Special Agent Research Articles

Kinetics of Hydrolytic Depolymerization of Textile Waste Containing Polyester

Textile products comprise approximately 10% of the total global carbon footprint. Standard practice is to discard apparel textile waste after use, which pollutes the environment. There are professional collectors, charity organizations, and municipalities that collect used apparel and either resell or donate them. Non-reusable apparel is partially recycled, mainly through incineration or processed as solid waste during landfilling. More than 60 million tons of textiles are burnt or disposed of in landfills annually. The main aim of this paper is to model the heterogeneous kinetics of hydrolysis of multicomponent textile waste containing polyester (polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers), by using water without special catalytic agents or hazardous and costly chemicals. This study aims to contribute to the use of closed-loop technology in this field, which will reduce the associated negative environmental impact. The polyester part of waste is depolymerized into primary materials, namely monomers and intermediates. Reaction kinetic models are developed for two mechanisms: (i) the surface reaction rate controlling the hydrolysis and (ii) the penetrant in terms of the solid phase rate controlling the hydrolysis. A suitable kinetic model for mono- and multicomponent fibrous blends hydrolyzed in neutral and acidic conditions is chosen by using a regression approach. This approach can also be useful for the separation of cotton/polyester or wool/polyester blends in textile waste using the acid hydrolysis reaction, as well as the application of high pressure and the neutral hydrolysis of polyester to recover primary monomeric constituents.

Lithuania‘s relations with the West within the KGB Web

The mechanisms for maintaining control of the Soviet territory and information, the so-called ‘Iron Curtain’, were very diverse (political, legal, coercive, agency networking) and were supported by certain institutions. The aim will be to describe the role played by this institution in controlling relations with the West during personal, tourist trips both domestically and abroad, and on official missions. The Soviet system sought to classify information that could damage the image of the Soviet-as-advanced system and reveal strategically important (political, economic, military, social) information that the West could supposedly use against it. Therefore, it was important that sensitive information would not be known by persons staying in Lithuania and that it would not be disseminated by Lithuanians going abroad. In view of this, the procedure of movement of foreigners on the territory of Lithuania (what cities and sites were allowed to be visited, with which people communication was allowed) and the rules of the presence of Lithuanians abroad (tourists, missions, etc.) were drawn up. To achieve these objectives, the KGB used its own methods: operational-technical tools, agency network and various instructions. According to the KGB, the greatest threat from arrivals was potential espionage, so all attention was paid to preventing possible espionage. The KGB, using all its means, had been monitoring where foreigners were going, who they were communicating with and how they behaved. Diplomats and journalists arriving in the country were particularly scrutinized. They were almost automatically equated with special service agents, as were scientists and industry professionals. The control of the movement and communication of foreigners with the local population was to be ensured by agents accompanying them, trusted persons (guides, interpreters, bus drivers, restaurant and hotel workers), disguised workers working incognito, and secret operational technical devices. The KGB’s intelligence agency activities were no less important than the fight against the regime’s internal enemies. It included not only espionage, but also propaganda-disinformation campaigns in the West. The agents were the eyes of the KGB and the perpetrators of their plans abroad. It was important for them to protect Soviet citizens from Western temptations, recruitment and escape, as this could damage the image of the Soviet system and allow for the flow of important information to the West. However, the facts of the violation of the order of the presence of tourists in Lithuania, and the cases of escape of Soviet citizens, recorded by the KGB, show that even the KGB did not have such opportunities to follow each tourist, prevent espionage and reveal the potential intentions of departing persons. It was even more difficult to control the departing Lithuanians, as evidenced by the escapes to the West, even by KGB agents.

Visual Reasoning and Multi-Agent Approach in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs): Solving TSP and mTSP Combinatorial Challenges

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) harness comprehensive knowledge spanning text, images, and audio to adeptly tackle complex problems. This study explores the ability of MLLMs in visually solving the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem (mTSP) using images that portray point distributions on a two-dimensional plane. We introduce a novel approach employing multiple specialized agents within the MLLM framework, each dedicated to optimizing solutions for these combinatorial challenges. We benchmarked our multi-agent model solutions against the Google OR tools, which served as the baseline for comparison. The results demonstrated that both multi-agent models—Multi-Agent 1, which includes the initializer, critic, and scorer agents, and Multi-Agent 2, which comprises only the initializer and critic agents—significantly improved the solution quality for TSP and mTSP problems. Multi-Agent 1 excelled in environments requiring detailed route refinement and evaluation, providing a robust framework for sophisticated optimizations. In contrast, Multi-Agent 2, focusing on iterative refinements by the initializer and critic, proved effective for rapid decision-making scenarios. These experiments yield promising outcomes, showcasing the robust visual reasoning capabilities of MLLMs in addressing diverse combinatorial problems. The findings underscore the potential of MLLMs as powerful tools in computational optimization, offering insights that could inspire further advancements in this promising field.

