Species Of Microscopic Fungi Research Articles

Increasing the Effectiveness of Selecting Bioprotective Drugs to Protect Materials from Bio-Damage

The article presents the results of research in the field of microbiological corrosion of building materials by Russian and foreign specialists. It is shown that microorganisms cause corrosion of composites on polymer and other binding metal and other materials.Bio-damage of plastic masses, as well as other materials, occurs simultaneously with their aging under the influence of external physical and chemical factors (ultraviolet radiation, water, temperature changes, etc.). The biostability of polymer materials is significantly affected by additives, usually always present in polymer compositions (fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, antioxidants, modifiers, pigments, etc.)One of the most effective ways to increase the biostability of composite building materials is the introduction of fungicide additives into their composition. However, unfortunately, the selection of biocidal additives currently does not have a scientific basis and is carried out by trial and error. In our study, we first implemented a new approach to the selection of effective means of protection against biological damage based on the application of ecological, physiological and biochemical criteria: environmental criteria includes the fact that you have to work with micro-organisms which are the true destructors of a particular construction material; physiological and biochemical criteria includes biochemical testing of fungi on their specific aggressive metabolites undergoing the process materials material; the results of such testing are shown on the example of fungi-destructors of construction composites based on urea and phenol-formaldehyde resins; during the research, Nobles and Bovendamm biochemical tests were used; a significant variety of mold fungi was identified from construction composites, which are able to use their components as a food source, and others are random phases that grow due to external contamination; using the example of urea and phenolformaldehyde composites, it was found that the studied fungi-active destructors of these materials have a high activity of oxidoreductases (catalase, peroxidase, phenol oxidase). It is shown that when evaluating a comprehensive analysis of the processes of bio-deterioration is required to account for how species of microscopic fungi are destroyers of building materials and micro-organisms which are pathogenic that can cause mycoses, mycotoxicosis and microallergen.

МІКРОСКОПІЧНІ ГРИБИ В КОЛЕКЦІЇ FCKU ННЦ «ІНСТИТУТ БІОЛОГІЇ ТА МЕДИЦИНИ» КИЇВСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ ІМЕНІ ТАРАСА ШЕВЧЕНКА – ВИКОРИСТАННЯ В ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНІЙ НАУКОВІЙ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

Data on the collection of living cultures of microscopic fungi, which is part of the collection “Culture Collection of Fungi at Kyiv University”, WDCM 1000 (the FCKU, an official acronym of collection) are provided. The collection contains 540 microscopic fungal isolates (filamentous fungi and yeast) belonging to Zygomycota , Ascomycota , Basidiomycota (yeasts of the genera Pseudonadsoniella and Rhodotorula ). By the number of genera and species of microscopic fungi, the group has the largest collection of Anamorphic fungi. It is shown that collecting isolates of microscopic fungi are widely used in different directions of experimental research conducted in the ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University. The main directions and results of long-term researches using the black yeast fungi Pseudonadsoniella brunnea 470 FCKU, producer of melanin, are characterized especially.Experimental studies of the properties of melanin showed that this substance exhibits cytoprotective, stress-protective, antibacterial, antioxi­dant, and wound healing effects, which allows melanin to be considered as a promising substance for a number of drugs with numerous positive properties.

SPECIES COMPOSITION OF CANDIDA SPP. ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO ANTIFUNGAL PREPARATIONS

About 100,000 species of microscopic fungi were currently identified. Data on diseases caused by conditionally pathogenic fungi is particularly noteworthy. Both specific composition of Candida spp. found at fish-rearing farms of Rostov and Krasnodar regions and their susceptibility to antibiotics preparations have been studied. Strain susceptibility to drugs was determined by the disc-diffusion method. Significant variations are observed in the Candida resistance to four antibiotic preparations. Some sturgeon fingerlings and breeders have been found to be infected with candida. The drugs from the group of polyenes showed the greatest activity against the studied crops Candide. Despite the susceptibility of C. glabrata, C. guillermondii, C. tropicalis C. albicans to nystatin, the application of reabsorbing antifungals (in vivo) candidiasis of the intestine fails to be efficient. The data obtained show antibiogram to be expedient when assigning an adequate treatment of candidosis.

