Species In Java Research Articles

NOTES ON THE ROSEATE TERN Sterna dougallii BREEDING IN KARIMUNJAWA ISLANDS, JAVA, INDONESIA

Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii is a rare to uncommon resident and migrant species in Greater Sundas, with only a handful records in Java. On 24 May 2021, a nest containing a single egg of the species was found in Karang Ketel islet, Karimunjawa Islands and constitute the first breeding record of Roseate Tern in the area, filling the breeding information gap of the species in Java for about 80 years since it first reported. Follow up surveys after the findings carried out for three consecutive years from May 2021-June 2023, reveals the species regularly breeding in three locations, i.e., Karang Ketel islet, Karang Kapal islet, and Krakal Besar I. Breeding recorded from May to August, with only small colony of 2-20 birds present.

Specific PCR primers for rapid detection of five rat and mouse species in Java, Indonesia

Identifying rat and mouse species quickly, affordably, and accurately is crucial for effective population management, as well as for eradication or conservation purposes. However, the sheer diversity of these species poses a challenge. To address this, a molecular approach has been developed, involving the amplification of a short genetic marker from materials commonly left by the animal, such as hairs and feces. Recent available PCR primers were not suitable for the surveillance of large sample sizes. As a solution, this study designed and validated a PCR primer set capable of detecting five species of rats and mice (Mus musculus, Rattus tanezumi, Bandicota indica, Rattus tiomanicus, and Rattus argentiventer) commonly found in Java, Indonesia. The specific primers were derived from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, designed using the SP‐Designer V7.0 application, and validated using both in silico and in vitro methods. The validation results demonstrated that all five pairs of primers were highly specific, generated correct amplicons, and successfully detected the five distinct species present in a Javan mongoose feces sample. These findings are significantly important as they enable the effective detection of rat and mouse species and potentially provide valuable ecological insights from the field.

Occurrence and distribution of Badnavirus in six Piper species in Java

Badnavirus, a member of the Caulimoviridae family, is known to cause economic losses in various crops, including Piper spp. However, there is no information on Badnavirus infection in Piper spp. and its distribution in Java. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Badnavirus in Piper spp and its distribution in Java. The research included field observation, sample collection, and virus detection by PCR. A total of 96 samples of Piper spp. were collected from West Java, Central Java and Yogyakarta Province. The degenerate primer Badna FP and RP were successfully used to amplify DNA fragments of 600 bp from leaf samples. Within the Java region, six species of Piper were identified, namely P. betle, P. crocatum, P. retrofractum, P. sarmentosum, P. cubeba, and P. colubrinum. These species were found in both Bogor and Bogor Regency. In Sleman and Magelang, P. betle, P. crocatum, and P. retrofractum were present, while in Yogyakarta only P. betle and P. crocatum were found. Five species of Piper were infected by Badnavirus, except for P. colubrinum, which remained free from infection. This research was proven that Badnavirus has infected members of Piper spp. and has spread throughout the Java Region.

Short Communication: The existence of Homalomena rubescens (Araceae) in Java, Indonesia based on morphological and molecular evidence

Abstract. Irsyam ASD, Hariri MR, Kamila NN, Kurniawan MFR, Suwandhi I, Irwanto RR. 2023. Short Communication: The existence of Homalomena rubescens(Araceae) in Java, Indonesia based on morphological and molecular evidence. Biodiversitas 24: 3821-3827. Homalomena Schottis a member of Araceae family, with most species originating from Southeast Asia. Due to its stunning heart-shaped leaves and tolerance to shade, H. rubescens (Roxb.) Kunthis frequently used as an ornamental plant and is frequently found in tropical gardens. As an ornamental plant, it can escape cultivation. The existence of H. rubescens in Java has been enigmatic, and the likelihood of misidentification is high because it has morphological characteristics in common with H. pendula (Blume) Bakh.f. This research aims to confirm the presence of H. rubescens in Java, Indonesia based on examination of morphological characters and molecular analysis. An adventive population of Homalomena rubescens was found in the Babakan Siliwangi City Forest, Bandung City, West Java, as a result of a field study in 2022. Materials of the population were then collected and made into specimens in the Herbarium Bandungense for further morphological observations. Additionally, a molecular approach was used to confirm the identity. The collected specimen is unquestionably H. rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth based on morphological and molecular analysis. Therefore, in this paper, we formally announced H. rubescensas a newly naturalized species in Java, Indonesia.

