Species Of Crinum Research Articles

A new species of Crinum (Amaryllidaceae) from the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India

Crinum andhricum (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from the Northern Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh is described and illustrated. It is closely related to Crinum amoenum and C. stracheyi, but differs in its number of flowers per inflorescence, shape of the perianth lobes and filament length.

Crinum L. species as a potential source of alkaloids: Extraction methods and relevance for medicinal and pharmacological applications

The present review seeks to associate the bioactive profile, forms of extraction, and possible applications of the compounds present in non-endemic species of Crinum L. (Amaryllidaceae) found in Brazil. This genus is well-known for its isoquinoline alkaloids with variable biological activities and chemical structures. In this work, a bibliometric analysis was carried out with a literature review in the SCOPUS database to highlight and correlate research on the selected Crinum species: C. ornatum (Aiton) Herb., C. americanum L., C. x powellii hort. ex Baker, C. jagus ( J.Thomps ) Dandy., C. erubescens L.f. ex Aiton. To date, only 43 studies have been published on these species. These works reveal that these plants are rich mainly in alkaloids and other bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, alcohols, fatty acids, etc. The alkaloids present in these plants are mainly responsible for their biological properties with cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-diabetic potential, and as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. In addition, different solvents, extraction, and separation methods have been reported to obtain these biomolecules. The bioactives found in these plants can supply the search for compounds for applications in the medical and pharmaceutical industries, being, therefore, potential sources to be used in the promotion of human health. Thus, this review contributes to the valorization of these species and instigates new research in multidisciplinary areas. • This review examined the research progress, trends, and updates about 5 Crinum species. • Last 52 years, 43 articles were published on the properties of these species. • Literature focused mainly on the pharmacological activity of alkaloids. • Data on other compounds need to be further developed. • These species have an excellent technological potential to be used.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN CRINUM LATIFOLIUM AND CRINUM ASIATICUM (AMARYLLIDACEAE) USING MOLECULAR DATA

Crinum latifolium and C. asiaticum are the two species of genus Crinum, Amaryllidaceae family and they have highly medicinal values. Distinction between two species is challenging due to many similar morphological characteristics. In this study, we used molecular makers to distinguish the two species Crinum latifolium and C. asiaticum. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the DNA sequence data of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences of Crinum latifolium and C. asiaticum. As a result, C. latifolium and C. asiaticum were sorted into two different groups in the phylogenetic tree. Therefore, C. latifolium and C. asiaticum were carried out to solve the taxonomic ambiguity.

Crinum reddyi sp. nov. (Amaryllidaceae) from Gujarat, India

We here describe a new species of Crinum (Amaryllidaceae) from marshy areas along the Gira river, southern Gujarat, India. It superficially resembles C. solapurense but differs in having spherical or round, cremish white, tunicate bulbs, 10–17 distichous to sub distichous, canaliculated leaves, shorter, yellowish green peduncles (35–60 cm long), fewer flowers (up to 16), 6–12 capsules per infructscence, 4–7, chlorophyllous, rugose seeds per capsule and mainly vegetative propagation.

Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Crinum (Amaryllidaceae) with emphasis on tropical African species: evidence from trnL-F and nuclear ITS DNA sequence data

Fifty‐three species of Boophone Herb., Ammocharis Herb., Cybistetes Milne‐Redh. and Crinum L. were analysed cladistically using nuclear ITS and plastid trnL‐F sequences, with Amaryllis belladonna L. as an outgroup. Boophone disticha (L. f.) Herb. is sister to the subtribe Crininae (i.e., Crinum, Ammocharis, Cybistetes). Two main clades were revealed in the Crininae. The first comprises Ammocharis, Crinum baumii Harms and Cybistetes longifolia Milne‐Redh. & Schweick. Cybistetes longifolia appears in a sister relationship to Ammocharis angolensis (Baker) Milne‐Redh. & Schweick. Crinum baumii and Cybistetes longifolia are thus both referred to the genus Ammocharis under the names Ammocharis baumii (Harms) Milne‐Redh. and Ammocharis longifolia (L.) Roem. respectively. The second main clade is constituted by all other examined species of Crinum, and is split into four subclades. The first subclade includes populations of the newly discovered Zambian species, C. jasonii Bjorå & Nordal (2006), which has bell‐shaped flowers. The second subclade comprises all species with star‐shaped flowers (“Stenaster”) occurring in the southern and eastern part of Africa, Madagascar, and Australasia. The Angolan “Codonocrinum” (i.e., with bell‐shaped flowers), C. fimbriatulum Baker, is in a sister relationship to this subclade. The third subclade includes species with bell‐shaped flowers with main distribution in southern Africa, in addition to the Australian C. flaccidum Herb. The fourth subclade includes North African and tropical species with bell‐shaped flowers including Asiatic taxa. A monophyletic group with star‐shaped flowers distributed in West Africa and America is nested within this subclade. Interestingly, a narrowly endemic species, C. binghamii Nordal & Kwembeya, occurring in swamps in western Zambia is sister to this “western Stenaster” group. There is no support for the taxonomic recognition of subgeneric delimitation based on flower morphology. On the other hand, there are strong geographical and ecological trends in the phylogeny.

