Specific Dictionary Research Articles

Obraz nienawiści w polszczyźnie (w świetle danych leksykograficznych)

The article is an attempt to construct a partial image of hate in Polish, following the principles of Lublin cognitive ethnolinguistics. The data come from general and specialized dictionaries of Polish, specifically concerning the words nienawidzić ‘to hate’ and nienawiść ‘hatred, hate’: their contemporary and earlier forms and meanings, typical uses, relationships to other lexemes (synonyms, antonyms), collocations and other multi-word units. The analysis has revealed the most entrenched (in Polish and the minds of its speakers) descriptive and evaluative aspects of the concept of hate. It has been found that hate is a feeling that arises primarily in relation to other people, and secondarily to reality at large. It is caused by a negative attitude to and evaluation of the object(s) of hate, triggering unpleasent experiences in the person who feels it. This, in turn, leads to an emotional, intellectual, and volitional stance, characterized by a profound dislike towards the object of hate, and even a will to cause harm. Hate is a strong and violent feeling (similar to fire), uncontrollable and depriving people who feel it of a rational assessment of the situation. It is long-lasting but also internally dynamic: its intensity may rise or fall, subject to change depending on the action taken.

A framework for detection and mitigation of cyber criminal activities using university networks in Kazakhstan

Abstract. The increasing number of information security incidents in higher education underscores the urgent need for robust cybersecurity measures. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework designed to analyze the illegal use of internet resources in university networks in Kazakhstan. The subject of this article is the detection and mitigation of cybercriminal activities using university networks in Kazakhstan. The goal is to develop a comprehensive framework that integrates multiple educational organizations to enhance collaborative security efforts by monitoring network activity and categorizing texts using machine learning techniques. The tasks to be solved are: to formalize the procedure of integrating multiple educational organizations into a collaborative cybersecurity framework; developing a log analysis tool tailored for monitoring network activities within university networks; creating a novel dictionary of extremist terms in the Kazakh language for text categorization; to implement advanced machine learning models for network traffic classification. The methods used are: log analysis tools for real-time monitoring and anomaly detection in network activities, Natural language processing (NLP) techniques to develop a specialized dictionary of extremist terms in Kazakh, Machine learning models to classify network traffic and detect potential cyber threats, and collaborative architecture design to integrate network security efforts across multiple institutions. The following results were obtained: a comprehensive log analysis tool was developed and implemented, providing real-time monitoring of network activities in university networks; a dictionary of extremist terms in Kazakh was created, facilitating the categorization and analysis of texts related to potential security threats; advanced machine learning models were successfully applied to classify network traffic, enhancing the detection and mitigation of cyber threats; and an experimental architecture integrating multiple educational organizations was established, fostering collaborative efforts in cybersecurity. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is as follows: 1) a robust framework for collaborative cybersecurity in educational institutions was developed, leveraging log analysis and machine learning techniques; 2) the creation of a specialized dictionary of extremist terms in Kazakh significantly improved the accuracy of text categorization related to cybersecurity; 3) the application of advanced machine learning models to network traffic classification provided a methodological approach to effectively managing and securing network infrastructure effectively; 4) the experimental architecture demonstrated the potential for enhanced security through collaboration among educational organizations, offering strategic recommendations for improving information security in academic environments. The outcomes of this research contribute to the broader cybersecurity field by providing a structured approach to detecting and mitigating cyber threats in educational contexts. The proposed framework has potential applications extending to global security frameworks, aiming to foster a safer internet usage environment and reduce the risks associated with cyber threats and unauthorized data access.