A solanum beetle on a fabaceous weed: Possible rapid progress of adaptation to a novel host‐plant in a geographical context

AbstractOur knowledge on how the local distribution pattern of ordinary and novel hosts promotes or hinders the progress of adaptation to the novel hosts by phytophagous insects is limited. The herbivorous ladybird beetle Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) depends mainly on solanaceous plants as hosts; the major wild host of this beetle species in Java, Indonesia, is Solanum torvum. However, in several regions of Southeast Asia, including Java, H. vigintioctopunctata also occurs on the introduced fabaceous weed, Centrosema molle. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the use of C. molle by beetles became frequent in the very early 2000s in East Java. In the present study, based on laboratory and field data obtained from 2003 to 2005, we evaluated the degree of adaptation to C. molle by H. vigintioctopunctata populations from East Java and documented the geographic pattern of host‐plant distribution in East Java. Laboratory experiments revealed that the beetles from East Java possessed the highest degree of adaptation to C. molle among the beetle populations thus far investigated, suggesting that the adaptation to C. molle by beetles proceeded quite rapidly in East Java in the early 2000s. Meanwhile, field surveys showed that the habitats in East Java consisted of mosaics with sites where only C. molle was distributed and sites where C. molle and solanaceous plants co‐occurred. We discussed the role of such geographical structure of habitats in promoting the rapid adaptation of H. vigintioctopunctata to C. molle in East Java.

The effect of climate and land cover changes on the distribution of Actinodaphne areolata Blume, an endemic and endangered species in Java, Indonesia

Actinodaphne areolata Blume is an endemic plant in Indonesia. The minimal distribution makes this species threatened and even listed as endangered species by IUCN. Therefore, analyses of climate change and land cover change were conducted to predict the future species distribution and to determine conservation action for this species. The plant occurrences from GBIF online database and Naturalis herbarium data were collected and validated. The environmental variables used in the model were topography, vegetation, soil, and climate. All environmental variables were selected with the multicollinearity test. Prediction of future land cover using cellular automata and the future species distribution for 2050 (2041-2060) and 2070 (2061-2080) under the Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios were simulated using maximum entropy (maxent). The resulting habitat suitability prediction model has an AUC value of more than 0.92, indicating an adequate model for predicting habitat suitability for A.areolate. Environmental variables that affect the presence of A. areolata are temperature seasonality (bio4) and land cover. Land cover and climate change were estimated to impact plant distribution in the future negatively. The suitable habitat for A. areolata will gradually decrease throughout the year, so it is necessary to designate priority areas for conserving this species.

Anatomical characteristics for identification and quality indices of four promising commercial bamboo species in Java, Indonesia

The anatomical characteristics in the culms of the four promising Indonesian bamboo species, including Dendrocalamus asper, Dendrocalamus giganteus, Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris, and Bambusa vulgaris var. striata, were investigated to produce an identification key and quality indices for further effective utilization. The crystalline properties of the bamboo culm were determined using X-ray diffraction analysis. Dendrocalamus asper and Bambusa vulgaris var. striata showed vascular bundle type IV, while Dendrocalamus giganteus and Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris displayed vascular bundle type III. The vascular bundle density in the bamboo culms increased from the bottom to the top part and was higher in the outer part than in the inner part. The fiber portion and length in the outer part were higher than those in the inner part, opposite of those in the parenchyma portion. Dendrocalamus giganteus had the largest vessel and parenchyma diameter, while Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris had the smallest. Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris had the longest parenchyma, while Bambusa vulgaris var. striata and Dendrocalamus giganteus had the shortest. The outer part of the four bamboo culms showed higher relative crystallinity than the inner part. All anatomical parameters, except for crystallite width, showed a variation in the radial direction of the four bamboo culms but did not show a consistent tendency vertically. This study revealed that the anatomical properties were different between bamboo species and could be used for species identification and quality evaluation indices of the culms.

