Species In October Research Articles

A Comparative Assessment of Mid-Water Trawl and Deep Vision for Investigating Fishery Resources in the Coastal Waters off Jeju Island, Korea

Acoustic-trawl surveys use trawl sampling to identify aquatic species. The Deep Vision stereo camera system collects images of fish passing through trawl extensions. We conducted a survey using Deep Vision with a mid-water trawl to identify and measure the lengths of domestic fish species in October 2020 and July 2021 in coastal waters off Jeju Island, Korea. We identified 86.4% of 22 species captured from images and estimated the lengths of 40% of the identified fish. A comparison of species numbers identified by mid-water trawl and Deep Vision revealed that, with the exception of three species with fewer than five individuals, identification was consistent. Our results indicate that the combined use of Deep Vision and mid-water trawl can be an eco-friendly and effective approach of examining the spatial distribution and size of fish species.

Physiological and Shoot Growth Responses of Abies holophylla and Abies koreana Seedlings to Open-Field Experimental Warming and Increased Precipitation

Projected changes in temperature and precipitation in mid-latitude wet regions are expected to significantly affect forest ecosystems. We studied the physiological and shoot growth responses of Abies holophylla and Abies koreana seedlings to warming (3 °C above ambient temperature) and increased precipitation (irrigation with 40% of rainfall) treatments under open-field conditions. The physiological parameters, quantified by the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and total chlorophyll content, were monitored from July to October 2018. Shoot growth (i.e., root collar diameter and height) was assessed in August and December 2018. Irrespective of the treatments, the physiological parameters of both species decreased from July to August under warming treatment due to heat stress before recovering in September and October. Warming alone (W) and warming along with increased precipitation (W*P) decreased the physiological activities of both species in July, August, and September, with more pronounced effects on A. koreana compared with A. holophylla. Increased precipitation resulted in the increased chlorophyll content of both species in October. Shoot growth was not generally affected by the treatments, except for a subtle reduction in height under W*P for A. koreana. A. holophylla had consistently higher values for the physiological parameters and shoot growth than A. koreana. Our results indicate that the physiological activities of the Abies species could be seriously reduced under climate change, with a more severe impact on A. koreana. Among the two species, A. holophylla appears to be a more robust candidate for future forest planting.

Algerian Nuthatch (Sitta ledanti Vielliard, 1976): Current challenges of an endemic species

Abstract The Algerian Nuthatch (Sitta ledanti) is the emblematic bird species of Kabylia of Babors. It is a medium-sized passerine bird species of the Sittidae family. Jean-Paul Ledant discovered this species in October 1975, on the Babor Mountain. Twelve other forests in North-East Algeria has been discovered as breeding sites. These are the forests of the Babors region, in Kabylia. The Algerian Nuthatch was observed mainly in oak, cedar and pine habitats. It is mainly granivorous in winter and an insectivorous in spring/summer or breeding season, which starts in March and can last until July. The incubation period lasts from 14 to 17 days, with clutches of six eggs. The Algerian Nuthatch is listed as an endangered species by IUCN and is protected by the Algerian laws. However, many threats to the environment, such as tree felling and fires, are threatening the species.

DITTRICHIA GRAVEOLENS (ASTERACEAE) – A NEW ALIEN PLANT SPECIES FOR ROMANIA

Dittrichia graveolens (L.) W. Greuter, an invasive plant species of Mediterranean origin, is recorded for the first time in Romania. We found the species in October 2020 in two separate locations along the main highway that connects Brașov and Sibiu cities, in Southern Transylvania, central Romania. We present here the first data concerning the species occurrence in the investigated area, its observed habitat, local distribution and accompanying species. We presume that the main vector for the introduction and dispersal of this species in Romania is the high traffic density along the major roads. Dittrichia graveolens has proven its invasive potential in other regions of Europe and North America of similar temperature and precipitation regimes under an overall temperate climate. Consequently, taking into account its fast dispersal, especially in the more favourable habitats for its establishment that exist along the major roads from the lower altitudes and the riparian communities from the western, southern and eastern parts of Romania, we conclude that close monitoring of the species occurrence should be undertaken in order to better assess its full invasive potential in our country and to reduce the risk of impact on natural plant communities.

