Special Type Research Articles

Pathologic Features of Malignancies Presenting as Asymmetry on Mammography

The majority of breast cancers have a solid tumor growth pattern and are seen on mammography as dense masses with defined borders. Cancers detected as asymmetry are rare, and little has been published about their pathologic features. These cancers do not form discrete masses, and a border is not evident. This retrospective case series was undertaken to identify malignancies presenting as asymmetry, to describe their histologic and biologic features and to correlate these features with the mammographic appearance. During the 7.5 years of the study, 18,419 core needle biopsies (CNBs) were performed and 42 cases of malignancy presenting as asymmetry were diagnosed (0.2%). The majority were invasive carcinomas (30 or 71%), followed by ductal carcinoma in situ (9 or 21%) and lymphoma (3 or 7%). The invasive carcinomas could be divided into 3 groups: very small unifocal (T1a) carcinomas, larger unifocal carcinomas, and cases with multiple foci of invasion. The latter group had a higher rate of lymph node metastases and more stage III cancers. The invasive carcinomas were predominantly of special histologic types and associated with a minimal stromal response. In contrast, the cases of DCIS tended to be of higher grade and elicited periductal fibrosis, which likely contributed to the increased density seen on mammography. Although most of the invasive carcinomas were of favorable biologic type (97%) and were stage I (67%), triple negative carcinomas, as well as stage III carcinomas, were also detected. When evaluating core needle biopsies performed for asymmetry, pathologists should be aware that these cancers can have a subtle infiltrative appearance with little or no desmoplastic response, mirroring their appearance by imaging.

Complex Bipolar Multi-Fuzzy Sets

Convey human being's information to a mathematical formula and vice versa by a proper tool, is considered a first step to solve the problem of assigning a membership degree (suitable value) of an object to a set by decision-makers. Different information with its periodic circumstances highlighted the need for an extra variable to be built into the mathematical tools. This extra variable adds a significant role to represent a special type of information that has the same data but with a different meaning in different time/levels/phases. However, the idea of extending the range of membership degree to unit disk in the complex plane solved this problem. In this research, we choose bipolar multi-fuzzy information to be generalized to the complex realm using the Cartesian form "x+iy". Therefore, the formal definition of complex bipolar multi-fuzzy sets (CBMFS) is introduced with a range of membership lies in the unit square. The advantage of CBMFS is that the real and imaginary parts of CBMFSs can represent bipolar multi-fuzzy information. Also, some basic operations and numerical examples on CBMFS are presented and studied its properties. Moreover, the relations of CBMFS with each of bipolar fuzzy sets (BFS) and complex bipolar fuzzy sets (CBFS), respectively, are illustrated. Finally, two types of distances and ∂-equality under CBMFS are presented. Also, some illustrative examples and properties of complex bipolar multi-fuzzy distance and ∂-equality are obtained.

Abstract A010: Development and characterization of novel models of lobular breast cancer metastases