Typification and taxonomic notes of Smilacaceae species in Java

Smilacaceae is known as a taxa with wide phenotypic variation and their taxonomical complexities remain unsolved. The three species of Smilacaceae housed in Java, are given nomenclature history. Since all the potential sources of original material have been investigated, but nothing has been identified, three neotypifications were designated here. Herbarium specimen of Koorders 34990β in Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) was chosen as the neotype of Smilax klotzschii. The de Groot & Wehlburg RD52 herbarium specimen in BO was chosen as the neotype of S. nageliana and Blume 463 herbarium specimen in L was chosen as the neotype of S. odoratissima.

Asteraceae Diversity and A New Record For Java at Citalahab Village, Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park

Asteraceae is the second largest plant family in the world. The family member has reached 227 species in Java. However, there is no current record of wild Asteraceae around local village within Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park. This study is to provide current Asteraceae species data and the threat for the conservation area. Explorative method has been conducted in 6 sites. The result shows that there are 20 species found with the tribes composition are 8 Heliantheae, 6 Eupatorieae, 3 Senecioneae, 1 Astereae, 1 Cichorieae, and 1 new record Vernonieae in Java. Key identification for species are provided and the new record has been described. Most species categorized as introduced with several other categorized as invasive alien species. In conclusion, numbers of Asteraceae family has been recorded with some potential ivansive threat in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park. Regular population control and treatment are recommended in order to protect native species in the conservation area.

ALSTONIA MACROPHYLLA (APOCYNACEAE): A NEW RECORD OF NATURALIZED SPECIES IN JAVA, INDONESIA

Surianto Effendi & Wendy A. Mustaqim. 2021. Alstonia macrophylla (Apocynaceae): A New Record of Naturalized Species in Java, Indonesia. Floribunda 6(6): 207–212. — Alstonia macrophylla (Apocynaceae), a Malesian widespread species tree, here for the first time is formally reported to be naturally found in Java. The report is based on plants growing in the Ciampea limestone hills, Ciampea sub-district, west of Bogor, West Java. Description, ecology, illustration and a brief discussion regarding the occurrence state of this species as naturalized species in Java are presented. A key to Alstonia species in Java is also given.

Phenol Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb) Wood

Dalbergia latifolia or sonokeling is a native species of Java, Indonesia, used as an important wood for furniture and building materials, due to the high of durability and beautiful color. This study, therefore, aim to investigate the phenol composition, represented by total phenolic, flavonoid, and flavanol content, as well as antioxidant activity, conducted by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method on Dalbergia latifolia wood. The sample was extracted using ethanol-toluene solvent in a Soxhlet apparatus, and subsequently subjected to column chromatography. This treatment yielded 12 fractions, which were then evaluated for phenol contents and antioxidant activity. The results showed a high antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in Fr.1- Fr.3, while latifolin was detected and characterized by GC-MS and a literature comparison. Therefore, it was established that the antioxidant activity of D. latifolia wood extractives properly correlated with the total phenolic, but not with the total flavonoid and flavanol contents.

Review: Phytochemical activities of Ficus (Moraceae) in Java Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Putra KWE, Pitoyo A, Nugroho GD, Rai M, Setyawan AD. 2020. Review: Phytochemical activities of Ficus (Moraceae) in Java Island, Indonesia. Bonorowo Wetlands 10: 98-125. Ficus is a genus of about 850-900 species. Some mention more than 1000 species, making it the largest species in the family of Moraceae. There are approximately 91 species of Ficus found in Java, Indonesia. Some of them have been studied about their traditional uses and phytochemistry. This study aims to know the phytochemical activities of Ficus species in Java. We found at least 40 species of Ficus studied in phytochemistry and biological activities (majority in vitro). Alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and anthocyanins are found in almost every Ficus. The biological activities include antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, cytotoxic activity, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, anti-diabetic activities, hepatoprotective, anti-ulcer activities, wound healing, and other functions. Many species are still unexplored, especially in phytochemistry or pharmaceutical-based folklore. This could be an opportunity to study more deeply in the future.

