Species Of Elaphoglossum Research Articles

Spore morphology of the Mexican species of the Elaphoglossum petiolatum complex (Dryopteridaceae)

Elaphoglossum is a taxonomically challenging fern genus with about 600 species. The present study concerns a group of five Elaphoglossum species mainly distributed in Mexico, four of which were recovered as monophyletic and are here called the Mexican-petiolatum clade (E. petiolatum, E. potosianum, E. pringlei, and E. rzedowskii). The fifth species, E. muelleri, is distributed in Central America and Mexico and is morphologically similar to species of the Mexican-petiolatum clade. This study investigates the spores of these five species and has three objectives: first, to describe and compare their spore ornamentation; second, to analyze the variation in spore size among the species and within the widely distributed species E. petiolatum; and third, to assess whether perine ornamentation and exine size are useful to recognize species of the Mexican-petiolatum clade and/or for species delimitation. We studied 26 herbarium specimens of the five species and used scanning electron microscopy and statistical analyses to examine, measure, and analyze 133 spores. All the spores examined have uniform primary ornamentation (broad and discontinuous folds), but the secondary ornamentation is variable. Spores from Mexican specimens, regardless of their species, have small spines with narrow bases; spores of E. petiolatum from Central America have spines with wider bases; and spores of E. petiolatum from the West Indies have verrucae. Statistical analyses revealed that there are significant differences in spore size among all the studied species and within specimens identified as E. petiolatum. Within E. petiolatum, spores from the Dominican Republic are larger than those from the other countries. The results support our hypothesis that E. muelleri is part of the Mexican-petiolatum clade and suggest that E. petiolatum in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies likely represent different taxa. Spore size differences help distinguish closely related species in the group such as E. pringlei and E. rzedowskii and indicate that there might be polyploid species within the Mexican-petiolatum clade.

Elaphoglossum doanenseandElaphoglossum tonduzii: New Members ofElaphoglossumSect.Squamipedia(Dryopteridaceae) and Their Significance for Inferring the Evolution of Rhizome Habit and Nest-Forming Leaves within the Genus

Premise of research. Elaphoglossum is a large fern genus with about 600 species. Our continuing fieldwork and molecular investigations have revealed a surprising placement of two Elaphoglossum species in sect. Squamipedia. The two species differ from most others in the section by short-creeping rhizomes and large leaves. Their placement in sect. Squamipedia has implications for the evolution of rhizome form and nest-forming habit within the genus.Methodology. Phylogenetic relationships within Elaphoglossum were investigated using a three-locus plastid data set. Sampling encompassed representatives of all major clades in the genus, including all recognized species of sect. Squamipedia. We included all species of Elaphoglossum with nest-forming habit from which material was available. To better understand the evolution of rhizome form and nest-forming habit, those characters were scored and optimized onto the resulting phylogenetic tree.Pivotal results. Elaphoglossum doanense and Elaphoglossum tonduzii are resolved in sect. Squamipedia. They are sister to each other, and they in turn are sister to the rest of the Neotropical species in the section. Long-creeping rhizomes and non-nest-forming habit are plesiomorphic in Elaphoglossum. There have been several transitions in rhizome form within Elaphoglossum, either from short-creeping rhizomes to long-creeping ones or vice versa. For sect. Squamipedia, it is equivocal what the plesiomorphic rhizome form was. The nest-forming habit has evolved independently in each of the major clades of Elaphoglossum, and in sect. Squamipedia it has evolved at least three times. Keys, illustrations, nomenclatural data, specimens examined, dot-distribution maps, and spore images are given for all species of sect. Squamipedia with short-creeping rhizomes.Conclusions. Three out of four members of sect. Squamipedia with short-creeping rhizomes have short-petiolate leaves forming a basket that traps organic matter falling from above. The only exception is E. tonduzii, which has longer petioles and leaves not forming a basket. The nest-forming habit is likely an adaptation to the epiphytic environment, being also known from other plant families.

Three new species of Elaphoglossum Sm. (Dryopteridaceae) from the pacific of Costa Rica.