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF RENDERING ENGLISH SUBSTANDARD VOCABULARY INTO RUSSIAN IN AUDIO-VISUAL TRANSLATION (BASED ON THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE FILM “LOCK, STOCK AND TWO SMOKING BARRELS”)

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF RENDERING ENGLISH SUBSTANDARD VOCABULARY INTO RUSSIAN IN AUDIO-VISUAL TRANSLATION (BASED ON THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE FILM “LOCK, STOCK AND TWO SMOKING BARRELS”)

Leksikos vartosenos tyrimai ir leksikografinė praktika

The article presents research on the usage of Lithuanian lexis and lexicographical works on the Lithuanian language from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day. It reveals how scientific research has been related to academic activity and lexicographic work (data gathering, analysis, dictionary development), and vice versa. Talking about the early and mid-20th century, the focus lies on the well-grounded articles on appropriate language use by Kazimieras Būga and on the preparation of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”, as well as on Jonas Jablonskis’ interest in the standard language, creation of new words, his work on the dictionary of Antanas Juška and his reviews of earlier dictionaries. Jablonskis’ own “Mūsų žodynėlis” [Our Dictionary] is also briefly discussed. Further on, the article talks about the work of Juozas Balčikonis and the beginnings of the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”. Particular mention is made of Pranas Skardžius’ and Antanas Salys’ research on word structure and usage. In addition, various articles in language journals as well as the structure and editorial principles of the journal “Kalbos patarėjas” are reviewed. The research in the Soviet era is mainly associated with the lexicographical activities of Jonas Kruopas and Kazys Ulvydas and the editorial work on both the (historical) “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” and the “Dictionary of the Present Lithuanian Language”. The research interest of this period lies primarily in the analysis of lexical structure and systemic relations, whereas publication activity focuses on editing special dictionaries (such as dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, valency, phraseology, and comparisons), and the publication of textbooks and monographs in the field of lexicology. The article gives an overview of studies that analyse the development and change of various lexical items, describe different semantic groups, language variation, and its phrasal components. Furthermore, lexical databases and the information system e.kalba are given an overview. The main focus here lies on reviewing lexical research and lexicographical projects carried out in the 1990s and the early 21st century, and on revealing lexicographical problems.

Online Sparse Representation Clustering for Evolving Data Streams.

Data stream clustering can be performed to discover the patterns underlying continuously arriving sequences of data. A number of data stream clustering algorithms for finding clusters in arbitrary shapes and handling outliers, such as density-based clustering algorithms, have been proposed. However, these algorithms are often limited in their ability to construct and merge microclusters by measuring the Euclidean distances between high-dimensional data objects, e.g., transferring valuable knowledge from historical landmark windows to the current landmark window, and exploiting evolving subspace structures adaptively. We propose an online sparse representation clustering (OSRC) method to learn an affinity matrix for evaluating the relationships among high-dimensional data objects in evolving data streams. We first introduce a low-dimensional projection (LDP) into sparse representation to adaptively reduce the potential negative influence associated with the noise and redundancy contained in high-dimensional data. Then, we take advantage of the l2,1 -norm optimization technique to choose the appropriate number of representative data objects and form a specific dictionary for sparse representation. The specific dictionary is integrated into sparse representation to adaptively exploit the evolving subspace structures of the high-dimensional data objects. Moreover, the data object representatives from the current landmark window can transfer valuable knowledge to the next landmark window. The experimental results based on a synthetic dataset and six benchmark datasets validate the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to that of state-of-the-art methods for data stream clustering.

중국 자전에 대한 문화연구적 접근

The main purpose of this work is to present a new approach based on cultural studies to Chinese dictionaries and related studies, which is accomplished by means of overcoming the limitation of existing methods. Here, the limitation refers in fact to the wall that stands firmly on the base of micro-inquiry or quantitative research on a specific dictionary, blocking the expansion and deepening of Chinese dictionary research. The overcoming implies a new method of identifying both universality and specificity of the dictionary through a macroscopic yet comprehensive exploration carried out for the overall political-economic and socio-cultural conditions of the time in which the social production of the dictionary was actually made possible. In this respect, the relationship between continuity and discontinuity is examined, analyzed, and explained in the framework of multi-layered transition of history, and so do the universality and specificity of a given Chinese dictionary in those of formation discursive and contemporary system of knowledge production. Lastly, it is expected that the multi-dialecticization of continuity-discontinuity and universality-specificity will present a new perspective on Chinese dictionaries and related research as a window to look into Chinese civilization and society.

