Species Of Lycopodium Research Articles

Low-copy nuclear markers in Isoëtes (Isoëtaceae) identified with transcriptomes.

Premise of the StudyFew genetic markers provide phylogenetic information in closely related species of Isoëtes (Isoëtaceae). We describe the development of primers for several putative low‐copy nuclear markers to resolve the phylogeny of Isoëtes, particularly in the southeastern United States.Methods and ResultsWe identified regions of interest in Isoëtes transcriptomes based on low‐copy genes in other plants. Primers were designed for these regions and tested with 16 taxa of Isoëtes and one species of Lycopodium. Parts of the pgiC, gapC, and IBR3 gene regions show phylogenetic signal within the North American and Mediterranean clades of Isoëtes.ConclusionsTranscriptome data prove useful for identification and primer design of low‐copy genes. Three new markers show potential for inferring phylogenies in regional clades of Isoëtes, and possibly across the entire genus.

Spinulum lioui, a new species referred as to Lycopodium neopungens (Lycopodiopsida: Lycopodiaceae) in China

One earlier known species of Lycopodium from China, “L. neopungens H.S. Kung & Li Bing Zhang”, is described as Spinulum lioui Li Bing Zhang & H.He (sp. nov.).

Michael addition-based cyclization strategy in the total synthesis of Lycopodium alkaloids

Lycopodium alkaloids, a unique family of biologically important natural products isolated and characterized from various species of Lycopodium (sensu lato), have attracted extensive attention from chemists and pharmacists in the past three decades. Michael addition-based cyclization has been successfully employed as an elegant and efficient ring-construction protocol of constructing key cyclohexanone intermediates in the total synthesis of Lycopodium alkaloids. This mini-review chooses and summarizes several representative total syntheses of various Lycopodium alkaloids in which intramolecular Michael addition severed as the key methodology.

Ten new fawcettimine-related alkaloids from three species of Lycopodium

Ten new fawcettimine-related alkaloids, i.e., lycopoclavamines, lycoposquarrosamine-A, and other hydroxylated fawcettimine derivatives, were isolated from three species of Lycopodium ( Lycopodium clavatum, Lycopodium serratum, and Lycopodium squarrosum). The structures of the new alkaloids were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical correlation.

Criptógamos do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP: pteridophyta: 13. Lycopodiaceae e 20. Selaginellaceae

Neste trabalho são apresentados os dados referentes ao levantamento florístico das famílias Lycopodiaceae e Selaginellaceae no Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI). Lycopodiaceae está representada na área por três gêneros (Huperzia, Lycopodiella e Lycopodium) e seis táxons: duas espécies e uma variedade de Huperzia (H. fontinaloides (Spring) Trevis., H. quadrifariata (Bory) Rothm. e H. reflexa (Lam.) Trevis. var. minor (Spring) B. Øllg.), uma espécie e uma variedade de Lycopodiella (L. camporum B. Øllg. & P.G. Windisch e L. caroliniana (L.) Pic. Serm. var. meridionalis (Underw. & F.E. Lloyd) B. Øllg. & P.G. Windisch) e uma espécie de Lycopodium (L. clavatum L.). Selaginellaceae está representada por Selaginella e quatro espécies, sendo que apenas duas delas são nativas (S. contigua Baker e S. muscosa Spring). São apresentadas chaves para identificação dos gêneros e táxons, bem como descrições, distribuição geográfica, comentários e ilustrações para os táxons estudados.

Lannotinidines A—G, New Alkaloids from Two Species of Lycopodium.

Abstract Seven new Lycopodium alkaloids, lannotinidines A–G ( 1–7 ), have been isolated from the club moss Lycopodium annotinum and L. annotinum var. acrifolium. Stereochemistry of 1–7 was elucidated by combination of NOESY correlations and chemical transformation. Lannotinidines B–E ( 2–5 ) elevated NGF mRNA expression.

Complanadine B, Obscurumines A and B, New Alkaloids from Two Species of Lycopodium

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

The Lycopodium Alkaloids

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Lannotinidines A–G, new alkaloids from two species of Lycopodium

Seven new Lycopodium alkaloids, lannotinidines A–G ( 1– 7 ), have been isolated from the club moss Lycopodium annotinum and L. annotinum var. acrifolium. Stereochemistry of 1– 7 was elucidated by combination of NOESY correlations and chemical transformation. Lannotinidines B–E ( 2– 5 ) elevated NGF mRNA expression.

Complanadine B, obscurumines A and B, new alkaloids from two species of Lycopodium

A new dimer of C 16N 2 type alkaloid, complanadine B ( 1 ), and two new C 16N type alkaloids, obscurumines A ( 2 ) and B ( 3 ), have been isolated from the club moss Lycopodium complanatum and L. obscurum, respectively. The structures and stereochemistry of 1– 3 were elucidated by combination of 2D NMR spectra and chemical transformation. Complanadine A ( 4 ) isolated together with 1 induced secretion of neurotrophic factors from human astrocytoma cells.