Abstract Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the most common special histological subtype of breast cancer, after No Special Type (NST, ductal carcinoma/IDC), and affects 10-15% of all breast cancer patients. ILC is characterized by E-cadherin loss, Estrogen Receptor (ER) positivity, and a distinct single file invasive growth pattern associated with a unique pattern of metastasis. ILC metastasizes to common breast cancer sites like bone and lung, but ILC also spreads to gynecologic tissues, the peritoneum, gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system - with enrichment for orbital and leptomeningeal metastases. In vitro and in vivo models of ILC metastasis have not been extensively developed. Models of spontaneous metastasis from ER+ breast cancer overall are critically limited; ER+ ILC metastases models present only micro-metastatic disease with extremely long latency (>9 months). Together these issues limit research on the unique nature of metastatic ILC. We leveraged mammary intraductal (MIND) xenografting with two ER+ ILC cell lines (MM134 and 44PE) and confirmed prior reports that these lines spontaneously metastasize to bone, brain, ovary, uterus, lung, and adrenal glands with up to 100% incidence. Importantly, we find that supplementation with low dose estradiol (E2) in drinking water rapidly advances metastatic progression, but not primary tumor growth. Using ex vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI), we find BLI+ lesions are detectable as early as 90 days. At 150 days post-challenge, 100% of mice have BLI+ metastases at multiple sites. Beyond 22 weeks, 100% of mice present with symptomatic and ultimately lethal CNS metastases. BLI+ macro-metastatic lesions were isolated and expanded ex vivo as organotrophic cell line variants. Analysis of RNA-seq data is ongoing to evaluate 1) common factors enriched in metastatic ILC, and 2) organotrophic factors and pathways enriched in specific metastatic sites. In patients with ILC, bone metastases are typically the first site of metastatic development, occur at a higher incidence versus NST, and are associated with increased morbidity. Bone metastases from ILC patients are more osteogenic compared to the characteristically osteolytic lesions of NST. To examine how ILC cells may promote osteoblastic responses, we prepared ILC and NST conditioned media (CM) and applied it to differentiating osteoblasts (OB). We observed increased OB differentiation and increased mineral deposition with ILC CM compared to NST CM, supporting that ILC cell lines have a distinct impact on the bone microenvironment which may manifest in vivo yet be defined in vitro. Collectively, our observations support that ER+ ILC cell lines can recapitulate key features of clinical disease progression, including spontaneous metastasis mimicking clinical phenotypes. We are leveraging these models to better understand the ILC metastatic cascade and adaptation to unique metastatic niches, and to identify shared and unique attributes of ILC metastases that can be exploited for advancing therapeutics. Citation Format: Joseph L. Sottnik, Matthew J. Sikora. Development and characterization of novel models of lobular breast cancer metastases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Tumor-body Interactions: The Roles of Micro- and Macroenvironment in Cancer; 2024 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(22_Suppl):Abstract nr A010.

Greenwashing, Greenwishing and Greenhushing in the context of Unfair Competition, Intellectual Property Protection and Consumer Rights

The problems of greenwashing and its manifestations in the modern world are of particular importance, since objective, truthful information about goods and services underlies normal economic processes, serves to respect the interests of consumers around the world and protect competition. It is also associated with the fair use of intellectual property, intellectual property rights. The problems of greenwashing not only affect the sphere of competition and consumer protection legislation They can also be qualified as problems of legislation in the field of intellectual property. The trend towards sustainable product choices does not result in a proportionate increase in eligible purchases due to the trend towards distrust caused by the proliferation of vague, ambiguous and unverifiable environmental claims. Unification of approaches to the qualification of greenwashing and its various manifestations with an emphasis on a special type of unfair acts of doing business with certain qualifying characteristics will ensure the sustainable development of international markets for goods and services, since greenwashing is more often used by large manufacturers operating in the markets of many countries to gain competitive advantages. At the same time, within the scope of intellectual property law, it is also advisable to research and regulate the inadmissibility of using greenwashing practices when using the results of intellectual activity and, above all, means of individualization.

Comprehensive characterization of invasive mammary carcinoma with lobular features: integrating morphology and E-cadherin immunohistochemistry patterns.

Breast cancer treatment prioritizes molecular subtypes over histologic types. However, considering the unique biological behavior of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), its diagnosis is crucial for patient management. Therefore, this study aimed to review breast cancer cases, focusing on the E-cadherin patterns and lobular morphology of cases misclassified in the original reports. A comprehensive review was conducted on 481 breast cancer biopsy cases diagnosed as invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (IBC-NST) or ILC with E-cadherin staining. These cases were categorized into six groups based on tumor morphology (ductal/lobular) and E-cadherin expression pattern (membranous/loss/aberrant): (1) ductal/membranous, (2) lobular/loss, (3) lobular/aberrant, (4) mixed, (5) ductal/loss or aberrant, and (6) lobular/membranous. In 211 cases (43.8%), an E-cadherin pattern indicating ILC (loss and aberrant) was observed alongside lobular morphology, representing 5.52% of all breast cancer biopsies during the relevant period. Moreover, 181 cases (37.6%) showed a membranous pattern with ductal morphology, 4 (0.8%) were mixed IBC-NST and ILC, and 85 (17.7%) exhibited discordance between morphology and E-cadherin expression. Notably, only 25.9% (15/58) of cases in group 3, characterized by aberrant E-cadherin patterns, were initially diagnosed as ILC, highlighting a significant diagnostic discrepancy. In group 6, where membranous E-cadherin pattern was present with lobular morphology, only 3.4% (2/58) were diagnosed as ILC in the original reports, indicating diagnostic challenges in morphology and immunohistochemistry discordance. Similarly, in group 5, which had ductal morphology with loss or aberrant E-cadherin expression, the initial diagnosis rate of IBC-NST was 33.3% (9/27), reflecting the complexities in interpreting discordant cases. In real-world practice, diagnosing ILC often heavily depends on E-cadherin results. This study emphasizes the need for diagnostic clarification in cases with discordance between morphology and E-cadherin patterns.