Climate change in forest ecosystems: A field experiment addressing the effects of raising temperature and reduced rainfall on early life cycle stages of oaks

Higher temperatures and reduced rainfalls that are expected with the advance of climate change can impair the emergence and establishment of tree seedlings in forest ecosystems. These climatic changes can also decrease the availability of soil resources and reduce the performance of seedlings. We evaluated these effects in a temperate forest from Mexico with two native oak species (Quercus crassifolia and Quercus eduardii). As recently emerged oak seedlings are highly sensitive to changing environmental conditions, our field experiment was conducted across the season in which seedling emergence occurs (October–February). In the field, we used open-top chambers to increase temperature and rainout shelters to reduce rainfall, while controls were exposed to the current climate. Experimental plots of both treatments were established beneath the forest canopy because most oaks recruit in understory habitats. In these plots, we sowed acorns of both species in October 2015 and recorded seedling emergence and survival until February 2016, also monitoring temperature, precipitation and contents of water and nitrogen in the soil. On seedlings that survived until the end of the experiment we measured their growth, photosynthetic efficiency and foliar contents of water, carbon and nitrogen. Both the emergence and survival of Q. crassifolia seedlings were lower in climate change plots than in controls, but no differences were found for Q. eduardii. However, seedlings of both species had lower growth rates, photosynthetic efficiencies and contents of water, nitrogen and carbon in climate change simulation plots. These results indicate that climate change can impair tree seedling establishment in oak forest, also suggesting that their development will be constrained by reduced water and nitrogen availability.

Redescription of the Sea Anemone Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) Based on a Topotypic Specimen Collected from Tokyo Bay, Japan

We collected a specimen of Exocoelactis actinostoloides ( Wassilieff, 1908 ) from the type locality of the species in October, 2012. The name of Ex. actinostoloides has been misapplied to a species of Entacmaea (Ehrenberg, 1834) around the Indo-Pacific region in many works, including scientific reports, although some authors have noted the error. A true specimen of Ex. actinostoloides has not been found in Japanese waters since the collection of the type specimen at Jogashima, Kanagawa Prefecture, in 1904. Here, we redescribe Ex. actinostoloides based on the present specimen from the opposite side of the Uraga Strait, and analyze the phylogenetic position of this species within Actiniaria based on mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA sequence data. These are the first molecular data ever provided for the family Exocoelactinidae. The sequence data indicate that Ex. actinostoloides is a member of the superfamily Actinostoloidea, and that it is most closely related to the family Actinostolidae.

Photosynthetic traits of Siebold's beech and oak saplings grown under free air ozone exposure in northern Japan

We set up a free-air ozone (O3) exposure system for determining the photosynthetic responses of Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata) and oak (Quercus mongolica var. crispula) to O3 under field conditions. Ten-year-old saplings of beech and oak were exposed to an elevated O3 concentration (60 nmol mol−1) during daytime from 6 August to 11 November 2011. Ozone significantly reduced the net photosynthetic rate in leaves of both species in October, by 46% for beech and 15% for oak. In beech there were significant decreases in maximum rate of carboxylation, maximum rate of electron transport in photosynthesis, nitrogen content and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, but not in oak. Stomatal limitation of photosynthesis was unaffected by O3. We therefore concluded photosynthesis in beech is more sensitive to O3 than that in oak, and the O3-induced reduction of photosynthetic activity in beech was due not to stomatal closure, but to biochemical limitation.