PHYLLANTHUS MYRTIFOLIUS (MOON EX WIGHT) MULL.ARG. AND PHYLLANTHUS TENELLUS ROXB. (PHYLLANTHACEAE) IN JAVA

Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Moon ex Wight) Müll.Arg. and Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. (Phyllanthaceae) in Java. Floribunda 6(5): 188–194. — Phyllanthus L. is the largest genus in the Phyllanthaceae and consists of 1302 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. There were 20 discovered species of Phyllanthus recorded in the Flora of Java. However, additional species of Phyllanthus in Java can still be discovered in the future. Therefore, this research was aimed to report any additional information on Phyllanthus of Java. Field exploration was conducted in Bandung, Bogor, Jakarta, Sumedang, and Situbondo. Field observation resulted in the findings of two Phyllanthus additional species within the Flora of Java, namely P. myrtifolius (Moon ex Wight) Müll.Arg. and P. tenellus Roxb. P. myrtifolius was widely cultivated as an exotic ornamental plant, while P. tenellus is a newly recorded alien species to Java. The discovery of these species would increase the number of Phyllanthus species in Java.

The occurence of Croton bonplandianus in Java and a new record of Caperonia palustris for Malesia Region

Two noteworthy species belongs to the Euphorbiaceae, namely Caperonia palustris and Croton bonplandianus, have been recently collected from Java Island, West Malesia. The discovery of C. palustris is a new record for Malesia region, while C. bonplandianus is considered as a newly recorded alien species to the Flora of Java. Caperonia palustris is characterized by the glandular and non-glandular hairs on its stem and petiole, triangular to lanceolate or subulate stipules, and leaves in ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong to lanceolate shape. Croton bonplandianus differs from the previously reported species in Java, C. hirtus, by its non-irritating hairs on the stem, sessile basal leaf glands, leaf margin with simple serration, and ellipsoid fruit. Descriptions and a brief discussion are given.

Species diversity and threats on the habitat of Vatica javanica in the Ciangir Forest, Indonesia

Vatica javanica is one of the endemic dipterocarp species in Java. It is highly prioritized to be conserved and categorized as critically endangered A1cd, D ver 2.3 based on International Union for Conservation of Nature red list. There is still a lack of ecological study related to this Javan endemic dipterocarp. At the national level, V. javanica is categorized as critical EN A2cd; B2ab (ii, iii) ver.4.0. Information on the current population condition is essential to support the baseline data for the conservation effort of the species. To investigate the species diversity and threats in V. javanica’s natural habitat, we established 26 transects of 20m x 50m based on the V. javanica’ occurrence and identified all the plant species (d = >1cm) composed V. javanica’s population. V. javanica was only found at four out of 26 transects in the Ciangir forest, Kuningan District, West Java, Indonesia. The result showed that the species diversity in this population was very high, Simpson diversity index (α) = 0.96. Furthermore, based on the result of the critical value index (IVI), the population was dominated by V. javanica (20.97), Ficus sp. (11.01), Eurya acuminata (11.01), Dillenia obovata (10.72), and Lithocarpus sundaicus (10.31). This study identified that natural (landslides) and human intervention (land conversion) as the major threats for the species.

