Species Of Mangifera Research Articles

PENETAPAN KADAR TOTAL FENOLIK-FLAVONOID EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% KULIT BATANG TANDUI (Mangifera rufocostata Kosterm.)

Tandui (Mangifera rufocostata Kosterm.) is a species of the genus Mangifera which is known to contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds and is one of the plants used as an alternative medicine by the people of South Kalimantan. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content of 70% ethanol extract of tandui bark. Qualitative analysis using phenolic and flavonoid phytochemical screening with 3% FeCl3, Mg-HCl reagents and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with spot appearance 10% FeCl3 for phenolic and 5% AlCl3 for flavonoid compounds. Quantitative analysis using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, determination of total phenolic content using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent with gallic acid standard solution, while determination of total flavonoid content using AlCl3 reagent with quercetin standard solution. The results of identification of phenolic and flavonoid compounds by phytochemical screening and TLC showed that 70% ethanol extract of tandui bark contained phenolic and flavonoid. The results of the determination of the total phenolic content using UV-Vis spectrophotometry were 471.3126 mgGAE/g or 47.1312%, while the total flavonoid content was 872.075 mgQE/g extract or 87.2075%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that 70% ethanol extract of tandui bark contains secondary metabolites in the form of phenolics and flavonoids which have potential as medicine.

Anatomical Examinations of Selected Wood Species of Nigerian Genera in Anacardiaceae Family

Nigerian Anacarddiacea family was investigated in this study on the account of their inherent structures with a view to bringing to the fore those features that could facilitate identification towards proper utilization based on wood quality. Mature wood species of Lannea grandis, Lannea welwitchii, Mangifera indica, Nothospondis staudtia, Pseudospondias microcarpa, Sclerocarya burrea, Sorindeia trimeris, Spondias mangifera, Spondias mombin and Trichoscypha acuminate were got from the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria herbaratum, in Ibadan. Wood samples from the wood species were sectioned into cross sectional, tangential and radial sections of about 20μm thick using a Reichert sliding microtome. Photomicrographs were taken using a digital camera mounted on a Reichert light microscope at 40 ×. The results showed that vessels were large in all the wood species except in Lannea species, Sclerocarya burrea, Nothospondis staudtia and Trichoscypha acuminata. Body ray cells were procumbent with one row of upright and/or square marginal cells in all the wood species, but could be up to four rows in Sorindeia trimeris. Generally, septate fibres, silica,crystals and gum were observed in almost all the wood species, yet, fibre pits in Mangifera indica, Nothospondis staudtia, Pseudospondias microcarpa, Sclerocarya burrea, Spondias mombin, and L. grandis were not as bordered as they were in L. acida, L. welwitchii, Sorindeia trimeris, Spondias mangifera, and Trichoscypha acuminata. S..mombin and S. mangifera can be separated on this account. It also appears that rays were storied only in Sorindeia trimeris and L. grandis. In the aspect of wood utilization, some were expected to possess fine texture, lustrous patterns and also regions of failures as a result of high rays.
 
 Received: 11 April 2022 / Accepted: 30 June 2022 / Published: 5 July 2022

Galling: the prevalent form of insect folivory in the latest Neogene monsoon-influenced tropical forests of the Chotanagpur Plateau, eastern India

Indian Cenozoic deposits contain well-preserved diverse angiosperm leaf assemblages, but galling, a common form of angiosperm leaf damage in modern tropical forests, has not been well-documented. Here we report insect herbivory on diverse angiosperm fossil leaf specimens from Pliocene (Rajdanda Formation) sediments of the Chotanagpur Plateau, eastern India, revealing that galling was the most common form of folivory in the latest Neogene monsoon-adapted tropical forests of eastern India. Diverse well-preserved galls are described on the basis of their size, shape and position on the host angiosperm leaf remains. Nine gall damage types (DT 32, DT 33, DT 34, DT 80, DT 83, DT 85, DT 110, DT 120, and DT 144) are identified. They are compared with extant galls and the probable gall inducers making morphologically similar galls on related host tropical plant species of Ficus, Mangifera, Albizia, Galactia, Ziziphus, Hylodesmum, Adina, and Psidium. The gall producers belong to the insect orders Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera (Cecidomyiidae). Although the detailed morphology of the phytophagous insects associated with the recovered fossil leaves is unknown, our findings indicate that many modern plant-insect relationships were likely established by the Pliocene. The reconstructed warm, humid Pliocene climate with a weak monsoon seasonality was conducive to extensive galling activity during this time.