Creating specialised dictionaries using LexO

Abstract Although the contribution of linguistics to terminology is widely recognized today, there remains a lack of tools allowing the construction of specialized dictionaries that deal with both the conceptual and the linguistic dimension of the terms. In this paper we present LexO, a collaborative web editor that was built with the aim of filling this gap. The guiding principles of LexO are the following: i) to allow terminologists to define the morphological, syntactic and semantic features of a term, w.r.t. the traditional onomasiological perspective; ii) to adhere to the open science philosophy and to the FAIR principles, so to create specialized dictionaries that can be shared and reused within the scientific community.

Cultural specificities of online dictionaries for English learners: Evidence from a user survey and a multimodal discourse analysis

Abstract This study examines three popular e-dictionary platforms using a quantitative user survey coupled with a qualitative multimodal discourse analysis (MDA): Chinese Youdao, Cambridge English-Mandarin Chinese Dictionary (Cambridge), and the Free Dictionary (FD). The survey (N = 478) revealed that, despite its language flaws, Youdao was preferred by most Chinese EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners mainly due to its search functionality and personalization. In contrast, English majors and postgraduates preferred Cambridge for its reliability and multimodal resources. FD ranked the lowest in popularity mainly for perceived inconvenience of searching and less accessibility of personalized functions. Multinomial logistic regressions and structural equation modelling showed that dictionary selection by users was contingent upon their perception of its features and their use strategies. Furthermore, MDA revealed how each dictionary contributed to the construction of a cultural identity. Youdao seemed to be a toolbox for personal use, with raw texts of varying quality, but with a clear and practical vision, in addition to customization options. Cambridge portrayed itself as a welcoming language community through appealing imagery, interactive options, and diverse navigational styles. FD was comparable to a dynamic and cluttered library, archiving large blocks of hyperlinked texts and word lists accompanied by musical animations. In brief, multimodal and cultural factors partially explained Chinese EFL learners’ preferences for a specific dictionary, highlighting the importance of adaptation to the linguistic and cultural background of the user, including customization. A general cultural and semiotic framework is proposed to examine the representation of cultural identity in e-dictionaries.

THE THEME OF NEGATION IN THE VERBALIZED FIELD OF THE CONCEPT OF LAZINESS

The article is focused on the peculiarities of the verbalization of LAZINESS concept. The relevance of the paper is determined by the fact that the priority direction of linguistic cognitivism is currently the study of verbalized concepts. Conceptualization as one of the main processes of human cognitive activity is aimed at understanding information in the person’s mind in order to reveal the content of concepts. The purpose of the article is an exhaustive definition of the verbal means of actualizing the theme of negation, compiling a list of defining features that actualize this negation in the verbalized field of the LAZINESS concept. In the paper, semes are considered to be the smallest components of the nominative field, it is emphasized that with the help of splitting the seme into its components, the detailed seme composition of a concept is formed and described. 456 definitions of 21 adjectives in 8 dictionaries have been analyzed. The data were subjected to further definitional analysis, which has demonstated the leading role of the semantic component of the denial of something, the absence of something. In the course of the research, a synonymous series of English lexemes, mainly adjectives united by the theme of lazy, was formed, luding the adjective lazy, as well as words that dictionaries define as its synonyms. The article analyzes the definitions of the lexical unit lazy in English-language specialized dictionaries; the seme analysis of the semantic parcel of negation as part of the nominative field of the verbalized concept of LAZINESS has been carried out. It has turned out that half of the analyzed dictionary definitions have in their composition the negation of a certain quality, state, action. This negation is verbalized by the particle not, the noun lack or participle lacking, the particle no, the preposition without, the prefixes in- and un-, the suffix -less, the prefix dis-, the adjective averse, the prefix ir-, the adverb less, the prefix non-, and the pronoun nothing. The article offers the quantitative representation of the negation seme in the definitions of adjectives-synonyms of the seme LAZY.