In this paper three new species of Elaphoglossum are described and illustrated, located on the pacific slope of Cordillera de Talamanca and Cerro Caraigres (Cerro Dragón), Costa Rica. The new species are: E. dragonense A. Rojas, E. flavosquamum A. Rojas and E. pacificum A. Rojas, all belong to the section Elaphoglossum subsection Pachyglossa Christ. The first species resembles E. gloeorrhizum Mickel but is separated by showing a scaly rhizome, phyllopodia with two sections, the basal one resinous as the rhizome and the second non-resinous, bigger stipe scales, and the abaxial blade is scaly. The second entity resembles E. delgadilloanum A. Rojas, but differs by having blonde to orange-yellowish rhizome scales with long lateral processes and the blade scales are mainly smaller, less dense and bicolorous with black central body and brown rays. The latter species is similar to E. cismense Rosenst., but is identified by its more slender rhizome, fronds at less distance between them, shorter phyllopodia, narrowly elliptic blade, bigger abaxial blade scales and a linear-elliptical and narrower fertile blade.

The Gametophytes and Young Sporophytes ofElaphoglossum decursivum(Dryopteridaceae) in Costa Rica

Abstract Most studies on ferns focus on the adult sporophytes, overlooking the gametophyte as a potential source of biological information. Herein, field-collected gametophytes and young sporophytes of Elaphoglossum decursivum are described with the aims of providing a more complete understanding on the morphology of this species and additional morphological characteristics for its sectional classification. Gametophytes share the general morphology of most other Elaphoglossum species, but one unusual observation was the presence of minute scales (proscales) on the thallus. Young leaves differ from the glabrous adult leaves by having papillate glandular hairs. These are the first observations of hairs in the glabrous sect. Elaphoglossum. Our study shows that the gametophytes and young sporophytes of E. decursivum have indument characters that are not present in the adult sporophytes, and studying these life stages could potentially be useful in a phylogenetic context.

Primary hemiepiphytism and gametophyte morphology in Elaphoglossum amygdalifolium (Dryopteridaceae)

Elaphoglossum amygdalifolium holds a critical phylogenetic position as sister to the remaining ca. 600 extant species of Elaphoglossum and may provide important insight into the evolution of epiphytism in this clade of ferns. Here, we present the first examination of growth habit and gametophyte morphology for this species. We show that the cordate to elongate-cordate gametophytes occur up to 0.5 m above the ground on the base of tree trunks. Unlike the gametophytes of all other studied species of Elaphoglossum, rhizoids are absent along the thallus margin and the hairs present on the margin lack whitish waxy caps; both differences are pleisiomorphic for the genus. Sporelings of E. amygdalifolium produce a single long root that grows straight into the soil where it branches profusely. Mature sporophytes have long-creeping rhizomes that climb to heights of at least 3 m and produce two types of roots: “feeding roots” that reach the ground and “clasping roots” that anchor the sporophyte to its host plant. Our observations reveal that E. amygdalifolium is a primary hemiepiphyte, the first example of this growth habit to be documented in Elaphoglossum. Results of an ancestral state reconstruction of growth habit in bolbitidoid ferns show that both primary hemiepiphytism and holoepiphytism are equally likely to be the ancestral character state for Elaphoglossum.

Cryptochlorophyllous Spores in Ferns: Nongreen Spores that Contain Chlorophyll

In terms of color, fern spores have traditionally been classified as either green or nongreen. This study reports a new kind of spore, here termed “cryptochlorophyllous.” Such spores contain chlorophyll but do not appear green when examined with either the naked eye or a light microscope. Epifluorescence microscopy was used to detect chlorophyll in cryptochlorophyllous spores. To test one aspect of the reliability of this method, we examined whether chlorophyll degradation over time would give false negative results. We found that in two species with green spores (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum and Terpsichore asplenifolia), fluorescence weakened with but could still be detected in specimens that were 110 yr old. We surveyed the spores of species in three fern genera under white light and with epifluorescence microscopy. Under white light, green spores were seen in 10 (26%) of 39 species of Elaphoglossum, two (17%) of 12 species of Lomariopsis, and seven (25%) of 28 species of Pleopeltis. When spores from the s...

New Species of Elaphoglossum Schott ex J.Sm. (Dryopteridaceae) from Brazil

Two new species of Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae) are described and illustrated: Elaphoglossum bradeanum Melo & Salino and Elaphoglossum commissurale Melo & Salino, both endemic to Minas Gerais state (Brazil).