MICROORGANISMS, PERSPECTIVE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY, MEDICINE, ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, IN THE COLLECTION OF MICROSCOPIC FUNGI ESC "INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE", TARAS SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV

Analysis of the current state (composition) of collection of live cultures of microscopic fungi, which is part of the "Culture Collection of Fungi at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv" (WDCM 1000) is provided. The collection including 530 isolates contains microscopic (filamentous and yeast like) fungi belonging to divisions Zygomycota, Basidiomycota (yeast fungi of the genus Rhodotorula), Ascomycota and of the Anamorphic fungi group, which is the largest on the number of genera and species of microscopic fungi. In 2014-2016 years collection was replenished by isolates of microorganisms capable of synthesizing biologically active compounds (including melanin) and resistant to toxic (heavy) metals. The main directions and results of using the collection of isolates of microorganisms, in particular, those that are able to synthesize melanin are characterized in detail.

Fungi associated with a decline of Pinus nigra in urban greenery

DOI: 10.15414/afz.2015.18.02.36–43 Received 23. January 2015 ǀ Accepted 20. February 2015 ǀ Available online 29. June 2015 During the years 2013-2014, complex mycoflora of Austrian pine trees ( Pinus nigra Arnold) was monitored within a survey on health state of trees growing in urban environment. Nine species of microscopic fungi were isolated and identified from samples collected from different part of Pinus nigra needles during the study period. This study reports the occurrence of the fungi Asterosporium asterospermum, Beltrania rhombica, Camarosporium sp ., Coleosporium sp ., Cyclaneusma minus, Lophodermium seditiosum , Nigrospora sp. Phomopsis sp., Trichothecium roseum of P . nigra . In Austrian pine the greatest damage has been caused by the fungi Lophodermium seditiosum and Cyclaneusma niveum . Damage caused by rust fungus ( Coleosporium sp.) and by fungi Asterosporium asterospermum , and Beltrania rhombica occurs less frequently. The aim of this study was to research distribution, disease symptoms, some important characteristics in pure culture and distinctive morphological features of the most important parasitic fungi in Austrian pine . The presence of these fungi in host tissue of symptomatic trees has been described using classical phytopathological approaches and microscopical identification based on morphological keys. The occurrence of most fungi was relatively common.

Influence of organo-mineral fertilizers on the basis of the precipitation of sewage on micromycetes cenosis