Crinum binghamii sp. nov.: With a Key to Crinum Species with Radially Symmetrical Flowers in Mainland Africa

Introduction The genus Crinum in mainland Africa includes approximately 50 species, of which about 85% have flowers that are zygomorphic, i.e. with curved tube, declinate stamens and style, and tepals connivent to a bell. The remaining 15% possess flowers that are radially symmetrical with a straight tube at anthesis, arcuate stamens, a straight style, and reflexed tepals (Hepper 1968; Nordal 1982, 1986, 1987). The former used to be referred to subgenus Codonocrinum, the latter to subgenus Stenaster, which for nomenclatural reasons was renamed subgenus Crinum. Studies of chloroplast DNA have indicated that these taxa are not monophyletic, and subgeneric delimitation is not recommended (Fangan & Nordal 1993; Meerow et al. 2003). Among the radially symmetrical-flowered species of Crinum, two, C. purpurascens Herbert and C. natans Baker (Hepper 1968; Nordal 1987), occur in the Guineo-Congolean rain forests (White 1983). Two species are mainly found in the Zambesian part of the Sudano-Zambesian region, C. subcernuum Baker (Zambesian and Zanzibar-Inhambane floristic region, north to southern Tanzania) and C. buphanoides Baker (only in the Zambesian region, north to southern Malawi (Verdoorn 1973; Lehmiller 1997)). A narrow endemic species from the Sudanian part of the Sudano-Zambesian region, C. bambusetum Nordal & Sebsebe was recently described (Nordal & Sebsebe 2002). In addition to these five, a very distinct species, C. trifidum Nordal, was described from Angola (Nordal 1979). This species has subsessile anthers and a distinctly trifid stigma, traits otherwise not known in mainland African representatives of the genus. A specimen of Crinum was collected by R. B. Drummond and A. J. Cookson (no. 6429) in 1959 from Zambia, Western Province, Kalabo District, in a swamp bordering a river. It was identified as C. rautanenianum Schinz. In 1995 M. G. Bingham & B. Luwiika collected a similar specimen (no. 10703) from Western Prov., Mongu District, on the Bulozi floodplain. This was identified at Kew as C. macowanii Baker. Photographs taken by Bingham revealed that the flowers were clearly radially symmetrical and that both identifications accordingly were wrong. During a botanical expedition in 2003 to western Zambia together with Bingham and others we collected and photographed this taxon from Senanga District, Sana Plain, and it became clear that it represents a new species of radially symmetrical-flowered Crinums. The aim of this paper is to describe the new species formally and to present a key to the radially symmetrical-flowered Crinums of Africa.

Karyomorphology of Three Species of Crinum L.

Cytology of populations of three species of Crinum from South India is reported such as C. asiaticum, C. giganteum and C. moorei. All the species are diploids and x=11 basic, with C. asiaticum occurring here as triploid cytotype also. C. giganteum and C. moorei showed intraspecific aneuploidy, 2n=22 and 23 in the former and 2n=22, 21 and 20 in the latter.Meiotic behaviour and karyomorphology of the triploid C. asiaticum is suggestive of its autrotriploid nature. Karyotypes of all the taxa are relatively asymmetrical and graded, C. asiaticum exhibiting more asymmetry (3 B) and C. giganteum the least (2 B).The extent of chromosome numerical and structural difference noticed in the different populations of C. giganteum is pointed out to have some bearing on the plant morphological differences evident in the species complex. The disputed systematic treatment of the tribe Crineae is considered in the light of cytological data, and the evidence appears to favour Hutchinson's approach.