Disinformation on the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine War: Two sides of the same coin?

Recently, Europe has been embroiled in serious disinformation crises. In 2020, the WHO declared the term “infodemic” due to the massive increase in hoaxes about the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine was dubbed the first digital world war. In this context, this research aims to establish similarities and differences between disinformation disseminated in Europe related to the pandemic during 2020–2021 and the war between Russia and Ukraine throughout 2022–2023. The methodology is based on triangulation, combining quantitative content analysis of fact-checking publications (N = 812) from eight fact-checkers representing four European countries (Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Poland) and qualitative interviews with specialized agents (N = 8). Regarding the main findings, the frequency and nature of verified hoaxes during critical events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine conflict, are closely intertwined with peaks in current events. Initially, both crises saw a surge in hoax verifications, but this trend gradually declined, particularly in the case of the Ukraine conflict. Hoaxes related to the pandemic were primarily disseminated in written form, whereas the complexities of the Russian-Ukraine war hindered widespread hoax dissemination in an audiovisual way. The typology of hoaxes correlated with their format, with fabricated content predominant in pandemic hoaxes and out-of-context images prevalent in those related to the conflict. Social media, notably Facebook and X (Twitter), emerged as the primary platforms for hoax dissemination, overshadowing traditional media channels. In both events, disinformation aimed to provoke emotional responses and polarize audiences, emphasizing the role of social networks in amplifying disinformation during crises.

Insertion trauma and functional recovery after cochlear implantation

The cochlear implant is considered one of the most successful medical devices. The efficiency and cost-effectiveness of implants making a difference in the life of a person with hearing loss is well recognized. There are approximately 750,000 implant patients worldwide. While implant technology is advancing and clinical indications continue to expand, the focus is increasingly shifting towards improving outcomes and enhancing the quality of patient care. Of particular relevance today is the preservation of delicate intracochlear structures during implant surgery, which provides the best prerequisite for successful hearing rehabilitation. In this regard, the article is devoted to the consideration of peculiarities and methods of detection of tissue traumatization during cochlear implantation, as well as the possibilities of functional recovery after implantation. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic literature search, which was conducted using PubMed Medline, methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and grouping, investigation of the results of radiological and histological studies. The analysis describes the possibilities and potential of using contrast-enhanced micro-CT with simultaneous application of a special polyoxometalate staining agent to analyze cochlear implant injuries. Special attention is paid to the prospects of using a robotic surgical instrument that assists the surgeon in the insertion of the electrode array. The advantage of using the growth function of the amplitude of the evoked compound action potential to assess functional responses to electrical stimulation of the cochlea is also noted. Further studies of the geometry of intracochlear structures and compartments will allow developing new and improved electrode designs and introducing atraumatic surgical techniques for cochlear implant insertion.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN NIGERIA

Studies show that the low level of economic development in countries occasioned by high income inequality levels may be addressed by financial inclusion policies via providing increased access and availability of formal financial services to the financially excluded segment of the economy. This paper investigates the extent to which this is applicable in Nigeria using the Auto regressive distributed lag estimation technique on time series data for the period 1985 to 2019. The results, consistent with the special agent theory of financial inclusion, show that financial inclusion significantly reduce the income inequality gap in Nigeria. Furthermore, the results also suggest that education and economic growth lowers the gap while population widens the gap. Based on this, the study recommends that policy makers in Nigeria put in more efforts to achieve the set target rate of financial inclusion as well put in place population reducing polices to further reduce the gap while promoting policies that will actualise the potentials of the other indices.