One from actual problems of ecological safety of the modern industrial cities development is utilization of sewage. One of solutions of this problem is studying of possibility of use of ecologically safe organo-mineral fertilizers on the basis of a precipitation of city sewage. Therefore studying of influence of organo-mineral fertilizers on the basis of a precipitation of sewage (Dnipropetrovsk) in comparison with complex fertilizer ammophos on the number and specific structure of soil micromycetes was the purpose of researches. Field experiments were made on sites of 5 m2 in the following variants: control without fertilizers; introduction of ammophos and organo-mineral fertilizers on the basis of a precipitation of city sewage in number of 10 and 30 t/hectare. Experiments were made in triple frequency on fields of Erastovsky experimental station of Institute of agriculture of steppe zone NAAS of Ukraine (Pyatikhatsky area, Dnipropetrovsk region). The soil (chernozem usual) selected from depth of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm under crops of summer barley of a sort «Galaxies» in a phase of full maturing of seeds. Quantity of soil micromycetes considered on Capek agarized medium. Structure of soil microscopic fungi cenosis estimated using indicators of frequency of species occurrence, similarity of communities (Serensen coefficient), extents of species domination in cenosis (Berger-Parker index), specific wealth (Simson index) and a specific variety (Shannon index). In a layer of soil 0–10 cm of a site at introduction of 30 t/hectare of organo-mineral fertilizers on the basis of a precipitation of city sewage the quantity of microscopic fungi increased by 1.5 times in comparison with control. In the bottom layers (10–20 and 20-30 cm) – in 1.3 and 1.6 times –espectively. The increase in quantity of micromycetes is noted and in the soil of sites after introduction of 30 t/hectare of ammophos. In a layer of soil 0–10 cm their number increased by 2.3 times, and in the bottom layers – in 1.9 and 2.1 times respectively in comparison with control. From soils of a site of a field experiment are allocated and identified 13 species from 10 genuses of microscopic fungi. Soils of sites of various variants of experience differed on the frequency of occurrence of microscopic fungi. From the chernozem usual of control site are allocated 4 species of micromycetes. In micocenosis dominated Fusarium oxysporum with a frequency of occurrence 100 %, to subdominant species (frequency of occurrence 40 %) belonged F. solani. The least similar on the control was micocenosis of site at introduction of 30 t/hectare of ammophos. Micocenosis of soils in variants of experience at introduction of ammophos in number of 10 t/hectare and organo-mineral fertilizers from a precipitation of city sewage in number of 30 t/hectare were very close to control variant. In the soil of site at introduction of organo-mineral fertilizers from a precipitation of city sewage in number of 30 t/hectare 6 species of microscopic fungi are identified. In micocenosis dominated P. vinaceum (frequency of occurrence 80 %), Trichoderma viride (frequency of occurrence 40 %) belonged to subdominants. On the basis of determination of micromycetes frequency of occurrence, coefficient similarities of communities, indexes of domination, specific wealth and variety, it is proved that entering into the soil of organo-mineral fertilizers on the basis of a precipitation of sewage promotes to increase of specific variety of microscopic fungi. It is shown that use of organo-mineral fertilizers on the basis of a precipitation of sewage considerably reduces the frequency of occurrence of a phytopathogenic specie Fusarium oxysporum which is the activator of root decay at plants.

The health state of Ginkgo biloba L. in the presence of microfungi

Abstract The health state of Ginkgo biloba L. and damage caused by microscopic fungi were evaluated over the 2010-2011 time period, in selected localities of Slovakia and Czechia. The trees were assessed and put into two categories of health. Trees in very good (category 1) or good vitality and health with no or only light damage (category 2). A total of seven species of microscopic fungi were identified from samples taken from branches, fruits, and leaves. The following fungal genera were detected: Epicoccum, Fusarium, Alternaria, Phomopsis, Cylindrosporium, Phyllosticta, and Cladosporium. This present study is the first report about microscopic fungi determined on G. biloba for Slovakia

Bio-Damages of Materials. Adhesion of Microorganisms on Materials Surface

Adhesion interaction of the most widely distributed species of microscopic fungi: Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium funiculosum, Aspergillus terreus to surfaces of materials (polymers, metals) is studied. The force of adhesion interaction was measured by the method of centrifugal detachment. Based on the analysis of kinetic curves the macroscopic characteristics of adhesion micro-organism–metal surface were obtained. We show on the example of Aspergillus niger that stochastic nature of adhesion of microorganisms cells is caused by heterogeneity of support surface, heterogeneity of conidium sizes, and their distribution by forces of adhesion obeys the Gauss law. We established that structure of cellular wall of microscopic fungi was changed in dependence on age, and change of force of adhesion interaction correlated with changes in cellular wall structure of microscopic fungi, and dominating role in strengthening of adhesion interaction was played by increase of albuminous components concentration in surface layer of cell.