New Phlegmarane‐Type, Cernuane‐Type, and Quinolizidine Alkaloids from Two Species of Lycopodium

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

New phlegmarane-type, cernuane-type, and quinolizidine alkaloids from two species of Lycopodium

Two new phlegmarane-type alkaloids, cermizines A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), three new quinolizidine alkaloids, cermizine C ( 3 ) and senepodines G ( 4 ) and H ( 5 ), and a new C 16N 2 type alkaloid consisting of a quinolizidine and a piperidine ring, cermizine D ( 6 ), as well as two new cernuane-type alkaloids, cernuine N-oxide ( 7 ) and lycocernuine N-oxide ( 8 ), have been isolated together with cernuine ( 9 ) and lycocernuine ( 10 ) from the club moss Lycopodium cernuum and L. chinense. The relative stereochemistry of 1– 4 and 6 , and the absolute stereochemistry of 5 , 7 , and 8 were elucidated by combination of NOESY correlations, modified Mosher's method, chemical transformations, and computational methods. Cermizine D ( 6 ) might be a biosynthetic intermediate of cernuane-type alkaloids such as 7– 10 .

The Lycopodium alkaloids

Lycopodium alkaloids are quinolizine, or pyridine and alpha-pyridone type alkaloids. Some Lycopodium alkaloids are potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Huperzine A (HupA) is reported to increase efficiency for learning and memory in animals, and it shows promise in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 201 Lycopodium alkaloids from 54 species of Lycopodium (sensu lato) have been reported so far. This review is intended to to cover the chemical, pharmacological and clinical research on Lycopodium alkaloids reported in the literature from the spring of 1993 to August 2004. Structures of 81 new Lycopodium alkaloids are presented, classified and analyzed. The structural characters and biogenetic relationships of the four major Lycopodium alkaloid groups (lycopodine, lycodine, fawcettimine and miscellaneous) are discussed. Bioactivities of Lycopodium alkaloids, especially HupA, are summarized. In particular, the effect of HupA and other cholinesterase inhibitors (anti-AD drugs) on acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in the rat cortex and butylcholine esterase activity are compared. Structure-activity relationships and structure modifications of HupA and its analogs are described. Information on clinical trials with HupA and its derivative ZT-1 is presented. The state of HupA availability and recent advances in in vitro propagation of HupA producing plants are outlined. Finally, hypotheses about Lycopodium alkaloid biosynthetic pathways are discussed.

Germination of Spores of the Lycopodiaceae in Axenic Culture

Spores from four species of Huperzia, three species of Lycopodiella, and three species of Lycopodium were germinated in axenic culture. The ten species included species with subterra- nean mycorrhizal gametophytes and others with surficial photosynthetic gametophytes. The germi- nation of spores from species with mycorrhizal gametophytes was slow, but much faster than pre- viously reported. It occurred in the dark in a few months for most species instead of years as reported by Bruchmann (1910). Although species of Lycopodiella are expected to have rapid germination, spores from two species had slow germination. It appears that not all the species of the Lycopodi- aceae with photosynthetic gametophytes exhibit rapid spore germination as reported by Treub (1884). Germinating the spores of the Lycopodiaceae in axenic culture is difficult. It generally takes a considerable length of time and the percentage of germi- nation is low (Whittier, 1977, 1981; Whittier and Webster, 1986). Efforts over the years to germinate these spores under more natural conditions (i.e., on soil) have demonstrated that spores of the Lycopodiaceae fall into two classes according to how rapidly they germinate (Bierhorst, 1971). The spores of spe- cies with subterranean, mycorrhizal gametophytes germinate slowly (Bruch- mann, 1910; Barrows, 1935) and those of species with photosynthetic, surficial gametophytes germinate more rapidly (DeBary, 1858 (see Chamberlain, 1917, or Barrows, 1935) and Treub, 1884, 1888). Studies on the germination of spores from species of the Lycopodiaceae with mycorrhizal gametophytes provide limited information (Table 1). Bruchmann (1910) germinated the spores of Lycopodium selago L. (Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart.), L. annotinum L., and L. clavatum L. in soil cul- tures. Barrows (1935) investigated spore germination with Lycopodium com- planatum L. var. flabelliforme Fernald (L. digitatum Dill. ex A. Br.) and ob- tained 16% germination after one year. More recent attempts to germinate these spores have been carried out in axenic culture (Table 1) but less than 0.1% of the spores germinated. It is probably advantageous for spores forming subterranean gametophytes to germinate slowly and be down in the soil before gametophyte development starts. Indications from earlier studies (Whittier, 1977, 1981; Whittier and Web- ster, 1986) are that spores producing mycorrhizal gametophytes only germinate in the dark, which would stop germination until the spores are covered by soil. However, why these spores of the Lycopodiaceae need long times in the dark before they germinate and why they have such low percentages of germination is not understood. In other pteridophytes with mycorrhizal gametophytes, spore germination is more rapid and can exceed 50% after a few months in axenic culture (Melan and Whittier, 1990; Whittier and Braggins, 1994).