Anti-inflammatory role of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells via Wnt2b/AXIN/β-catenin

Background Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a special type of low-intensity ultrasound. In periodontal disease, LIPUS is applied as an adjuvant and non-invasive treatment. It has been reported that LIPUS significantly shifts the macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2, but the specific mechanism behind this shift is still unknown. Methods RAW264.7 cells were induced to M1/M2 polarization with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interleukin-4 (IL4). LIPUS was performed for 25 min two times, 24 h apart, at an intensity of 45 mW/cm2 to stimulate RAW264.7 cells. PolyA mRNA sequencing was conducted of both the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with LIPUS treatment. The expression of Wnt2b in RAW264.7 cells was downregulated by siRNA. The macrophage surface markers and downstream inflammatory cytokines were detected using flow cytometry. The relative expression of proteins in the Wnt2b/AXIN/β-catenin pathway was assessed using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. Results LIPUS reversed the M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells, with decreased expression of CD80 and CD86. In addition, LIPUS enhanced the M2 polarization of RAW264.7 cells, with upregulated expression of CD163 and CD206. The polyA mRNA sequencing results indicated that the Wnt signaling pathway participated in the M1 polarization of LIPUS-treated RAW264.7. The results of the RT-qPCR showed a higher expression of Wnt2b in LIPUS-treated and M1- or M2-polarized RAW264.7 cells. Knocking down Wnt2b was shown to reverse the inhibitory effect of LIPUS on M1 polarization and increase the expression of CD80 and CD86. Wnt2b knockdown also regulated downstream AXIN, β-catenin, and inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL6). Conclusions LIPUS plays an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting LPS-induced M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells in a Wnt2b/AXIN/β-catenin-dependent way. LIPUS may play a therapeutic role in periodontal diseases by inhibiting inflammation through the regulation of macrophage differentiation.

Deterministic Trajectory Design and Attitude Maneuvers of Gradient-Index Solar Sail in Interplanetary Transfers

A refractive sail is a special type of solar sail concept, whose membrane exposed to the Sun’s rays is covered with an advanced engineered film made of micro-prisms. Unlike the well-known reflective solar sail, an ideally flat refractive sail is able to generate a nonzero thrust component along the sail’s nominal plane even when the Sun’s rays strike that plane perpendicularly, that is, when the solar sail attitude is Sun-facing. This particular property of the refractive sail allows heliocentric orbital transfers between orbits with different values of the semilatus rectum while maintaining a Sun-facing attitude throughout the duration of the flight. In this case, the sail control is achieved by rotating the structure around the Sun–spacecraft line, thus reducing the size of the control vector to a single (scalar) parameter. A gradient-index solar sail (GIS) is a special type of refractive sail, in which the membrane film design is optimized though a transformation optics-based method. In this case, the membrane film is designed to achieve a desired refractive index distribution with the aid of a waveguide array to increase the sail efficiency. This paper analyzes the optimal transfer performance of a GIS with a Sun-facing attitude (SFGIS) in a series of typical heliocentric mission scenarios. In addition, this paper studies the attitude control of the Sun-facing GIS using a simplified mathematical model, in order to investigate the effective ability of the solar sail to follow the (optimal) variation law of the rotation angle around the radial direction.