Nonequilibrium phase transitions and absorbing states in a model for the dynamics of religious affiliation

We propose a simple model to describe the dynamics of religious affiliation. For such purpose, we built a compartmental model with three distinct subpopulations, namely religious committed individuals, religious noncommitted individuals and not religious affiliated individuals. The transitions among the compartments are governed by probabilities, modeling social interactions among the groups and also spontaneous transitions among the compartments. First of all, we consider the model on a fully-connected network. Thus, we write a set of ordinary differential equations to study the evolution of the subpopulations. Our analytical and numerical results show that there is an absorbing state in the model where only one of the subpopulations survive in the long-time limit. There are also regions of parameters where some of the subpopulations coexist (two or three). We also verified the occurrence of two distinct critical points. In addition, we also present Monte Carlo simulations of the model on two-dimensional square lattices, in order to analyze the impact of the presence of a lattice structure on the critical behavior of the model. Comparison of the models’ results with data for religious affiliation in Northern Ireland shows a good qualitative agreement. Finally, we considered the presence of inflexible individuals in the population, i.e., individuals that never change their states. The impact of such special agents on the critical behavior of the model is also discussed.

JUSTIFICATION OF NOZZLE PARAMETERS OF JET-TYPE WASHING MACHINES FOR CLEANING AGRICULTURAL MACHINES AND UNITS

Agricultural machinery and equipment are exposed to significant contamination by various types of pollutants, some of which can be easily removed, while others require the use of special cleaning agents and machines. To remove these contaminants, a pressurized water jet is used, the biggest disadvantage of such devices is the significant water consumption, so the issue of intensifying the cleaning process of agricultural machinery using a limited amount of water is an important scientific task. Cleaning of agricultural machinery and units from contaminants is a complex technological operation, therefore, there is a need to develop and justify the parameters and operating modes of a high-tech washing device that would ensure high-quality removal of all types of contaminants with high efficiency, minimal water consumption and minimal labor costs. The analysis of cleaning technologies showed that water jet cleaning is the most promising for removing dirt from the surface of agricultural machines and units, the technology allows to increase the level of mechanical impact by using additional energy, which can be the energy of a rotating jet. The study examines the efficiency of cleaning washing plants from various contaminants. The main focus is on studying the impact of nozzle design on the quality and productivity of the washing process. Nozzles determine the shape of water jets and their velocity, determining the cleaning efficiency. The dagger and fan nozzles, their advantages and disadvantages are considered. Nozzle parameters such as orifice diameter, spray angle, and number of fan jets are investigated. It is shown that properly selected nozzle parameters play an important role in achieving the optimal cleaning effect and water saving. Factors such as flow coefficient, drag coefficient, and velocity coefficient that affect the performance and energy of the jet are outlined.

Объявление официального предостережения в условиях УИС: проблемные вопросы законодательного регулирования

In the presented article, the author examines the current situation in the field of law enforcement in institutions of the penal enforcement system. Attention is drawn to the special need to prevent penitentiary offenses, in connection with which the author focuses on such a form of preventive action as the announcement of an official warning. The article provides an overview of the scientific development of the topic, and concludes that it is insufficiently studied in relation to the needs of the penal enforcement system. The conducted systematic analysis of certain provisions of federal legislation allowed us to identify the following problematic points: despite the significant preventive potential inherent in Article 17.1 of the Penal Enforcement Code of the Russian Federation, which allows including not only convicts, suspects and accused, but also other persons who can visit institutions executing punishments among the objects of preventive work its full-fledged implementation rests on the content of some articles of the Federal Law “On the Basics of the crime Prevention System in the Russian Federation”, the unfortunate wording of which limits the preventive resource of the Penal Enforcement Code, reducing preventive efforts to work with a special agent. The author also identifies and justifies the need to supplement the title of Article 20 of the Federal Law “On the Basics of the crime prevention system in the Russian Federation” with the word “inaction”, since this form of passive behavior is quite common among special agents and acts as a condition for committing various offenses. Taking into account the above, the author proposes amendments to federal legislation that make it possible to optimize preventive work in institutions that carry out punishments.

Opportunistic Elizabethkingia miricola Infections in Intensive Care Unit, Spain.