Acoustic Repertoire ofBarycholos ternetzi(Anura: Strabomantidae) in Central Brazil

ABSTRACT. Barycholos ternetzi is an anuran species from the Brazilian Cerrado which can be found in gallery forests and Cerrado sensu strictu. Currently, the only available information about the natural history of B. ternetzi is a previous description of its advertisement call. Herein, we studied the vocal repertoire of this species in October 2009 at Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goias state, Central Brazil. We recognized four distinct vocalizations, of which the advertisement call was the most common. The aggressive call was emitted in response to a neighbor male, while the distress and fighting calls were emitted, respectively, when the male was caught or during physical interactions. We also observed that the dominant frequency was influenced by call duration and body size, while the call duration and repetition rate were influenced by air temperature. Furthermore, we observed that the chorus size influenced the repetition rate of the advertisement call of B. ternetzi.

Impacts of variability of habitat factors on species composition of ichthyoplankton and distribution of fish spawning ground in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters

During June, August and October 2006, there were three multi-disciplinary surveys carried out in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters (122°00′–125°00′E, 27°50′–34°00′N) by R/V Beidou to study the species composition and abundance of ichthyoplankton (including fish eggs, larvae and juveniles), the spatial distribution of fish spawning ground and their relationship with habitat factors. There were 29, 29 and 25 grid stations sampled in the three cruises, respectively. The ichthyoplankton samples were collected by horizontally towing with a macro-plankton net (mouth diameter 80 cm, length 270 cm, mesh size 0.50 mm) at the sea surface, and the towing speed was 3.0 n mile/h at each sampling station. The towing lasted for 10 min. After hauling for each station, habitat factors including temperature and salinity were measured by Sea Bird-25 CTD. Samples were preserved in 5% formaldehyde solution immediately after sampling for analysis in laboratory. Since the trawl speed could not be accurately evaluated due to the effects of ocean currents and wind-induced wave, the amount of ichthyoplankton was evaluated by actual number of the sampling haul in each station. Ichthyoplankton collected were divided into three categories: dominant species, important species and main species by the index of relative importance ( IRI). There are 71 species (including 1200 fish eggs and 2575 fish larvae and juveniles) collected during 3 cruises and 59 species have been correctly identified to species level, which belongs to 50 genera, 37 families and 9 orders; while 5 species can only be identified to genera level, 1 species only identified to family level and 6 species identified to order level. These 59 species identified to species level and 5 species identified to genera level are divided into three ecological patterns, i.e., brackish water species, neritic water species and coastal water species. Warm water species have 34 species in those 59 species identified to species level, accounting for 57.63%, warm temperature species have 25 species, accounting for 42.37%. According to the analysis of IRI, the dominant species are Engraulis japonicus (in June and August, that is important species in October), Scomber japonicus (in August), and Johnius grypotus (in October) during the survey; important species are Cynoglossus joyneri (in June and August), Trichiurus lepturus (in June, August and October), Gonorhynchus abbreviatus (in August), Stolephorus commersonii (in October), Saurida undosquamis (in October) and Saurida elongate (in October), and main species have 12 species in June, 9 species in August and 10 species in October, respectively. The amount of fish eggs and larvae of the dominant species, important species and main species (28 species) are 97.50% and 97.13% of the total amount of fish eggs and larvae, respectively, which are the important composition of fish eggs and larvae in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters. In June and August of 2006, if compared with that in corresponding months in 1986, there are great changes in the habitat factors especially for temperature and salinity in the investigating areas: high salinity water from off-shelf is much closer to the coastal areas which results in the dramatic increase of sea surface salinity during all three surveys. Sea surface temperature, on the other hand, decreases distinctively in June, but significantly increases in August. The run-off of the Changjiang River greatly reduced due to the long-term drought in summer 2006, which is responsible for the great changes of habitat factors in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent waters. The habitat of the Changjiang River estuary is greatly changed, which consequently has significant influences on the spawning, breeding and the spatial distribution of spawning ground of neritic water species, such as Sardinella zunasi, Thryssa kammalensis, Thryssa mystax, Setipinna taty and S. commersonii ect, and coastal water species, such as Ilisha elongate and Konosirus punctatus ect.