Preparation and Characterization of a High-Entropy Magnet, (Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu)3TeO6.

We report on the synthesis of Mg0.6Mn0.7Co0.7Ni0.6Cu0.4TeO6, which is isostructural with multiferroic Mn3TeO6 (space group ). Study of its magnetic properties indicates establishment of the long-range antiferromagnetic order at 16.3 K, slightly lower than that of pure Mn3TeO6. The tiny hysteresis of magnetization loop along with specific heat data implies the presence of ferromagnetic magnons at low temperatures. Dielectric measurements reveal sequence of well-defined steps in the real part of permittivity and peaks in the imaginary parts of permittivity at 30, 92, and 212 K attributable to the highly diffused structural changes, which are characteristic to relaxor ferroelectrics. It is shown that usual interpretation of this structure type as corundum-related is not accurate: the hexagonal oxygen packing is not close and is not double-layered. Therefore, Mn3TeO6 represents a very special structure type.

Characteristics of stem sings of EpCAM-negative and EpCAM-positive tumor cells in primary tumor and 2D and 3D cultures in breast cancer

One of the predictors of adverse prognosis in breast cancer is the overexpression of the EpCAM protein. However, a signifcant part of tumor cells have low or no EpCAM expression. The molecular features and the ability to grow in 2D and 3D cultures, indirectly refecting metastatic potential of tumor cells without EpCAM expression, have not been sufficiently studied.The aim of the study was to compare phenotypic variants of stem cells and EMT depending on the EpCAM expression in the primary tumor of breast cancer and 2D and 3D cultures.Material and Methods. The study included 7 patients with invasive breast carcinoma of no special type. Luminal A subtype was found in 2/7 patients (29 %), and luminal B HER2-negative molecular subtype was found in 5/7 patients (71 %). The patients didn’t have neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cells from the primary tumor were cultured in 2D and 3D. The primary tumor cells, 2D and 3D cultures were phenotyped using fow cytometry with antibodies targeting: CD45, EpCAM (CD326), CD44, CD24, N-cadherin (CD325), and CD133, CK7/8, EpCAM (CD326).Results. No significant differences were found in the frequency of detection and the number of cells exhibiting stem cell features among EpCAM- and EpCAM+ tumor cells, 2D and 3D cultures. All phenotypic variants of co-expression of stemness markers CD44, CD24, CD133, and ALDH were present both in the primary tumor and 2D/3D cultures. Stem cells in mammospheres had features of both epithelial and hybrid EMT phenotypes. In primary tumors and 2D/3D cultures, the smallest proportion consisted of stem cells with the CD44+CD24- phenotype and cells co-expressing CD44+CD24- with other stemness markers, while the largest proportion comprised stem cells with ALDH+ and ALDH+CD133+ phenotypes. Marked intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity in the phenotypic composition of primary tumors, 2D, and 3D cultures was noted.Conclusion. The results indicate that EpCAM-negative and EpCAM-positive tumor cells of luminal molecular subtype of breast cancer are capable of exhibiting various phenotypic variants of stemness and EMT in the primary tumor and 2D and 3D cultures. In most cases, individual tumor cells show co-expression of several stemness markers. The phenotypic composition of primary tumors, 2D and 3D cultures is characterized by pronounced intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity.

A potential role of a special type of abortive seeds in Cunninghamia lanceolata: promoting the growth of healthy seedlings in active aluminum ions-rich soil