In 2021, we identified a cluster of Elizabethkingia miricola cases in an intensive care unit in Spain. Because E. miricola is not considered a special surveillance agent in Spain, whole-genome sequencing was not performed. The bacterial source was not identified. All Elizabethkingia species should be listed as special surveillance bacteria.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of cleaning aligners with a special agent with active ingredients compared to traditional cleaning using water and tablets

The aim of the study was a comparative assessment of the cleaning of aligners using water, tablets for cleaning orthodontic structures and means for cleaning aligners Waterdent Aligner invisible care. The study was conducted in 3 groups of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with aligners with the study of indicators: hygiene index, ease of use, transparency of the aligner, elimination of odor, staining of the aligner with dyes to detect plaque.
 According to the data obtained before the start of the study, after 2, 4 and 6 weeks, it was found that the hygiene index in patients of all 3 groups had no significant differences and had a slight tendency to improve over 6 weeks of the study; in the group using Waterdent Aligner invisible care, all patients noted a high level of convenience The use rate was higher than in the group using tablets for cleaning orthodontic structures.
 In terms of the transparency of the aligner, the elimination of odor and the presence of plaque, cleaning with the use of Waterdent Aligner invisible care was more effective than cleaning with water or using traditional tablets.

Cooper: Coordinating Specialized Agents towards a Complex Dialogue Goal

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring dialogues with more complex goals, such as negotiation, persuasion, and emotional support, which go beyond traditional service-focused dialogue systems. Apart from the requirement for much more sophisticated strategic reasoning and communication skills, a significant challenge of these tasks lies in the difficulty of objectively measuring the achievement of their goals in a quantifiable way, making it difficult for existing research to directly optimize the dialogue procedure towards them. In our work, we emphasize the multifaceted nature of complex dialogue goals and argue that it is more feasible to accomplish them by comprehensively considering and jointly promoting their different aspects. To this end, we propose a novel dialogue framework, Cooper, which coordinates multiple specialized agents, each dedicated to a specific dialogue goal aspect separately, to approach the complex objective. Through this divide-and-conquer manner, we make complex dialogue goals more approachable and elicit greater intelligence via the collaboration of individual agents. Experiments on persuasion and emotional support dialogues demonstrate the superiority of our method over a set of competitive baselines. Our codes are available at https://github.com/YiCheng98/Cooper.

Correction of manifestations of psychoemotional stress in students: meditative techniques in combination with pharmacological support in the martial art of ju-jutsu

The goal is to substantiate and experimentally verify the effectiveness of the combined meditative-pharmacological methodology of relieving emotional stress in students of higher education institutions during Ju-jutsu martial arts classes. Methodology: analysis and generalization of educational and methodological literature, systematization of scientific data, generalization of practical experience, comparison of different views on the investigated problem; pedagogical survey for the purpose of studying the level of stress resistance. Scientific novelty. An analysis of modern scientific and scientific-methodological literature was carried out and factors influencing the mental health of students were investigated, in particular, the severity of manifestations of psycho-emotional stress during studies in institutions of higher education, and the negative impact of this phenomenon on the functional state of organs and systems of the body was proven. deterioration of health and quality of life. The expediency of using meditative techniques to reduce the severity of stressful manifestations is shown. For the first time in the practice of martial arts, a combination of meditation was used during the training process of students engaged in the martial art of ju-jutsu to reduce the severity of manifestations of stress, and the use of a special nutritional supplement with a neuroprotective focus "Acetyl-L-carnitine" to correct the manifestations of emotional stress that occurs in students of higher education institutions during their studies. Conclusions. To reduce the manifestations of stress, students use means that not only do not correspond to the prevention of mental health, but also often have a negative effect on it (nicotine, alcohol, drugs, physical and mental overload, etc.). For this purpose, the use of meditative techniques in combination with special neuroprotective agents significantly helps to reduce the severity of manifestations of psychoemotional stress of university students.