Properties of nitrate reductase from Fusarium oxysporum 11dn1 fungi grown under anaerobic conditions

Production of nitrate reductase was studied in 15 species of microscopic fungi grown on a nitrate-containing medium. Experiments were performed with Fusarium oxysporum 11dn1, a fungus capable of producing nitrous oxide as the end product of denitrification. Moreover, a shift from aerobic to anaerobic conditions of growth was accompanied by a sharp increase in the activity of nitrate reductase. Studies of nitrate reductase from the mycelium of Fusarium oxysporum 11dn1, grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, showed that this enzyme belongs to molybdenum-containing nitrate reductases. The enzymes under study differed in the molecular weight, temperature optimum, and other properties. Nitrate reductase from the mycelium grown under aerobic conditions was shown to belong to the class of assimilatory enzymes. However, nitrate reductase from the mycelium grown anaerobically had a dissimilatory function. An increase in the activity of dissimilatory nitrate reductase, observed under anaerobic conditions, was associated with de novo synthesis of the enzyme.

Astigmatid mite growth and fungi preference (Acari: Acaridida): Comparisons in laboratory experiments

The relationship between palatability and suitability of fungi for sustaining mite population growth was tested in the laboratory. The effect of mite fungal preference on spore dispersion was also studied. Eight species of microscopic fungi, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Eurotium amstelodami var. amstelodami, E. amstelodami var. montevidensis, Mycocladus corymbifer, and Penicillium aurantiogriseum differed in their attractiveness as food and in their suitability to sustain population growth of three astigmatid mites, Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. The preference for a particular species of fungus and its suitability for sustaining population growth were not correlated. Observed differences among mite species in their population growth were more likely associated with their ability to digest fungi. Fungi were divided into four groups based on their palatability and suitability to sustain population growth: (i) preferred food and suitable for mite growth (e.g. A. alternata, C. cladosporioides); (ii) preferred, but unsuitable (e.g. E. amstelodami var. amstelodami); (iii) avoided, but suitable (e.g. A. versicolor, M. corymbifer and E. amstelodami var. montevidensis); and (iv) avoided and unsuitable (e.g. A. niger). With respect to fungal spore dispersion, mites had the least effect on “avoided and unsuitable” fungal species while preferred fungi were most influenced by mite grazing.

Cryptosporiopsis radicicola and Pezicula eucrita - neglected species of microscopic fungi in the Czech Republic.

<i>Cryptosporiopsis radicicola</i> and <i>Pezicula eucrita</i> - neglected species of microscopic fungi in the Czech Republic.

Seiridium cardinale and other cypress cankers1

Several species of microscopic fungi have been associated with canker diseases of wild and cultivated species of Cupressus and related genera. Seiridium cardinale was first reported in Europe (France) in 1944 and then spread to other countries, causing what at present is the major disease of cypress in Europe. Over the last two decades, heavy losses have been caused to the nursery industry, to cypress plantations used for forestation and windbreaks as well as to ornamental cypresses. The death of millions of trees has devastated the traditional and beloved landscape of areas where cypresses constitute a major element of the vegetation. Lepteutypa cupressi (anamorph Seiridium cupressi) has recently been reported in Greece (Kos). It had already caused considerable losses on cypress plantations in other geographical areas (Africa, Australia, Oceania). Some taxonomic aspects of the pathogen are discussed. The introduction of L. cupressi into the Mediterranean area, where S. cardinale has already spread, not only represents a serious threat to European cypress plantations, but also complicates the efforts made up to now towards the selection of resistant clones and the improvement of genetic resistance of the Mediterranean cypress C. sempervirens to S. cardinale. Thus, immediate action is required in order to eradicate the existing foci and to avoid further spread of the disease. Seiridium unicorne was first described in the USA in 1878 and then recorded again in North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania. The host range of this pathogen is not restricted to Cupressaceae and includes plants belonging to eight families. It seems that the canker disease due to S. unicorne is not so serious as that caused by S. cardinale or L. cupressi. L. cupressi has probably been misidentified as S. unicorne in records of epidemics in East Africa and other areas of the world.