Background and aims“Astringent seed” is a type of abortive seed frequently observed in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). It is widely recognized but poorly understood for its underlying causes. This study investigates the potential of astringent seeds to alleviate the toxic effects of active aluminum ions.MethodsThis study involved treating seeds and seedlings with two distinct concentrations of astringent seeds water extracts under the aluminum ion stress. Then the germination of seeds and growth of seedlings were evaluated and compared.ResultsUnder aluminum stress, both seed germination and seedling growth were notably inhibited. Treatment with a low-concentration of the extract significantly alleviated this inhibition. Root elongation in the seedlings increased by 36.95% compared to the control group, and the aluminum ion accumulation at the root tips was reduced by 38.89% relative to the aluminum-stressed group. This treatment also normalized the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the roots and leaves, enhanced the activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and restored the levels of endogenous hormones including gibberellin (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), methyl jasmonate (Ja-ME), and abscisic acid (ABA). Furthermore, the low-concentration of the extract positively impacted the disorganized chloroplast structures. In contrast, a high-concentration of the extract failed to revert most of these stress indicators.ConclusionLow concentrations of astringent seed water extract effectively alleviate the inhibitory effects of aluminum ions on seed and seedling. This implies that in natural environments, the proximity of healthy seeds to astringent seeds could potentially enhance their growth.

Концептуально-онтологические аспекты множественности предка в информационных моделях «сущность-связь»

The design of information models in the development of automated systems involves constructing entity-relationship models, which define classes of entities and interclass relationships of the ancestor-descendant type, serving as a conceptual and ontological foundation for the subsequent creation of databases. This article explores aspects of representing the semantic constraints of the subject area imposed on relationships between entities in entity-relationship models. A special type of relationship between classes of entities, termed multiple ancestor (MA) relations, is highlighted, where several instances of the ancestor entity may exist for a single instance of the descendant entity. The article analyses the possible semantic constraints that arise in such cases and the anomalies they generate. Based on the introduced concepts of ascending kinship lines and the MA predicate, a formalisation of MA integrity is presented. Examples of formal MA constraints are provided, including positive (requiring the coincidence of ancestor instances), negative (requiring the mismatch of ancestor instances), and mixed. The mutual influence of several MA constraints with partially intersecting lines of ascending kinship is also examined. Finally, the feasibility of implementing MA constraints in relational database models is evaluated.

Security and Privacy Perspectives of People Living in Shared Home Environments

Security and privacy (S&P) perspectives of people in a multi-user home are a growing area of research, with many researchers reflecting on the complicated power imbalance and challenging access control issues of the devices involved. However, these studies primarily focused on the multi-user scenarios in traditional family home settings, leaving other types of multi-user home environments, such as homes shared by co-habitants without a familial relationship, under-studied. This paper closes this research gap via quantitative and qualitative analysis of results from an online survey and qualitative content analysis of sampled online posts on Reddit. The study explores the complex roles of shared home users, which depend on various factors unique to the shared home environment, e.g., who owns what home devices, how home devices are used by multiple users, and more complicated relationships between the landlord and people in the shared home and among co-habitants. Half (50.7%) of our survey participants thought that devices in a shared home are less secure than in a traditional family home. This perception was found statistically significantly associated with factors such as the fear of devices being tampered with in their absence and (lack of) trust in other co-habitants and their visitors. We observed cyber-physical threats being a prominent topic discussed in Reddit posts. Our study revealed new user types and user relationships in a multi-user environment such as ExternalPrimary-InternalPrimary while analysing the landlord and shared home resident relationship with regard to shared home device use. Based on the results of the online survey and the Reddit data, we propose a threat actor model for shared home environments, which has a focus on possible malicious behaviours of current and past co-habitants of a shared home, as a special type of insider threat in a home environment. We also recommend further research to understand the complex roles co-habitants can play in navigating and adapting to a shared home environment's security and privacy landscape.

Update on diagnosis and treatment in autoimmune gastritis

Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a special type of atrophic gastritis caused by autoimmune abnormalities. Diagnosis of AIG is often delayed because of the absence of typical symptoms in the early stage, which results in inadequate treatment and poor cancer screening. It is crucial to improve the awareness of this disease. This article summarizes the clinical manifestations, endoscopic features, and treatments of autoimmune gastritis. Conventional therapy consists of adequate iron and vitamin B12 supplementation as well as symptomatic approaches. The associated risk for gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric neuroendocrine tumors requires regular endoscopic follow up. This article is helpful in prevention and treatment of AIG.