Population Diversity and Genetic Structure Reveal Patterns of Host Association and Anthropogenic Impact for the Globally Important Fungal Tree Pathogen Ceratocystis manginecans.

Species in the Ceratocystis manginecans complex are important fungal pathogens of plantation trees globally. The most important hosts include species of Eucalyptus, Acacia, Mangifera, and Punica. Despite their relevance and widespread occurrence, little is known regarding their population genetics and how this might relate to their host associations or geographic regions in which they occur. A global collection of 491 isolates representing the C. manginecans complex, from four different plant hosts and nine countries, were genotyped using microsatellite markers. Population genetic analyses using numerous tools were conducted to interrogate how their genetic diversity and structure might be affected by host or areas of occurrence. Results of genetic diversity studies showed that when grouping isolates into populations based on their host associations, the population on Eucalyptus was most diverse, and it also has a broad global distribution. When considering countries of origin as a basis for defining populations, the gene and genotypic diversity were highest in populations from China, Indonesia, and Brazil. In contrast, populations from Oman and Pakistan collected from Mangifera had the lowest genetic diversity and were clonal. Molecular variance, population differentiation, and network and structure analyses showed that the genetic structure of isolates in the C. manginecans complex is influenced by both host association as well as geographical isolation. Furthermore, the results reflected the movement of genotypes between plant hosts and geographic regions that have implications regarding the broad global distribution of this pathogen.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF THE ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED Mangifera spp. LEAVES (ANACARDIACEAE)

A study was conducted on the chemical and biological properties of three different species of Mangifera i.e. Mangifera pajang, M. indica L., and M. kemanga leaves obtained from Pitas, Sabah. The aims of this study were to determine the presence of secondary metabolites as well as the antioxidative activities especially the catalase (CAT) and guiacol peroxidase specific activities (gPOD) in the leaves part of these three species. The extraction of these samples was carried out using three different polarities of solvents: hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The total percentage of the crude extract of is 7.30% for M. pajang, 12.87% for M. indica and 7.98% for M. kemanga. Phytochemical screening was performed with various tests for each of the crude extracts. The results showed that these three species gave positive results for alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates, phytosterols, and tannins metabolites. Based on the tests, CAT specific activities were significantly higher in the leaves of M. pajang with 4.35 ± 1.18 units/mg protein compared to M. indica L. and M. kemanga. The guaiacol peroxidase (gPOD) specific activities showed that M. indica L. has the highest activity with the value of 0.0047 ± 0.0004 units/mg protein.

ANALISIS FILOGENETIK MANGGA (MANGIFERA SPP.) BERDASARKAN GEN 5,8S RRNA

Phylogenetic analysis of mangoes species using the nucleotide sequences of 5.8S rRNA genes aimed to determine the cladistics and evolution of kinship amongst the species of the genus Mangifera to support the conservation and breeding efforts of local endemics of South Kalimantan. The analysis involved 23 nucleotide sequences of the 5.8S rRNA gene obtained from the GeneBank of NCBI which were aligned and trimmed into 655 bp using MEGA X software. The Kimura-2 parameter model and Maximum-Likelihood method used to construct a monophyletic tree of 4 clades. Clade I consists of M. torquenda, M. sumatrana, M. kemanga, M. quadrifida, M. griffithii, M. casturi, M. lalijiwa, M. macrocarpa, M. flava, M. gracilipes, M. pentandra and M. caloneura. Clade II consists of M. foetida, M. cochinchinensis, M. gedebe, M. oblongifolia, M. indica, M. laurina, M. sylvatica, and M. zeylanica. Clade III only consists of M. andamanica. Clade IV consists of M. odorata and M. camptosperma. The closest kinship occurred between M. odorata and M. camptosperma and the farthest kinship was M. camptosperma. M. andamanica has the farthest evolutionary distance with the longest branch.

Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract from Tandui Leaves (Mangifera rufocostata Kosterm.) by DPPH Radical Scavenging Method

Tandui (Mangifera rufocostata Kosterm.) is a typical plant from South Kalimantan which belongs to the genus of Mangifera. Several species of Mangifera are known to have antioxidant activity. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Tandui leaves. Tandui leaves that were obtained from the maceration method used 70% ethanol. Antioxidant activity was conducted quantitative using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) method. The result of the antioxidant activity of Ethanol extract of Tandui leaves quantitatively obtained IC50 value was 60.7042 �g/mL. The ethanol extract of Tandui leaves has strong antioxidant activity

Phylogenetic analysis of Mangifera from central region of Sumatra using trnL-F intergenic spacer

Fitmawati, Fauziah R, Hayati I, Sofiyanti N, Inoue E, Matra DD. 2017. Phylogenetic analysis of Mangifera from central region of Sumatra using trnL-F intergenic spacer. Biodiversitas 18: 1035-1040. Mangifera from Central Sumatra has an unique ability to adapt to the high rainfall regions. This genus is therefore as a potential germplasm source in Sumatra. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the nucleotide sequences of Mangifera in the central region of Sumatra based on gene loci of trnL-F intergenic spacer. The initial step of research was conducted by isolating DNA from leaves sample of Mangifera based on CTAB method. Sequences of gene loci of trnL-F were analyzed with Maximum Parsimony and Neighbour Joining methods through PAUP* Program version 4.0b10. From the results of sequences analysis with Maximum Parsimony method, it was obtained a monophyletic group of Mangifera consisted of two main clades which separated M. kemanga from five other species of Mangifera, i.e. M. foetida, M. odorata, M. laurina and Mangifera sp. Parsimony analysis also revealed that the common ancestor of M. kemanga is the first species appeared in the central region of Sumatra. The result of Neighbour Joining analysis showed M. laurina had the longest genetic distance among examined species and might be assumed as the most primitive species of Mangifera. Mangifera laurina and M. odorata were closely related as well as M. foetida and M. odorata. The results of research also revealed and supported the genus Mangifera as a monophyletic group.

Origin, Diversity and Genome Sequence of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is known as the ‘king of fruits’ for its rich taste, flavor, color, production volume and diverse end usage. It belongs to plant family Anacardiaceae and has a small genome size of 439 Mb (2n = 40). Ancient literature indicates origin of cultivated mango in India. Although wild species of genus Mangifera are distributed throughout South and South-East Asia, recovery of Paleocene mango leaf fossils near Damalgiri, West Garo Hills, Meghalaya point to the origin of genus in peninsular India before joining of the Indian and Asian continental plates. India produces more than fifty percent of the world’s mango and grows more than thousand varieties. Despite its huge economic significance genomic resources for mango are limited and genetics of useful horticultural traits are poorly understood. Here we present a brief account of our recent efforts to generate genomic resources for mango and its use in the analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of mango cultivars. Sequencing of leaf RNA from mango cultivars ‘Neelam’, ‘Dashehari’ and their hybrid ‘Amrapali’ revealed substantially higher level of heterozygosity in ‘Amrapali’ over its parents and helped develop genic simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Sequencing of double digested restriction-site-associated genomic DNA (ddRAD) of 84 diverse mango cultivars identified 1.67 million high quality SNPs and two major sub-populations. We have assembled 323 Mb of the highly heterozygous ‘Amrapali’ genome using long sequence reads of PacBio single molecule real time (SMRT) sequencing chemistry and predicted 43,247 protein coding genes. We identified in the mango genome 122,332 SSR loci and developed 8,451 Type1 SSR and 835 HSSR markers for high level of polymorphism. Among the published genomes, mango showed highest similarity with sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). These genomic resources will fast track the mango varietal improvement for high productivity, disease resistance and superior end use quality.