Species composition and seasonal variations of ichthyoplankton of the coastal zone of Vostok Bay (Peter the great bay, sea of Japan) collected at light stations

We summarize the results of a study of the taxonomic composition and seasonal variations of ichthyoplankton in Vostok Bay. Samples were collected during 2003–2008 at a stationary light station located on the mooring module of the experimental biological station Vostok (Institute of Marine Biology). Within the observation period, larval and juvenile fish of 67 species belonging to 11 orders and 30 families were found in 412 samples. The seasonal dynamics of species composition of ichthyoplankton were examined over the period from March to November. The number of species in the samples changed from 40–36 in April–May, respectively, to 6 species in October. The contribution of resident species and southern migrants to the ichthyoplankton samples was estimated. The light station sampling has proven to be most effective in studying the species diversity of the ichthyofauna in Vostok Bay. Using light station sampling, 18 fish species were found that were not recorded using other sampling techniques.

British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee: 37th Report (October 2008)

British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee: 37th Report (October 2008)

Capsule Treatments to Enhance Seedling Emergence of Gaura neomexicana ssp. coloradensis

Abstract Management of riparian vegetation is difficult because these communities are frequently impacted by herbivores, invasive weeds, and altered hydrologic regimes. Multiple and intertwined factors affecting rare species recruitment are particularly difficult to identify. Gaura neomexicana ssp. coloradensis Munz (Gaura) is a short‐lived perennial forb endemic to riparian areas in mixed‐grass prairies of Wyoming, Nebraska, and Colorado, U.S.A. It became a federally listed threatened species in October 2000. Because the species is a recruitment‐limited monocarpic perennial, we studied the effects of six capsule‐collection dates, a 2‐month cool‐moist stratification, 24‐hr leaching, and 24‐hr imbibition on Gaura seedling emergence. Seedling emergence did not vary with collection date. Capsules collected from Gaura plants grown at the Bridger Plant Materials Center in Montana exhibited greater emergence than capsules harvested from endemic populations near Cheyenne, Wyoming, suggesting that maternal plant growing conditions impact dormancy. Because cool‐moist stratification enhanced seedling emergence of Gaura and leaching did not, sufficient moisture during cool temperatures may be more critical than leaching of germination inhibitors as might occur with normal stream flows. Spring flooding may enhance Gaura recruitment by increasing the availability of riparian sites that are inundated during periods of cool temperatures. If so, hydrologic and climatic regimes must be considered in restoring the unique conditions needed for germination of this rare riparian endemic.

Structure and activity of the nitrate-reducing community in the rhizosphere of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens under long-term elevated atmospheric pCO 2

Rhizosphere soil was sampled in monocultures of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens in June and October 2002, at two different nitrogen fertilisation levels (14 and 56 g N m −2 year −1) and under two pCO 2 atmospheres (360 and 600 ppmv) at the Swiss FACE (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) site. Directly extracted soil DNA was analysed with restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) by use of degenerated primers for the narG gene encoding the active site of the membrane-bound nitrate reductase. The corresponding enzyme activity of the nitrate reductase was determined colorimetrically after 24 h of anaerobic incubation. The narG PCR-RFLP fingerprints showed that the structure of the nitrate-reducing community was primarily affected by season and pH of the sampling site, whereas CO 2 enrichment, plant species or fertiliser treatment had no apparent effect. In contrast, the nitrate reductase activity responded to N fertilisation, CO 2 enrichment and plant species in October, whereas in June drought stress most likely kept the enzyme activity at a low level in all treatments. Apparently, the respiratory nitrate-reducing community adapted to different treatments primarily by altered enzyme activity.