Phase equilibria investigations and thermodynamic modeling of the Eu2O3 - La2O3 and Eu2O3 - La2O3 - ZrO2 systems

The phase relationships of the ternary system Eu2O3 - La2O3 - ZrO2 and binary Eu2O3 - La2O3 subsystem were experimentally and thermodynamically studied. Six three-phase fields and nine two-phase ones in the Eu2O3 - La2O3 - ZrO2 system were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis with wavelength dispersive spectrometer at 1873 K and 1673 K. Nevertheless, there only existed a two-phase region in the Eu2O3 - La2O3 system in the temperature range from 1873 K to 1673 K. After that, the ternary mixing parameters for the system Eu2O3 - La2O3 - ZrO2 including the binary interaction parameters in the Eu2O3 - La2O3 subsystem are optimized with the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) method, based on obtained experimental results. The high-temperature phase relationships and the special type of continuous solid solutions (La2-xEuxZr2O7) investigated in present work will contribute to exploring new materials with specific properties such as optical transparency.

Terraces in species tree inference from gene trees

A terrace in a phylogenetic tree space is a region where all trees contain the same set of subtrees, due to certain patterns of missing data among the taxa sampled, resulting in an identical optimality score for a given data set. This was first investigated in the context of phylogenetic tree estimation from sequence alignments using maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP). It was later extended to the species tree inference problem from a collection of gene trees, where a set of equally optimal species trees was referred to as a “pseudo” species tree terrace which does not consider the topological proximity of the trees in terms of the induced subtrees resulting from certain patterns of missing data. In this study, we mathematically characterize species tree terraces and investigate the mathematical properties and conditions that lead multiple species trees to induce/display an identical set of locus-specific subtrees owing to missing data. We report that species tree terraces are agnostic to gene tree heterogeneity. Therefore, we introduce and characterize a special type of gene tree topology-aware terrace which we call “peak terrace”. Moreover, we empirically investigated various challenges and opportunities related to species tree terraces through extensive empirical studies using simulated and real biological data. We demonstrate the prevalence of species tree terraces and the resulting ambiguity created for tree search algorithms. Remarkably, our findings indicate that the identification of terraces could potentially lead to advances that enhance the accuracy of summary methods and provide reasonably accurate branch support.

Application of Differential Equations on the Ricci Curvature of Contact CR-Warped Product Submanifolds of S2n+1(1) with Semi-Symmetric Metric Connection

In this paper, we explore the uses of Obata’s differential equation in relation to the Ricci curvature of an odd-dimensional sphere that possesses a semi-symmetric metric connection. Specifically, we establish that, given certain conditions, the underlying submanifold can be identified as an isometric sphere. Additionally, we investigate the impact of specific differential equations on these submanifolds and demonstrate that, when certain geometric conditions are met, the base submanifold can be characterized as a special type of warped product.

(De)Polarization Entrepreneurs? Think Tanks and Pernicious Polarization in Central Europe

Pernicious polarization is an antagonistic Us versus Them division, where the other group is perceived as an existential threat. It is often intertwined with the erosion of democratic norms and institutions. Although studies on polarization abound, there are still some blind spots to be filled. Our contribution is the focus on the mesolevel of civil society and the theoretical development of (de)polarization mechanisms at this level. Empirically, we study think tanks, a special type of civil society organization, in the context of democratic backsliding in Hungary and Poland. The analysis is based on 53 interviews with Hungarian and Polish think tankers conducted between 2020 and 2022. We contend that through a shift in perceptions of Us, Them, and the middle ground, think tanks contribute to both polarization and depolarization. Rather than being passive receptors of polarization dynamics, we showcase think tanks’ agentic roles as they emerge through these three mechanisms and through think tanks resorting to specific patterns of discourse and interactions.