Taxonomic revision of <I>Elaphoglossum</I> subsection <I>Muscosa</I> (<I>Dryopteridaceae</I>)

The present paper provides a monograph of Elaphoglossum subsect. Muscosa, a monophyletic group supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses. The monograph includes keys, full synonymy, descriptions, representative specimens examined, an index to collectors’ names and numbers, illustrations, spore photomicrographs, and distribution maps for all species. Morphologically, the subsection is recognized by scaly rhizomes, petioles and laminae, obtuse leaf apices, and spores that are about twice as long as in other species of Elaphoglossum. Fifteen species of subsect. Muscosa are here recognized, with no subspecies or varieties. All of the species are Neotropical occurring from southern Mexico to Bolivia and Southeastern Brazil, with three species in the West Indies. Most of the species occur in the Andes from 1500–4000 m, primarily in cloud forests and paramos. Three new species are described: E. novogranatense, E. oreophilum, and E. quisqueyanum. The name E. glabrescens A.Vasco, nom. & stat. nov. is proposed. Lectotypes are designated for E. aschersonii, E. bellermannianum, E. blandum, E. caulolepia, E. corderoanum, E. decipiens, E. ellipsoideum, E. engelii, E. gardnerianum, E. lehmannianum, E. muscosum, E. viscidulum, E. yarumalense, and E. yatesii.

The fern genus Elaphoglossum section Lepidoglossa (Dryopteridaceae) in Africa, Macaronesia, the mid-Atlantic and southern Indian Ocean Islands

Elaphoglossum section Lepidoglossa in Africa, Macaronesia (Azores and Madeira), the mid-Atlantic Ocean Islands (St Helena, Gough and Tristan da Cunha Island groups) and the southern Indian Ocean Islands (Marion and Prince Edward Islands) is reviewed. Fifteen Elaphoglossum species from this region are ascribed to the section. A new species, Elaphoglossum rivularum, confined to the Chimanimani Mountains in eastern Zimbabwe and formerly ascribed to E. kuhnii from West Africa, is described. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 165, 20–63.

Mycorrhizal Associations in Ferns from Southern Ecuador

We conducted a survey on the mycorrhizal status of neotropical ferns, focusing on previously neglected taxa. These include the filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae), grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae), and the genus Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae). Samples were collected at different sites in southern Ecuador, Prov. Loja, Morona-Santiago, and Zamora-Chinchipe. Among the 85 investigated species (101 samples, 10 families), 19 were associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and 36 were infected by dark septate endophytes (DSE), which are identified as ascomycetes and here considered as a kind of mycorrhiza similar to the ericoid type. The roots of 30 species (including all non-grammitid Polypodiaceae and half of the Elaphoglossum species) were free of evident fungal infection. AMF were frequent in terrestrial species (29.10% of species, or 48.49% of infected terrestrial samples). DSE prevailed in epiphytic species (58.62% of species, or 96.15% of infected epiphytic samples) and were also common in terrestrial samples of predominantly epiphytic species.

Systematic revision ofElaphoglossum(Dryopteridaceae) in French Polynesia, with the description of three new species

Species descriptions and a key for the nine species of Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae) in French Polynesia are provided. Three new species are described: E. austromarquesense from the southern Marquesas Islands, E. florencei from Raiatea and Moorea, and E. meyeri from Rapa. Each species is illustrated by a line drawing of the habit, and spore images using a scanning electron microscope. Images of scales, one of the most important diagnostic characters in the genus, are also included.

Relationships and genetic diversity of endemic Elaphoglossum from St Helena

Allozyme polymorphism was used 1) to investigate the relationships of three threatened species of Elaphoglossum from St Helena, E. nervosum, E. bifurcatum and E. dimorphum, and 2) to estimate levels of genetic diversity and its partitioning among populations. Despite showing morphological and ecological variation, the three species are closely related with high genetic identities. Evidence from one enzyme locus (Mdh-1) suggests that E. dimorphum is of hybrid origin involving E. nervosum and E. bifurcatum. Levels of genetic diversity were low in the three species, but comparable with other insular endemic angiosperms. Populations of E. nervosum and E. bifurcatum showed significant genetic differentiation, which should be taken into account in any conservation programme.