Matching pursuit algorithm for cement evaluation behind the casing

The oil and gas sector makes extensive use of ultrasonic tool technology for casing and cement examination for well integrity. This requires the determination of the thickness of the casing, its internal structure, and the mechanical properties of the cement behind the casing. In essence an ultrasonic instrument analyses the ultrasonic pulse echoes returned off the internal surface of the casing. To determine the acoustic impedance of the material behind the casing, it can be difficult to distinguish between the primary reflection from the interior surface of the casing and the ones due to the ringing inside the casing wall itself. The primary reflection offers details regarding the internal geometry of the casing, and the decay of the energy within the casing wall reveals more about how well the cement is bonded to the casing. The ultrasonic signals that the transducer receives when it functions as a receiver are easily contaminated by noise, or part of the reflection may be blocked, or the main waveform and the many ringing waveforms are difficult to separate. As a result, the echo signals will have frequency and phase drift or be deformed. To address the various energy packets and extract the pertinent component independently, a matching pursuit algorithm was developed with a specific dictionary to deal with the different energy packets and extract the relevant component separately. The algorithm was tested on simulated and field data.

Paraphrase and Definition: Two Translation Techniques in Conveying Islamic Economic and Financial Terminology in Arabic-English Dictionaries

This paper aims to investigate the frequency of two prevailing translation techniques in the bilingual lexicographic context, which analyzes the Arabic and English writings with a specific focus on Islamic financial and economic terms (IFETs). Furthermore, it attempts to report the preferences of dictionary users who are either translators or translation students. For this purpose, a monolingual dictionary specialized in IFETs was carried out to conduct the analysis, out of which, one hundred terms were randomly selected. These terms were analyzed referentially and technically. Additionally, a search of translational equivalents in two Arabic-English specialized dictionaries was carried out. The IFETs with no entries in the said bilingual dictionaries were rendered into English by using two translation techniques, namely paraphrasing and definition techniques. The results revealed that paraphrasing using a related word was the most frequently used technique than the definition technique. The meanings of 31 terms were adequately conveyed via paraphrasing technique, while only one term was translated with a definition technique. Thus, this study pointed out the pertinent role of the paraphrasing technique in solving the untranslatability of many deeply cultural-bound terms. However, a preliminary survey was conducted to fulfill this study's second aim, which showed that most of the respondents preferred to utilize definitional technique, instead of paraphrasing.

Nomination in the feminine aspect: Traditions and innovations in the Russian, Tatar and English languages

This article discusses the features characterizing the nominations of women that have developed in the linguistic system of the Russian, English and Tatar languages and determines the trends of modern word formation in relation to the name of the woman. These nominations are based on the agentive nouns of the Russian, English and Tatar languages with the meaning of femininity. The difficulty of studying this issue lies in the fact that nouns, denoting the female gender, are not always recorded in normative and special dictionaries, which reduces the possibility of assessing the usual or occasional nature of a particular lexical unit. Proceeding from this provision, we did not carry out the analysis of the fixed units with respect to this feature; however, the study uses the data on the frequency of the phenomenon presented in the corpus of the corresponding language. The article discusses the issues of word-formation that characterize this group of nouns and draws conclusions about the development trends in this area of nominations. The study is based on lexical units denoting the nominations of the woman and fixed by the corpora of the corresponding language in the period from 2000 to 2021. These units were selected by automated sampling and manually cross-checked. At the same time, we conducted a comparative analysis of this phenomenon in the Russian, English and Tatar languages to identify development trends. The study found that both traditional suffixes and new elements are used as word-building formants, which modify and supplement the meaning of the name based on their own semantics. The trend towards the absence of gender differentiation in a person’s professional nominations is more characteristic of the English language.

The Use of Dictionaries in Teaching Arabic language: A Descriptive Analytical Research paper on the Procedures of using Dictionaries in the Islamic Institutions in Aceh- Indonesia

This paper aims at: 1- Knowing the types of dictionaries in Arabic language, 2- Knowing the mostly used dictionarie at the Islamic institution in Aceh, and 3- showing how to use dictionaries in teaching Arabic language at the Islamic institutions in Aceh. The applied is the qualitative descriptive analytical approach is adopted.The paper concludes that dictionaries are divided according to subjects into three categories: linguistic, encyclopedic and historic dictionaries. According to the languages used, dictionaries are classified into Unilingual, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries. According to their subjects, dictionaries are classified into General, and special dictionaries and according to arrangement they are classified into alphabetic and subject dictionaries. As for form, they are classified into paper dictionaries and digital dictionaries.