Multi-Agent Approach to Political Discourse Translation: From Large Language Models to MAGIC-PTF System

This research addresses the automated translation of Chinese political discourse into Russian utilizing Large Language Model (LLM) optimization technologies and a multi-agent approach. The study focuses on developing the MAGIC-PTF system, which implements multi-stage text processing through the interaction of four specialized agents. The system's key component is the Style Agent, which ensures stylistic uniformity and terminological accuracy based on a specifically trained LLM. The Translator Agent performs the primary translation work and is responsible for the final text formatting. The Editor Agent conducts multi-level verification and correction of translations, considering linguistic, semantic, and cultural aspects. The Reader Agent analyzes the text from the target audience's perspective, evaluating its reception by native Russian speakers. The methodology integrates LLM optimization technologies and a multi-agent approach, with experimental testing conducted on the fourth volume of "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China" and its official Russian translation. The study includes a comprehensive analysis of system effectiveness using the COMET metric and comparative testing with existing machine translation platforms. The research's scientific novelty lies in developing a methodology for applying LLMs to specialized translation tasks and creating an effective coordination mechanism for intelligent agents in the translation process. Experimental research demonstrated MAGIC-PTF's superiority over traditional machine translation systems in key parameters: terminological accuracy, stylistic consistency, and preservation of culture-specific elements in political discourse. The developed system opens new possibilities for automated translation of political discourse and can be adapted for translating other specialized text types, confirming its significance for modern translation technology development. Of particular value is the system's scalability and adaptability to various language pairs and discourse types, creating prospects for further development in automated specialized text translation. The research findings also contribute to advancing the theory and practice of LLM application in professional translation.

Inverse correlation between the amounts of lymphocytic infiltrate and stroma in breast carcinoma

BackgroundPrevious breast carcinoma studies focused on the evaluation of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) or of tumoural stroma via the tumour stroma ratio (TSR). Few studies assessed peritumoural lymphocytes and almost no studies investigated a possible relationship between lymphocytes and stroma. This prompted us to evaluate the amount of tumour cells, intra- and peritumoural lymphocytes, and stroma in breast cancer to support the hypothesis that the stroma may block the infiltration of lymphocytes inside the tumour. MethodsWe collected a retrospective series of 158 breast cancers (<25 mm). In addition to standard TILs and TSR evaluations, we assessed the percentages of tumour cells, stromal myofibroblasts, intra- and peritumoural lymphocytes on full-section tumours with haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining. ResultsWe showed significant negative correlations between the amounts of stroma and both intra- and peritumoural lymphocyte percentages. Considering the estrogen receptor positive invasive breast cancer of no special type cases, we showed that TSR had a positive prognostic value with an optimal threshold of 10%. ConclusionsThis study is one of the first to show inverse correlations between tumoural stroma amount and intra- and peritumoural lymphocyte percentages, which supports the hypothesis that tumoural stroma can prevent the recruitment of lymphocytes around and within the tumour.

Robust Recovery of Robinson Property in $L^p$-Graphons: A Cut-Norm Approach

This paper investigates the Robinson graphon completion/recovery problem within the class of $L^p$-graphons, focusing on the range $5&lt;p\leq \infty$. A graphon $w$ is Robinson if it satisfies the Robinson property: if $x\leq y\leq z$, then $w(x,z)\leq \min\{w(x,y),w(y,z)\}$. We demonstrate that if a graphon possesses localized near-Robinson characteristics, it can be effectively approximated by a Robinson graphon in terms of cut-norm. To achieve this recovery result, we introduce a function $\Lambda$, defined on the space of $L^p$-graphons, which quantifies the degree to which a graphon $w$ adheres to the Robinson property. We prove that $\Lambda$ is a suitable gauge for measuring the Robinson property when proximity of graphons is understood in terms of cut-norm. Namely, we show that (1) $\Lambda(w)=0$ precisely when $w$ is Robinson; (2) $\Lambda$ is cut-norm continuous, in the sense that if two graphons are close in the cut-norm, then their $\Lambda$ values are close; and (3) for $p &gt; 5$, any $L^p$-graphon $w$ can be approximated by a Robinson graphon, with error of the approximation bounded in terms of $\Lambda(w)$. When viewing $w$ as a noisy version of a Robinson graphon, our method provides a concrete recipe for recovering a cut-norm approximation of a noiseless $w$. Given that any symmetric matrix is a special type of graphon, our results can be applicable to symmetric matrices of any size. Our work extends and improves previous results, where a similar question for the special case of $L^\infty$-graphons was answered.