Foliar C:N Ratio of Ferns along an Andean Elevational Gradient1

ABSTRACTWe studied the concentration of leaf N and C among 183 fern species along an elevational gradient at 1700 to 3400 m in humid montane forest in the Bolivian Andes at different levels of taxonomic resolution. For two species of Elaphoglossum sampled 8 and 14 times, respectively, there were no elevational trends. Similarly, a contrast of 22 species with wide elevational amplitudes sampled at their highest and lowest locations did not show any change in C or N contents, or in C:N ratios with elevation. At the community level, however, the mean values of C:N ratios for (a) all species found at a given elevation showed a significant decline with increasing elevation and (b) among epiphytic species, higher ratios (i.e., lower relative N content) than among terrestrial species at the same elevation. These trends were opposite to those of the upper soil layer, in which C:N ratios increased with elevation.

On the typification of two Mascarene Elaphoglossum (Lomariopsidaceae): E. heterolepis (Fée) T. Moore and E. tomentosum (Bory ex Willd.) H. Christ

This article deals with the lectotypification of Elaphoglossum tomentosum and E. heterolepis. Both names apply to species of leptosporangiate ferns from the Mascarene Islands. The typification of these names is clarified to establish their correct application for a revision of the Mascarene Elaphoglossum species.

Foliar C:N Ratio of Ferns along an Andean Elevational Gradient1

We studied the concentration of leaf N and C among 183 fern species along an elevational gradient at 1700 to 3400 m in humid montane forest in the Bolivian Andes at different levels of taxonomic resolution. For two species of Elaphoglossum sampled 8 and 14 times, respectively, there were no elevational trends. Similarly, a contrast of 22 species with wide elevational amplitudes sampled at their highest and lowest locations did not show any change in C or N contents, or in C:N ratios with elevation. At the community level, however, the mean values of C:N ratios for (a) all species found at a given elevation showed a significant decline with increasing elevation and (b) among epiphytic species, higher ratios (i.e., lower relative N content) than among terrestrial species at the same elevation. These trends were opposite to those of the upper soil layer, in which C:N ratios increased with elevation.

Six New Species of Elaphoglossum (Elaphoglossaceae)

The fern genusElaphoglossum is well represented in wet, mountainous regions of Latin America, from which many species have recently been described. Six more new species ofElaphoglossum are reported:E. bryogenes from Ecuador andE. caudulatum, E. diminutum, E. delasotae, E. lellingeri, E. subcordatum, andE. xiphiophorum from Colombia.

Elaphoglossum Schott ex J. Smith (Lomariopsidaceae: Pteridophyta) in the Tristan da Cunha, Gough and Marion Island groups

A taxonomic account of the Elaphoglossum species occurring on the Tristan de Cunha, Gough Island and Marion Island groups in the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean are provided. Two new species, Elaphoglossum lasiolepium J. P. Roux from Gough Island and E. gracilifolium J.P. Rotix from Inaccessible Island, are described. A key and descriptions are given where they previously were not available or were incomplete. Notes on habitats, distribution and relationships are provided. The spores are illustrated by means electron micrographs.

Elaphoglossum Schott ex J. Smith (Lomariopsidaceae: Pteridophyta) in the Tristan da Cunha, Gough and Marion Island groups

Abstract A taxonomic account of the Elaphoglossum species occurring on the Tristan de Cunha, Gough Island and Marion Island groups in the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean are provided. Two new species, Elaphoglossum lasiolepium J. P. Roux from Gough Island and E. gracilifolium J.P. Rotix from Inaccessible Island, are described. A key and descriptions are given where they previously were not available or were incomplete. Notes on habitats, distribution and relationships are provided. The spores are illustrated by means electron micrographs.