Ultrastructure of the spermatozoid of Lycopodium obscurum (Lycopodiaceae)

Ultrastructural observations reveal that the spermatozoid of Lycopodium obscurum is crescent shaped and contains two posteriorly directed flagella that are inserted at the front of the cell. The nucleus is broad and elongated with a narrow posterior projection or nuclear diverticulum. Spline microtubules (MTs) number 180 at their maximum and provide the framework for the cell. These MTs extend from the anterior of the locomotory apparatus and along the outermost surface of the nucleus, with a central shank of 14-17 MTs encircling the cell for at least one-third gyre beyond the nucleus. The two basal bodies are slightly staggered and positioned at the front of the cell over a highly elongated multilayered structure (MLS). The MLS extends laterally around the cell anterior and curves posteriorly over the nucleus. One large anterior mitochondrion is situated subjacent to the MLS, while numerous small mitochondria are scattered near or among the lobes of the single plastid. The plastid rests on the inner nuclear surface and contains numerous large starch grains. This cell differs from that of L. cernuum, the only other species of Lycopodium examined to date, in that it is more elongated and has an anterior-posterior orientation of the nucleus, basal bodies, MLS, and spline. Comparisons with coiled gametes of bryophytes and Selaginella suggest that some degree of coiling and cell streamlining may be ancestral in archegoniate spermatozoids.

Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoid of Lycopodium obscurum (Lycopodiaceae)

Ultrastructural observations reveal that the spermatozoid of Lycopodium obscurum is crescent shaped and contains two posteriorly directed flagella that are inserted at the front of the cell. The nucleus is broad and elongated with a narrow posterior projection or nuclear diverticulum. Spline microtubules (MTs) number 180 at their maximum and provide the framework for the cell. These MTs extend from the anterior of the locomotory apparatus and along the outermost surface of the nucleus, with a central shank of 14–17 MTs encircling the cell for at least one-third gyre beyond the nucleus. The two basal bodies are slightly staggered and positioned at the front of the cell over a highly elongated multilayered structure (MLS). The MLS extends laterally around the cell anterior and curves posteriorly over the nucleus. One large anterior mitochondrion is situated subjacent to the MLS, while numerous small mitochondria are scattered near or among the lobes of the single plastid. The plastid rests on the inner nuclear surface and contains numerous large starch grains. This cell differs from that of L. cernuum, the only other species of Lycopodium examined to date, in that it is more elongated and has an anterior-posterior orientation of the nucleus, basal bodies, MLS, and spline. Comparisons with coiled gametes of bryophytes and Selaginella suggest that some degree of coiling and cell streamlining may be ancestral in archegoniate spermatozoids.

Spores of Lycopodium and Selaginella of North Pacific America

Morphological descriptions and keys apply to spores of eight species of Lycopodium (L. alpinum, L. annotinum, L. clavatum, L. complanatum, L. inundatum, L. obscurum, L. selago, and L. sitchense) and seven species of Selaginella (S. densa, S. douglasii, S. oregana, S. selaginoides, S. sibirica, S. wallacei, and S. watsonii). Spores are radiosymmetric, heteropolar, tetrahedral, and trilete. The most workable characters of use in identification of spores of Lycopodium are type sculpture (mostly reticulate but also foveolate and rugulate) and the presence, continuity, and absence of sculpture on proximal and distal faces. Spores of Selaginella are distinguished by the presence or absence of a perine, perine thickness, microsculpture, and appearance of cristae. Modern, Holocene, and Pleistocene distribution records of L. selago and S. selaginoides are reviewed for the purpose of developing the Quaternary history of Lycopodium and Selaginella in North Pacific America. They illustrate the importance of refugia in Washington, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and Japan – eastern Asia, which were noteworthy distribution centers during and following Wisconsin glaciation.

Growth Patterns of Gemmlings of Lycopodium lucidulum

Knowledge of branching patterns in Lycopodium is often based on herbarium specimens of mature plants or parts of plants. Comparative studies of the architecture and chronological events have received little attention. Most information concerns the mode of dichotomy or stelar structure in plant parts of different age (Ogura, 1972). Primack (1973) compared shoot growth patterns in five species of Lycopodium. Investigations of the ontogeny of young plants and their changes as they reach maturity are limited by the difficulties in collecting gametophytes and young sporophytes of different age. There are few references to the growth pattern of vegetatively propagated plantlets and their chronological development (Bruchmann, 1898; Troll, 1937, for L. selago). The present study of Lycopodium lucidulum Michaux is concerned with the method of elaboration of a mature plant from a single gemma. As L. lucidulum grows and branches very slowly in time, plants of different age had to be compared to analyze ontogenetic changes.

Transfers ofLycopodium species toHuperzia: with a note on generic classification inHuperziaceae

203 species ofLycopodium are reclassified toHuperzia and new nomenclatural combinations are proposed for them.Huperzia Bernh. 1801 is accepted in a broad circumscription, i.e. includingPhlegmariurus (Herter) Holub 1964. New nomenclatural combinations are also proposed for 19 species ofLycopodium transferred to the following generic segregates:Diphasium (5),Lycopodiella (1),Palhinhaea (11) andPseudolycopodiella (2).

Two New Epiphytic Species of Lycopodium (Lycopodiaceae) from North-eastern Queensland

Two New Epiphytic Species of Lycopodium (Lycopodiaceae) from North-eastern Queensland