-Prof. Westwood read a paper on new species of exotic Papilionidce. Mr. S. S. Saunders read a monograph of the Strepsiptera, describing twenty-one species; he considered the group as undoubtedly pertaining to the Coleoptera, in the vicinity of Rhipiphorus. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse read a memoir on some species of Can tharis. The Baron de Selys Longchamps communicated a statistical sketch of the Odonata; the number of species of dragon flies now known he estimated at 1,344.

VII. Descriptions of two new Species of Papilio from Ecuador.

VII. <i>Descriptions of two new Species of</i> Papilio <i>from Ecuador.</i>