Рефлексия латиноамериканских социолектов в репрезентации культурно-общного языкового ареала

The article presents an overview of the most widespread Latin-American sociolects (Argentine Lunfardo, Colombian Parlache and Costa Rican Pachuco-Malespin) as well as a comparative analysis of the reflection of social realia based on them. Currently, the existing methodological framework of sociolect studies is being enriched. The emergence, functioning and influence of sociolects as factors of the society’s development are not only indicators of the ethnocultural evolution, but also signs of social transformations, which are reflected in culture and dictionaries, thus requiring turning to the theory of nominative acts. Word formation is represented by various techniques, such as syllabic inversion, truncation and lengthening of a stem, word composition, word doubling, and resemantization. The processes of sociolect dialogical interaction in the thematic lexicons of Lunfardo, Parlache and Malespin are considered. The taxonomy, usage and spread of these sociolects emphasize the social markedness they have acquired as numerous neologisms are produced: from universals to notions of various spheres of human activity. The practice-oriented study of the emergence and development of sociolects confirmed their use as a language-game, a secret language as a strategic tool in wartime, a conspiratorial language as a sign of belonging to a certain closed social group, etc. The functionality of sociolects has led to the creation and updating of specific dictionaries. Another thing Lunfardo, Parlache and Malespin have in common is cumbia, which is а popular genre of folk music in Latin America that originated in Colombia, but gained recognition throughout the continent. Its several variations reflect the identity of social environments, of which particular genres of cumbia are characteristic. The material under study is a rich palette for further interdisciplinary research with its obvious relevance considering the current conditions and trends in international relations.

Typological Analysis of Digital Indo-Arabic Research Terms Dictionary with a Lexicographical Approach

Today, printed dictionaries are less attractive to their users. Even though dictionaries are significant in learning languages, especially foreign ones, technological developments have led to the emergence of dictionaries in digital form with various conveniences. This study aims to: 1) find out the typology of digital ”Kamus Istilah Penelitian Indo-Arab” based on a lexicographical approach, 2) find out the ideal criteria contained in the ”Kamus Istilah Penelitian Indo-Arab.” The data collection technique used in this article is library documentation with the dictionary application as the source. The results of this article are: 1) ”Kamus Istilah Penelitian Indo-Arab” is included in the typology of bilingual or bilingual dictionaries, special dictionaries, alphabetical dictionaries, and limited thematic dictionaries. 2) this dictionary meets the criteria of an ideal dictionary, namely completeness, brevity, accuracy, and ease of explanation.

Urban vs Rural: The Young Generation's Understanding of the Lexicon of Subak (Balinese Traditional Irrigation System)

This study aimed at exploring the lexicon of Subak which defines as the traditional Balinese Irrigation System written in the Balinese texts and at analyzing the Balinese young generation's understanding of the lexicon. This research was conducted using a mixed-method research model with an exploratory sequential design. Qualitative data were collected through documentation and interview techniques. The researcher collected eleven ancient manuscripts and interviewed five informants, two ancient manuscript experts, and three Subak leaders, who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Quantitative data was collected using a test on the Subak lexicon to 100 high school students in cities and 100 students in villages. These students were selected using simple random sampling. The collected qualitative data was analyzed using an interactive data analysis model. While the qualitative data from the test results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests. This study found that there were 110 lexicons which were grouped into five categories, namely: management of subak, rituals, tools and techniques for planting rice, animals and plants in rice fields, and traditional Balinese rice field infrastructure. In terms of the young generation’s understanding, it was found that there was a significant difference between the understanding of students in the village and the city, which means that the location where they live affects the understanding. Even though the different levels of understanding differed significantly, in general, their understanding was still relatively low. From these findings, it can be concluded that Subak has various special lexicons, but the younger generation of Bali does not understand these lexicons well.