Potential for biocontrol of Silybum marianum (variegated thistle): 1. Survey of natural enemies in New Zealand

ABSTRACT Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner (variegated thistle, milk thistle) is one of the worst weeds of hill country pasture in the east coast regions of New Zealand. As part of an initial investigation into the potential for biocontrol, a survey of the phytophagous insects associated with S. marianum in New Zealand was carried out at 16 populations from 29 November to 16 December 2021. Phytophagous associations were determined by collecting insects on the plant and by seedhead dissections. The species collected were grouped into three categories: ‘specialists’, ‘generalists’, and ‘tourists’ that comprised 27.4%, 66.3%, and 6.3% of the total number of specimens collected, respectively. The specialist group was almost entirely comprised of the seedhead weevil, Rhinocyllus conicus (Frölich). While adults of R. conicus were commonly collected on variegated thistle, only 6.5% of seedheads contained larvae of the weevil, indicating that S. marianum is not a common developmental host. Generalist species commonly collected on S. marianum included: Nysius caledoniae Distant, Rhypodes clavicornis (F.), Closterotomus norwegicus (Gmelin) and Nezara virdula (L.). Overall, the field surveys document low levels of attack from generalist herbivores and minimal attack by the specialist weevil, R. conicus. Vacant niches are present on the weed in New Zealand, providing a strong case for introducing specialised biocontrol agents.

Potential for biocontrol of Silybum marianum (variegated thistle): 2. Literature search and prioritisation of biocontrol agents

ABSTRACT Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner (variegated thistle, milk thistle) is one of the worst weeds of hill country pasture in the east coast regions of New Zealand. A recent field survey in New Zealand found low levels of attack from generalist herbivores and minimal attack by the specialist weevil, Rhinocyllus conicus (Frölich). In the native range of Europe there are at least 41 insects and 12 fungi sufficiently specialised to be considered for biocontrol. The literature search revealed some potential biocontrol agents not known during the historical biocontrol surveys for S. marianum. These include the specialised biotypes of the tephritid fly, Terellia fuscicornis Loew, and the seedhead weevil, Larinus latus Herbst. The literature search also revealed the discovery of the stem-galling cynpid wasps, Aulacidea freesei Nieves-Aldrey and Phanacis zwoelferi Nieves-Aldrey, that are likely specific to S. marianum. The discovery of the smut fungus, Microbotryum silybum Vanky & Berner, host specific to Silybum species, is another promising biocontrol candidate. A shortlist of nine priority agents (eight insects and one fungal pathogen) were selected based on reported affinity for S. marianum, evidence for impact on the weed, and niches attacked. In the case of S. marianum, there are sufficiently specialised agents that attack several niches, including seeds, stems, and the root or root collar. Testing for complementary agents that attack different niches is likely to improve the chance of successful biocontrol. It is recommended that S. marianum be considered a priority target for classical biocontrol in New Zealand.

Nexus Between Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Growth, The East Africa Case Study

This article empirically investigates the quantitative relationship between financial inclusion and inclusive growth in the East Africa Region. The study employs Driscoll and Kraal's augmented fixed effects estimation technique to analyze data from 2011 to 2021 for five Eastern African Countries. The results show that inclusive growth is positively impacted by financial inclusion. In terms of usage of financial services by gender, on average, a percentage increase in female account ownership and male account ownership will lead to a 0.025% and 0.024% increase in inclusive growth, respectively. The study also found a link between prosperity and inclusive development. This data emphasizes the need for the creation of special agents' tools to provide financial services to the underprivileged and women, as well as the recommendation that financial institutions implement programs to raise adult populations' financial literacy in order to increase access and usage of financial services.Nexus Between Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Growth, The East Africa Case Study

A Portable Three-Layer Compton Camera for Wide-Energy-Range Gamma-ray Imaging: Design, Simulation and Preliminary Testing

(1) Background: The imaging energy range of a typical Compton camera is limited due to the fact that scattered gamma photons are seldom fully absorbed when the incident energies are above 3 MeV. Further improving the upper energy limit of gamma-ray imaging has important application significance in the active interrogation of special nuclear materials and chemical warfare agents, as well as range verification of proton therapy. (2) Methods: To realize gamma-ray imaging in a wide energy range of 0.3~7 MeV, a principle prototype, named a portable three-layer Compton camera, is developed using the scintillation detector that consists of an silicon photomultiplier array coupled with a Gd3Al2Ga3O12:Ce pixelated scintillator array. Implemented in a list-mode maximum likelihood expectation maximization algorithm, a far-field energy-domain imaging method based on the two interaction events is applied to estimate the initial energy and spatial distribution of gamma-ray sources. The simulation model of the detectors is established based on the Monte Carlo simulation toolkit Geant4. The reconstructed images of a 133Ba, a 137Cs and a 60Co point-like sources have been successfully obtained with our prototype in laboratory tests and compared with simulation studies. (3) Results: The proportion of effective imaging events accounts for about 2%, which allows our prototype to realize the reconstruction of the distribution of a 0.05 μSv/h 137Cs source in 10 s. The angular resolution for resolving two 137Cs point-like sources is 15°. Additional simulated imaging of the 6.13 MeV gamma-rays from 14.1 MeV neutron scattering with water preliminarily demonstrates the imaging capability for high incident energy. (4) Conclusions: We conclude that the prototype has a good imaging performance in a wide energy range (0.3~7 MeV), which shows potential in several MeV gamma-ray imaging applications.