New Species of the Fern Genus Elaphoglossum from Mesoamerica

Of the 118 species of Elaphoglossum treated in the flora of Mesoamerica, 33 were determined to be new and are described here. In addition, one new variety is described and one variety is raised to species rank. Elaphoglossum is a large and taxonomically difficult genus of wet tropical regions. F6e (1845) and Christ (1899) published major treatments of the genus, treating 105 and 142 species, respectively. Today there are thought to be ca. 600 species. Since the turn of the century many additional collections have been made, but until recently there have been no usable treatments for their identification. While preparing a treatment of Elaphoglossum for Flora Mesoamericana, a number of previously undescribed species were distinguished. Of 118 species in the flora, 33 species and one variety are new, a figure consistent with the recent regional treatments of Mexico (19 new of 45; Mickel, 1980, 1981, 1988, 1992; Smith, 1975), Venezuela (35 new of 101; Mickel, 1985, 1990b, 1991b), and Peru (51 new of 122; Mickel, 1990a, 1991a). Gradually a clearer understanding is emerging of the genus, the species and species groups, and overall character diversity. Several species complexes remain unresolved, and more collections and detailed studies are needed. Most of the species in Flora Mesoamericana (all but 11 of the 118) will be treated also in Lellinger's pteridoflora of Costa Rica-Panama-Choc6, together with illustrations. Elaphoglossum andersonii Mickel, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. San Jose: near Quebradillas, about 7 km N of Santa Maria de Dota, Standley 42932 (holotype, US). Ab E. hieracioide frondibus majoribus longius stipitatis textura tenuioribus necnon hydathodiis manifestis abstat. Epiphytic; rhizome 2-3 mm diam., compact; rhizome scales 3-5 mm long, linear, orange-tan, lustrous, entire; leaves 8-17 cm long, approximate; phyllopodia lacking; petiole 2/-3/ the sterile leaf length, tan, flattened; petiole scales 2.5-4 mm long, linear, entire, orange-tan, subulate, spreading, mixed with scattered to dense glandular hairs at petiole base; sterile lamina 4-8 cm long, 1.3-1.7 cm wide, elNOVON 2: 368-382. 1992. liptic, chartaceous, base cuneate, apex rounded to acute; veins evident, 2 mm apart, at 45-55? angle to costa; hydathodes evident as orange dots; lamina scales 3-4 mm long, scattered, spreading, subulate, hairlike, orange-tan, entire; fertile leaves shorter than the sterile; petiole 12-34 the fertile leaf length; fertile lamina elliptic, ca. 2.5 times longer than wide, base and apex rounded; intersporangial scales lack-

Three New Species of Elaphoglossum from Peru

Elaphoglossum pattersoniae Mickel, sp. nov. Fig. 1. Ab E. guamanniano statura minori laminaque apice acuto-obtusa, laminae squamis minus numerosis, necnon costa abaxiali squamis fuscis arachoideis orbata distinguenda. Juliet Patterson has been a volunteer in my office and a long-time supporter of the fern program at the New York Botanical Garden. Rhizome compact, horizontal with ascending apex, scales linear, lustrous, dark red-brown, ca. 4 mm long, denticulate, ascending; phyllopodia present; fronds fasciculate, 6-16 cm long, 1.2-1.8 cm broad; stipe 1/3 the sterile frond length, scales 1-2 mm long, linear-lanceolate, ascending to spreading, dark redbrown, lustrous, cilio-denticulate; blade elliptic, chartaceous, apex obtuse to broadly acute, base cuneate; veins at 55-60 degree angle; hydathodes lacking; adaxial blade surface with scattered orange-tan, stellate to lanceolate ciliodenticulate scales, to 0.5 mm long, costal scales more abundant and lustrous redbrown; abaxial surface scales more sparse, smaller, and costal scales mostly orange-tan; fertile fronds longer than the sterile, stipe 2/3 the frond length, similar to sterile but narrower, ca. 8 mm broad; scales of stipe and adaxial blade surface mostly substellate, lustrous, dark red-brown, appressed; intersporangial scales lacking. TYPE-Peru, Pasco, Prov. Oxapampa, Oxapampa-Villa Rica road, 7 km from road head, 70?20'W, 10?36'S, D. N. Smith and J. Alban 5590 (holotype, NY!; isotype, MO). Terrestrial in high montane rain forest, 2120 m. Known only from the type. Elaphoglossum pattersoniae is closest in Peru to E. guamannianum (Sod.) C.Chr., but differs from that in its smaller size, acute-obtuse blade apex, lack of dark arachnidoid scales on the abaxial costa, and fewer blade scales. Outside Peru Elaphoglossum pattersoniae resembles E. petiolatum (Sw.) Urban but lacks glandular dots on the blade and has an obtuse-acute blade apex.