Performance of Klinki (Araucaria hunsteinii K. Schuman) in the Humid Tropics of Costa Rica

Araucaria hunsteinii K. Schuman (Syn. A. klinki Lauterbach), locally known as Klinki, is a tropical conifer from Papua New Guinea, which was introduced to Costa Rica in 1966 by the Tropical Agriculture Research and Training Center (CATTE). Due to its capacity for carbon sequestration and long-term storage, and wood production, EARTH University, located in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica, established two research plots with the species in October 1993 to monitor its growth in the humid tropical lowland conditions. Results show that the species performs well under such soil and climate conditions. It seems probable that Klinki may be considered as a promising species for commercial timber production and for long-term carbon sequestration in the tropics.

Effect of bêche-de-mer fishing on densities and size structure of Holothuria nobilis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) populations on the Great Barrier Reef

Decreasing catch rates for Holothuria nobilis (black teatfish) on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) prompted management agencies to close the fishery for this species in October 1999. At the same time, we surveyed densities and size structure of H. nobilis populations in the main area fished on the GBR. Densities of H. nobilis on four reefs protected from fishing (approximately 20 ind. ha–1) were about four times higher than those on 16 reefs open to fishing (approximately 5 ind. ha–1). Each of four other reefs had been divided into an area protected from fishing and an open area. On the largest of these reefs (ca. 28 km long), densities of H. nobilis were nearly five times higher in the protected area compared to the area open to fishing. On three smaller reefs (<11 km long), however, densities were not significantly different between the open and protected area, and were similar to that on reefs completely open to fishing. The average weight of individuals was significantly reduced on fished reefs (1,763 g) compared to closed reefs (2,200 g). Thus, beche-de-mer fishing led to a strong reduction of density and biomass of H. nobilis. The division of smaller reefs into open and closed zones appears not to provide sufficient protection, but reefs that are completely closed to fishing appear to provide some degree of protection. There were some indications that proximity to tourist attractions may enhance the effect of protection.

An evaluation of multi-spectral responses on selected turfgrass species

Multi-spectral measurements have been shown to detect plant stress in numerous species. Leaf chlorophyll concentration may change in response to altered plant physiological functions due to plant stress; this may also be detected by reflectance data. This research was conducted on established field plots of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) and bemudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L X C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) at the University of Georgia turfgrass rhizotron in Athens, GA. Multi-spectral data and visual ratings of quality, colour, and density were taken simultaneously on the two species in October 1997. Reflectance was greater in the C4 bemudagrass than the C3 bentgrass, greater in the visible range in bentgrass plots receiving N at 16.1 kg ha -1 and greater from 2 DAT on in bermudagrass plots receiving glyphosate.

千葉県におけるニホンジカ Cervus nippon Temminck 寄生マダニ類

In the southern part of Chiba Prefecture, we collected 24,539 ticks of 2 genera including 6 species on Sika deer Cervus nippon in October, 1990,August, 1993,and February and March, 1994. Haemaphysalis megaspinosa was the dominant species in October (92.9% of male, 89.8% of female, 91.2% of nymph), February (78.5% of male, 65.3% of female, 83.0% of nymph) and March (73.1% of male, 62.9% of female, 48.1% of nymph), but, in August H. longicornis was dominant (97.8% of male, 98.8% of female, 98.4% of nymph). Furthermore, we collected 10,928 ticks on vegetation by the flagging method in the Sika deer habitat on respective months from 1990 to 1994. The dominant species of ticks on Sika deer were approximately similar to the results of the flagging method. But, Ixodes turdus was collected only by the flagging method, and I. ovatus was collected only on deer.

Seasonal Patterns in the Seed Bank of Mediterranean Old-Fields

The seasonal dynamics of the readily-germinable content of the seed hank of three Mediterranean old-fields (1, 7, and 15 years after last ploughing) in Southern France was investigated using a nested sampling design with 3 scales (1 ha fields, 0.01 ha plots, and 500 cm 2 samples) and 3 dates (October, December. March). Species richness of the seed bank remained high throughout the annual vegetation cycle, with 61 species in October, 65 species in December, and 54 species in March. The seasonal dynamic's of seed bank composition was homogeneous within fields. Parallel seasonal patterns were observed in fields of different successional ages. Seven temporal patterns and four spatial patterns of germination were identified (...)