Improvement of the Prototype of the Compressed Air Foam System and its Testing

The prototype of the compressed air foam system was improved based on the evaluation of the numerical parameters obtained with the help of the developed mathematical model of the foam generation process and the pneumatic-hydraulic scheme. The prototype provides the possibility of foam generation both in autonomous mode, due to the installation of cylinders with compressed gas, and in stationary mode, due to the supply of compressed air from an external source. This allows the use of an improved model of the compressed air foam system both in stationary mode (dry pipes, gas stations, etc.) and for use on heavy and light fire trucks, which is important for large cities. Testing of the improved prototype of the system for extinguishing model fires was carried out. The system provides extinguishing of model fires of class 183 B and 144 B when using both a general-purpose foaming agent and a special film-forming foaming agent. When using a film-forming foaming agent, the extinguishing time was reduced by 1.75 times, the consumption of fire extinguishing solution by 1.47 times. But at the same time, it should be taken into account that the cost of the film-forming foaming agent Sofir (sofirafff 6 %) is more than 3.2 times the cost of the general-purpose foaming agent Sofir. The effectiveness of the improved model in extinguishing class A fires was also confirmed. The autonomous compressed air foam system ensures extinguishing of a class 4 A model fire in 90 seconds. Dry foam with a factor of 14 is noted to be more effective in extinguishing solid combustible substances.

A Multi-Agent System in Education Facility Design

This paper deals with a multi-agent system which supports the designer in solving complex design tasks. The behaviour of design agents is modelled by sets of grammar rules. Each agent uses a graph grammar or a shape grammar and a database of facts concerning the subtask it is responsible for. The course of the design process is determined by the interaction between specialised agents. Space layouts of designs are represented by attributed graphs encoding both topological structures and semantic properties of solutions. The agents work in parallel on the common graph, independently generating layouts of different design components while specified node labels evoke agents using shape grammars. The agents’ cooperation allows them to combine a form-oriented approach with a functional-structural one in the design process, where the agents generate the general 3D form of the object based on design requirements together with the space layout based on the functional aspects of the solution. Based on the given design criteria, the agents search for admissible solutions within the design space that constitutes their operating environment. The proposed approach is illustrated by the example of designing kindergarten facilities.

Fracture conductivity management to improve heat extraction in enhanced geothermal systems

The efficiency of an enhanced geothermal reservoir (EGS) depends on the effective circulation of the working fluid through the geothermal formation. To remove the thermal shortcut that leads to thermal short-circuiting in the EGS, we present a method of fracture hydraulic conductivity management and present some practical ways to implement it in the field. The core idea is to correlate the flow resistance in different flow channels with temperature, in order to make uniform heat extraction through each flow path. The presented technique is an adaptive and reversible system and is trying to engineer the fracture system for effective delay of the early thermal breakthrough in EGS. Results indicate that the proposed fracture conductivity tuning technique (FCTT) can help to avoid flow and thermal shortcuts between the wells and maintain high heat extraction rates. The autonomous management of fracture conductivity may increase cumulative heat extraction by more than 214 %, and reduce an extra 1.06 – 3.65 Mt of greenhouse gas emission through electricity generation after 50 years of EGS development, which is highly considerable for EGS development. Besides, we found that it could be still beneficial to apply such methods solely to the injection wells, which can also bring a heat extraction improvement of 201.9 %. Furthermore, we look at the situations when the special conductivity tuning agents are placed in the middle between the wells, it is still very effective to control the fluid flow in the reservoir and enhance heat extraction. By proposing the tunable fracture conductivity, we are trying to revisit the old problem of thermal short-circuiting and provide new insight into the efficient EGS operation.