Short Communication: Using ITS as a molecular marker for Mangifera species identification in Central Sumatra

Fitmawati, Hayati I, Sofiyanti N. 2016. Using ITS as a molecular marker for Mangifera species identification in Central Sumatra. Biodiversitas 17: 653-656. The relationship among Mangifera species in Central Sumatra is currently unclear. Previous molecular studies on these taxa using cpDNA were unable to produce well-resolved phylogenetic trees. In this study, we explored the potential of the ITS sequences as molecular markers for Mangifera species to better resolve the phylogenetic analysis. Parsimony analysis revealed that the common ancestor M. quadrifida as the first species appeared in Central Sumatra. Mangifera sp. which assumed as new species had the longest genetic distance among species examined and may assumed as the most primitive species of Mangifera in Neighbor-Joining analysis. M. sumatrana and M. torquenda were closely related as well as M. foetida and M. odorata. Also, M. indica was closely related to M. kemanga. This finding and the other marker of cpDNA such as trnL-F and rbcL gene may suggest a possibility to revision in the latest Mangifera classification based on morphological character. Our results also revealed and support the genus Mangifera is a monophyletic group.

Development matK Gene as DNA Barcode to Assess Evolutionary Relationship of Important Tropical Forest Tree Genus Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) in Indonesia and Thailand

MaturaseK (matK) gene of chloroplast DNA has been served as appropriate candidate to be a DNA barcode in angiosperms. Using this DNA marker, 19 species of genus Mangifera, one of ecologically important crop, collected from Indonesia and Thailand were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony method revealed that the gene could clasify Mangifera into three major groups, namely group I, II, and III. Moreover, the matK barcode can identify Mangifera species that is originated from Thailand. Although this classification system is different with the previous system, it can provide a new information about Mangifera taxonomy. Results further exhibited that DNA sequences of the matK of two Mangifera species (M. laurina dan M. macrocarpa) are different between Indonesia and Thailand specimens.

Utility of matK Gene as DNA Barcode to Assess Evolutionary Relationship of Important Tropical Forest Tree genus Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) in Indonesia and Thailand

MaturaseK (matK) gene of chloroplast DNA has been served as appropriate candidate to be a DNA barcode in angiosperms. Using this DNA marker, 19 species of genus Mangifera, one of ecologically important crop, collected from Indonesia and Thailand were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony method revealed that the gene could clasify Mangifera into three major groups, namely group I, II, and III. Moreover, the matK barcode can identify Mangifera species that is originated from Thailand. Although this classification system is different with the previous system, it can provide a new information about Mangifera taxonomy. Results further exhibited that DNA sequences of the matK of two Mangifera species (M. laurina dan M. macrocarpa) are different between Indonesia and Thailand specimens. Keywords— DNA barcode, Mangifera, matK gene, parsimony, phylogenetic analysis

Tertiary leaf fossils of Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) from Li Basin, Thailand as examples of the utility of leaf marginal venation characters

The mango (Mangifera) is the most important commercial fruit in Asia and is popular worldwide. Because of uncertainty in its origin and biogeography, the study of Mangifera could be of value in elucidating its current genetic diversity and geographical distribution. We report here two new species of compressed leaves of Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) from upper Oligocene-lower Miocene lacustrine sediments in the Li Basin, northern Thailand. Leaf form and venation characters of fossil and extant leaves are presented with detailed marginal venation patterns that were found to be important in assigning the fossil leaves to Mangifera paleoindica and M. paleocaloneura. These two fossil species of Mangifera and the present occurrence of basal species of Mangifera in Thailand suggest that northern Thailand could be an area with a long history of evolution and diversification of Mangifera, particularly M. indica.

Application of genomic in situ hybridization for phylogenetic study between Mangifera indica L. and eight wild species of Mangifera

The phylogenetic relationship between mango (Mangifera indica L.) and eight wild species of Mangifera were analyzed by comparing signal intensity of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) on somatic metaphase chromosomes of M. indica, using labeled DNA of eight wild Mangifera species. The eight wild species were divided into four groups based on intensity and number of hybridization signals on chromosomes of M. indica in GISH analyses. The probe of Mangifera sylvatica Roxb. gave the highest intensities on the chromosome of M. indica, indicating a close relationship between M. indica and M. sylvatica. For the other species, classification of GISH was comparable to that of the phylogenetic analysis using AFLP markers, as previously reported (Eiadthong et al., 2000). This suggested a possibility that GISH analysis can be effectively used in the classification of Mangifera species.