The Genus <i>Crinum</i> in Southern Africa

The 21 species of Crinum recognized in southern Africa are reviewed and illustrated, mostly in colour. Five of these were described by the author during the last two decades. A key to the species and notes on the history, diagnostic features and distribution in southern Africa are provided.

A Note on the Water-Storing Seeds of Two Species of Crinum and of Some Other South African Amaryllidaceae (sub-family Amaryllidoidease)

A Note on the Water-Storing Seeds of Two Species of Crinum and of Some Other South African Amaryllidaceae (sub-family Amaryllidoidease)

Studies on the male gametophyte in angiosperms, VI. Abnormalities in the pollen development of some <i>Crinum</i>-species

1. Abnormalities in pollen development under natural conditions were statistically investigated in five species of Crinum, C. asiaticum var. japonicum, C. latifolium, C. gigas, C. Moorei and C. sp. (Powelli?, pink-flowered), because of the necessities, 1, for the analysis of the experimental disturbances and climatic influences upon the pollen development, 2, for the cytological analysis of the hybridity.2. In the genetically homologous species, dwarf, giant and sometimes twin pollen grains are formed in very low percentages (see the first table).3. Examination of pollen tetrad formation showed that most of the dwarf grains were derived from both pentads and hexads, and the giant were from monads.The mode of polyad formation in several cases suggests that those abnormalities of low frequencies in the genetically homologous individuals may be ascribed to an accidental failure of balance among the physical and chemical conditions in a few pollen mother cells, which has been caused by interactions of those conditions in the course of meiosis, rather than to the presence of slightly heterotypic nature in chromosomes of those individuals.4. In C. asiaticum var. japonicum and C. latifolium, the abnormal grains appeared in a close proximity of their frequencies in one case, as seen in the following table:This fact seems to support the hypothesis advanced above (3).5. In the species which is expected to be of hybrid origin, abnormal pollen grains appear in very high frequencies, and viable and normal grains in very low (see the following table):In addition to it, there are certain extreme abnormalities among them which could not be found in the homologous individuals, such as ultra-giant pollen grains, giant twin grains, 3-nucleate and 4-nucleate grains. Though these abnormalities can not be expected as induced by only the failure of the pairing of the chromosomes in the first meiotic division, most of the abnormal dwarf grains may be apparently expected as induced by it. So, it may be said that the abnormalities in the pollen development in a hybrid species must be discussed from more than one point of view.

ENDOSPERM AND PERISPERM OF COFFEE WITH NOTES ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE OVULE AND SEED DEVELOPMENT

IT IS generally agreed among botanists that the nucellus is homologous with the sporangium of the lower vasculares, and the integuments are regarded as structures distinctive of more recent vegetation. Plants having ovules with two integuments are rather common (most monocotyledons and dialypetalous dicotyledons); those with one integument are less numerous (in most of the sympetalous dicotyledons); and naked ovules occur only infrequently (Santalaceae, Loranthaceae, Balanophoraceae, Olacaceae, saprophytic Gentianaceae, and species of Crinum (Wettstein, 1935)). Since the reduction of the integument is an indication of specialization and evolutionary advancement, its extreme expression is not surprising in parasitic or saprophytic plants or in a family as advanced as the Rubiaceae. At least one genus of the Rubiaceae has ovules with no integument (Houstonia), and the genus CofJea appears to have ovules in which the nucellus and integument give no indication of being separate structures. As in many other Rubiaceous genera, coffee has an obturator, a structure which grows out from the placenta. The origin of the obturator differs from that of the aril, which arises from the funiculus, or the caruncle, which is an outgrowth of the integument. Schleiden (1837) seems to have been the first to discuss the nucellus of the Rubiaceae; he stated that it is naked-that is, without an integument. Warming (1878) refuted this statement, apparently successfully, when he said that the presence of a slender micropyle, surrounded by a massive integument would account for the earlier reports of the absence of an integument, because a slender micropyle might easily be overlooked. That there is more to the problem than simply finding a micropyle has been shown by later work which demonstrated that the absence of that structure is no criterion of the nakedness of an ovule. Moreover, the unusual nature of the Rubiaceous ovule has been indicated in Lloyd's reporting a naked ovule in Houstonia and the intimate relation and similarity between the integument and nucellus in certain other genera. During an examination of the ovules of some of the Rubiaceae evidence was found supporting the interpretation of the integument-nucellus of Lloyd (1902) for other members of the family, rather than von Faber's (1912) interpretation or the one occurring at first to the present writer for coffee (Houk, 1936);