Pemodelan Kesesuaian Habitat Katak Serasah (Leptobrachium hasseltii Tschudi 1838) dengan Sistem Informasi Geografis di Pulau Jawa

Hasselt’s litter frogs (Leptobrachium hasseltii Tschudi 1838) is a wide spread species in Java and Sumatra, but there is no specific distribution map for this species. The purpose of this study is to identify the distribution of hasselt’s litter frogs in Java and examine the suitability of it’s using maxent. We used presence data and environment variables consisting of elevation, slope, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), distance from the river, temperature, precipitation, and land cover to evelop the distribution model of this species. Hasselt’s litter frogs in Java depends on forested area with a wide range of elevation (lowland to mountain forests), moderate slope, temperature between 20-21oC and rainfall over 2500 mm/year. The highest number of frogs are found in secondary forest land cover, as supported by NDVI values between 0.8 to 0.9 and relatively close to the river. Habitat model constructed are robust with AUC (Area Under Curve) value of 0.951. Environmental variables that most affectted habitat for hasselt’s litter frog are land cover, temperature, and slope.

Short Communication: Characterization of Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae associated with five Dendrobium species in Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Soelistijono R, Utami DS, Daryanti, Faizin M, Dian R. 2020. Plankton biodiversity in various typologies of inundation in Paminggir swamp, South Kalimantan, Indonesia on dry season. Biodiversitas 21: 1007-1011. This study aims to determine the morphological and anatomical characteristics of Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae associated with the roots of five Dendrobium species; to determine the association between Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae with the root of five Dendrobium sp.; to obtain difference between Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae with the other in adjacent location Mycorrhizal observations of Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae in this study were carried out macroscopically (morphologically) and microscopically (anatomically). The macroscopic observation was performed by observing directly the development of fungal colonies on culture media. Microscopic observations were performed to determine the shape of the hyphal of fungi and the number of nuclei. The results showed that the Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae associated with the root of five species of Dendrobium sp. in Java were the binucleate Rhizoctonia groups (BNR). The binucleate Rhizoctonia has white colonies, right-angle branching hyphae, two nuclei, and brown hyphae. The association of the root of five species of Dendrobium sp.with Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizae fungi was indicated by the existence of a peloton structure in cortical root tissue.

(2731) Proposal to reject the name Chloranthus elatior (Chloranthaceae)

(2731) Proposal to reject the name <i>Chloranthus elatior</i> (<i>Chloranthaceae</i>)

Keanekaragaman Lumut di Kawasan Cagar Alam Dungus Iwul, Jasinga, Jawa Barat

Exploration and collection of the mosses species in Dungus Iwul Nature Reserve were conducted. Thirty eight species including 26 genera and 11 families were recorded. Three species had categories as endemic species i.e Fissidens teysmannianus and Orthomnion javense as endemic species in Java and Hyophila javensis as endemic species in Malesia. Ctenidium lychnites was recorded also as new species record in Java.

Revisiting species boundaries and distribution ranges of Nemacheilus spp. (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) and Rasbora spp. (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in Java, Bali and Lombok through DNA barcodes: implications for conservation in a biodiversity hotspot

Biodiversity hotspots have provided useful geographic proxies for conservation efforts. Delineated from a few groups of animals and plants, biodiversity hotspots do not reflect the conservation status of freshwater fishes. With hundreds of new species described on a yearly basis, fishes constitute the most poorly known group of vertebrates. This situation urges for an acceleration of the fish species inventory through fast and reliable molecular tools such as DNA barcoding. The present study focuses on the freshwater fishes diversity in the Sundaland biodiversity hotspot in Southeast Asia. Recent studies evidenced large taxonomic gaps as well as unexpectedly high levels of cryptic diversity, particularly so in the islands of Java and Bali. The Cypriniformes genera Rasbora and Nemacheilus account for most of the endemic species in Java and Bali, however their taxonomy is plagued by confusion about species identity and distribution. This study examines the taxonomic status of the Rasbora and Nemacheilus species in Java, Bali and Lombok islands through DNA barcodes, with the objective to resolve taxonomic confusion and identify trends in genetic diversity that can be further used for conservation matters. Several species delimitation methods based on DNA sequences were used and confirmed the status of most species, however several cases of taxonomic confusion and two new taxa are detected. Mitochondrial sequences argue that most species range distributions currently reported in the literature are inflated due to erroneous population assignments to the species level, and further highlight the sensitive conservation status of most Rasbora and Nemacheilus species on the islands of Java, Bali and Lombok.