A NEW SPECIES OF MANGIFERA (ANACARDIACEAE)

There are only two species of Mangifera, M. duperreana Pierre from Indochina and M. lagenifera Griff, from Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, which were described to have flowers with 10 (—12) stamens, of which 5 (or 6) are fertile. In the latest monograph of the genus by Mukherji (in Lloydia 12,1949: 73 — 136), they were placed in two different sections (without naming the sections). According to him, the floral morphology of these two species shows that they possess the most primitive feature in the genus (pentacyclic flowers) (cf. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 55, 1953: 75). In the course of revising this genus for the Flora Malesiana, a new species having flowers with also ten stamens was discovered, which has been named and described here as Mangifera decandra (= ten-stamened; in Gk: deca-, ten; andro-, male) ; its epithet alludes to the significant number of stamens.

Origin, distribution and phylogenetic affinity of the species of Mangifera L.1

SUMMARY The problem of the origin of the genus Mangifera has been discussed in the present paper, with evidence from a thorough analysis of the phytogeographical data and phylogenetic taxonomy of the component species, and also from the climatology (past and present) and geological history of the areas concerned. The phylogenetic taxonomy is based on an exhaustive analysis of the morphological data, with corroborative evidence from cytological, anatomical and pollen morphology studies on the species of the genus, accumulated in the Asiatic herbaria. The phylogenetic taxonomy indicates that the two groups of species under Sections I and II have differentiated early either from a common ancestor or from some of the present species (e.g. M. duperreana or M. cochinchinensis). The species under Section I have undergone further differentiation into mainly three groups: (1) the pentamerous, (2) the tetramerous and (3) the intermediate having both penta- and tetramerous flowers. It appears likely that the second and third groups have evolved from the first group through reduction of floral parts. The stamens have undergone gradual reduction, and series of stages from the presence of five fully developed stamens to those with one developed stamen and complete absence of staminodes are found in the flowers of the various species. The genus had its origin somewhere in the Eastern Peninsula (comprising Burma-Siam-Indo-China and Malaya), during the Eocene or an earlier period in the Cretaceous. The species have then spread to India and Ceylon in the west, and to Eastern Malaysia and the Philippines through the Sunda Archipelago. The two main centres of species differentiation are the Assam-Burma-Siam-Indo-Chinese region and the Malay Peninsula. Other smaller centres are the Sunda Islands and the Philippines. The most interesting feature of distribution is the paucity of the species (only seven species out of forty-one) in Eastern Malaysia. Out of the seven species, four belong to Section I and three to Section II. Only one species of Section I is spread over both Eastern and Western Malaysia, but all the three species of Section II are present in both the regions. It, therefore, suggests that the species of Section II had a more primitive origin. They had consequently more time to spread from Western to Eastern Malaysia and to adjust themselves to the Equatorial Monsoon Region of Malaysia. The paucity of the species in Eastern Malaysia is attributable to the unstable archipelagic condition of the region and to the absence of any direct land connexion with the Asiatic mainland since the Cretaceous, when the Angiosperms originated. The actual process of species-formation is difficult to postulate, but from a cytogenetic analysis of three species of Section I, it is indicated that they had an allopolyploid origin. The numerous varieties of M. indica and the two allied species have further differentiated by gene mutations and hybridization. The mode of origin of the species of Section II could not be established as fresh materials for an examination of these species could not be secured from Malaysia during World War II. But the species of Section I, except M. duperreana, which are morphologically very much allied, are indicated to have similar mode of origin through hybridization and gene mutations; the distinctive genetic constellation being preserved through isolation. The overlapping and contiguous nature of the areas of distribution of a majority of these species also indicates that hybridization had a major role to play in the process. The range of variation in the genus is limited, and there occur groups of species with almost similar characters. The limited range of variation in the morphological, cytological, pollen and anatomical structures suggests a stabilization of the characters in the species during the earlier epochs since their origin in the early Tertiary. The diversification and evolution that are now taking place among the species are due to gene-mutations and natural hybridization, which are always occurring in nature. Selection is ultimately playing its role in the survival of the variants.