Jauns termins labi zināmam jēdzienam valodā, literatūrā, kultūrā – poetonīms

The aim of the article is to introduce a new term in the Latvian language – poetonīms ‘poetonym’ – which would give one name to a set of proper names of fiction, which are used both in other works of art and in the description of cultural and artistic developments, phenomena, images, both in general lexicon and special lexicon, including terminology. In the proper name system of the Latvian language, the place and usefulness of a new term, which names a well-known concept, a set of proper names from fiction, is identified, marked and explained. It covers not only the set of personal names, but is also related to other proper names – toponyms, ethnonyms, zoonyms, patronymics, matronymics, chrononyms, etc. The term poetonīms was not created in the Latvian language, it has parts of speech characteristic of internationalism, and it is introduced by referring to the works of the Ukrainian philologist Valery Kalinkin. Methodologically, the article is based on cognitive onomastics, which combines the theory of onomastics and the theory of cognitive linguistics. Cognitive onomastics analyses the functioning of proper names in the minds of language users, emphasising the existence of the lexical meaning of proper names alongside the pragmatic aspect. The term biblionīms ‘biblionym’ is also applied as the name of a related concept – a proper name that comes from the Bible.

Linguistic features of communication in Ukrainian

The establishment of the language in the country should occur under conditions providing relevant linguistic support for this process, as well as proper legal support, for which unique instructional techniques for communication should be used. In Ukraine, in-depth contrastive studies of contact languages are used to successfully implement this process. Contrastive vocabulary dictionaries are created. Interpretive and translation dictionaries are being improved, including both general language and specialized ones. Along with this, special dictionaries are also being expanded due to units illustrating the grammatical properties of the Ukrainian language. The purpose of the academic paper is to systematize information regarding studying issues in the scientific literature related to the linguistic features of the communication process in the Ukrainian language, as well as to clarify their most significant practical aspects. Analytical-bibliographical, systemic-structural, comparative, logical- linguistic methods, analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction were used in the course of the research to study scientific literature on issues related to the Ukrainian language’s linguistic features. At the same time, a questionnaire was used to practically clarify certain aspects of communication in Ukrainian from the perspective of its linguistic characteristics. Based on the research results, the theoretical fundamentals, concepts and main trends in the linguistic field were studied, as well as the survey results on the linguistic aspects of the communication process in the Ukrainian language were discussed.

English as a Foreign Language University (EFL) Students’ Perception of Dictionary Use and Training

This article examines students’ perceptions of dictionary use and training in English as a Foreign Language (EFL). The needs of English as a foreign language students in terms of specific dictionary types have received little attention. This research was conducted with 48 English as a foreign language students at a public university in Costa Rica over a year. The researcher used a survey (Appendix 1) to collect students’ opinions about the role of the dictionary in their major. Data indicates that: 1) not all dictionary types are known and used by students, 2) students favor the electronic dictionary over the paper dictionary, and 3) dictionary instruction is weak despite its perceived importance by learners. These conclusions are consistent with the literature surveyed. Furthermore, students’ opinions suggest that dictionary instruction and exposure have not been adequately approached in the language educational program. These results should advance new educational policies that promote the systematic and progressive inclusion of dictionary instruction across the study plan.

Face Recognition Method under Adaptive Image Matching and Dictionary Learning Algorithm.

In this research, a robust face recognition method based on adaptive image matching and a dictionary learning algorithm was proposed. A Fisher discriminant constraint was introduced into the dictionary learning algorithm program so that the dictionary had certain category discrimination ability. The purpose was to use this technology to reduce the influence of pollution, absence, and other factors on face recognition and improve the recognition rate. The optimization method was used to solve the loop iteration to obtain the expected specific dictionary, and the selected specific dictionary was used as the representation dictionary in adaptive sparse representation. In addition, if a specific dictionary was placed in a seed space of the original training data, the mapping matrix can be used to represent the mapping relationship between the specific dictionary and the original training sample, and the test sample could be corrected according to the mapping matrix to remove the contamination in the test sample. Moreover, the feature face method and dimension reduction method were used to process the specific dictionary and the corrected test sample, and the dimensions were reduced to 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150, respectively. In this research, the recognition rate of the algorithm in 50 dimensions was lower than that of the discriminatory low-rank representation method (DLRR), and the recognition rate in other dimensions was the highest. The adaptive image matching classifier was used for classification and recognition. The experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm had a good recognition rate and good robustness against noise, pollution, and occlusion. Health condition prediction based on face recognition technology has the advantages of being noninvasive and convenient operation.