Studies on Populations of Glossina morsitans morsitans and G. pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Rhodesia

SUMMARY (1) Six methods were used in attempts to estimate the numbers and age structure of populations of Glossina morsitans and G. pallidipes in the hot dry season in the Zambezi Valley, Rhodesia. (2) The 13*5 ha study area carried many of both species of tsetse fly and, because, the site had abundant shade trees and was surrounded by leafless, relatively inhospitable vegetation, the tsetse populations were at least partially isolated. (3) Comparable estimates of population size were given by calculations based on the Lincoln Index, inverse sampling, Zippin and probability of capture methods. Error estimates were available only for the inverse sampling approach and the values for the populations and their associated standard errors were: G. morsitans males 8099 ( ? 1976) G. morsitans females 15 510 (?5359) G. pallidipes males 52957 (?6295) and G. pallidipes females 167 613 (? 19335). (4) The ratios of non-teneral females to males captured for both species agree well with those predicted from the population estimates, indicating that, overall, the sampling was not selective. (5) Catches from mobile baits contained high proportions of teneral flies but other trapping methods caught most of the tenerals. Only 1-4% of the estimated teneral flies were caught and there was no indication of selective capture of either sex of species. (6) A tentative estimate of a total tsetse density of 1-24 flies per m2 was derived, and the estimated average number of puparia per adult fly was 2-3. It was calculated that a minimum of eight buffalo or twenty-five kudu would be required in the study area to support the estimated tsetse population, and analysis of blood meals indicated that a wide range of hosts was available. (7) The ventilated pit catching method gave good representative catches of all age groups of females of both species. In addition, the mobile ox method also gave good results with G. morsitans, and the resting fly catches can be useful for both species in October. (8) The estimated mean age for female G. morsitans was 29- 1 days and for G. pallidipes 48.0 days with maximum ages of 173 and 226 days respectively. G. pallidipes females survived better than those of G. morsitans and there were indications that highest mortality of both species occurred in young flies. (9) There were no differences in age structure in catches of male flies of either species made by a particular catching method. The mean age of male G. morsitans was estimated as 14 7 days and that of G. pallidipes was about the same. (10) On the basis of calculated ages, the ratio of males to females was 1:3-26 for G.

Field Life-histories of Four Species of Calathus (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

DURING October 1950–August 1952 populations of four beetles, Calathus erratus Sahlb., C. fuscipes (Gze.), C. mollis (Marsham) and C. melanocephalus (L.), occurring together on coastal dunes in Anglesey, were sampled regularly. Callow imagos of all species were found in late May and early June, this being probably the only period of emergence, synchronous pupation having occurred throughout the populations during April. Excepting C. fuscipes, older imagos, presumably of the previous year's emergence, occurred with the callows. Both males and females of this older fraction contained ripe gametes in what is believed to have been their second summer as adults; examination of the ovaries showed that they had produced eggs at least once previously. During June and July about half the active populations of C. erratus and C. mollis consisted of the older fraction. Maximal activity for the whole adult populations occurred during July and August in C. erratus and C. fuscipes, the numbers of trapped animals then declining to the virtual disappearance of adults of these species in October. Some adults survived the winter to reappear in the following spring. C. mollis and C. melanocephalus adults, on the other hand, had their peak during September and early October; the numbers trapped decreased after this although adults were present throughout the year. In C. erratus and C. fuscipes the egg-laying season extended through July, August and September, the larvae overwintering in the final (third) instar. Egg-laying in C. mollis and C. melanocephalus occurred during Augusts–February with a peak in the autumn; overwintered adults may have laid eggs in July. In both species larvae of all three instars were found in winter. As mentioned above, pupation occurred in all four species during April. This synchrony suggests that pupation was triggered by an environmental factor; the fate of any larva not then ready to pupate is unknown.