Specific Strength Training Research Articles

Effects of a Specific Trunk and Shoulder Strength Training Program on Throwing Velocity and Accuracy: A Study Among Hungarian First-League Female Handball Players

The aim of the study was to record shoulder and trunk stability of elite female handball players and to investigate their effect on throwing velocity and accuracy. 151 female handball players (9 teams in total) from the Hungarian first league participated in a mid-season conditional survey. The study included tests of trunk and shoulder stability, and measurements of factors affecting shoulder stability, as well as throwing speed and throwing accuracy. After the conditional survey, 18 players were selected for the intervention group (IG) and 18 players for the control group (CG). Significant relationships were found between the medial stability of the shoulder joint (Y-balance) and throwing accuracy (upper right corner) (r = 0.766; p < 0.001), throwing accuracy (upper left corner) (r = 0.729; p < 0.001), total throwing accuracy (r = 0.907; p < 0.001). The IG showed significant improvement in trunk stability (p < 0.001), shoulder joint stability (p < 0.001), throwing velocity (p < 0.001), and throwing accuracy (p = 0.002), compared to the CG. These findings support the idea that trunk and shoulder stability are related to throwing performance of female handball players. Measuring and training these aforementioned factors, particularly medial shoulder stability, may be a valuable adjunct to improving throwing accuracy and throwing velocity.

Test–Retest Reliability of Concentric and Eccentric Muscle Strength in Knee Flexion–Extension Controlled by Functional Electromechanical Dynamometry in Female Soccer

In the field of sports performance, sports medicine, and physical rehabilitation, there is a great interest in the development of protocols and reliable techniques and instruments for the evaluation of strength produced by athletes. In the last ten years, women’s football has increased its popularity and participation in numerous countries, which has contributed to players developing more professionally and requiring more specific muscle strength training to improve their performance. The aim of this study was to analyze the absolute and relative test–retest reliabilities of peak muscle strength in knee flexion (FLE) and extension (EXT) controlled using a functional electromechanical dynamometer (FEMD) in a group of seventeen professional female soccer players (age = 18.64 ± 0.62 years; weight = 54.72 ± 7.03 kg; height = 1.58 ± 0.04 m; BMI = 21.62 ± 2.70 kg/m2). Peak muscle strength was measured with knee flexion (FLE) and extension (EXT) movements at a speed of 0.4 m·s−1 unilaterally in a concentric phase (CON) and an eccentric phase (ECC). No significant mean differences were found in the test–retest analysis (p > 0.05; effect size < 0.14), and high reliability was reported for peak muscle strength assessments in both the CON (ICC) = 0.90–0.95) and the ECC (ICC = 0.85–0.97). Furthermore, stable repeatability was presented for extension in the CON (CV = 7.39–9.91%) and ECC (CV = 8.65–13.64). The main findings of this study show that peak muscle strength in knee flexion and extension in CON and ECC is a measure with acceptable absolute reliability and extremely high relative reliability using the FEMD in professional female soccer players.

Current problems of special strength training in thai boxing at the beginning stage for athletes of different age categories

The presented work reveals the essence of one of the important problems of the modern system of special strength training in Thai boxing and other types of mixed martial arts, which is connected with various ratios in the process of classes at the stage of initial training of people of different age categories, which complicates the process of developing a single model of training classes without taking into account age-related features of the body's adaptation to loads. It was established that coaches with 5±0.7 years of work experience give priority to the training of children aged 8-12 years in order to achieve success in sports activities in the future. At the same time, trainers with 16±2.5 years of experience believe that mastering an effective tactical and technical arsenal for self-defense is one of the main reasons for practicing Thai boxing for several age categories (representatives of youth and mature age). It was found that with increasing experience, coaches pay more attention not only to the problems related to the determination of optimal parameters of volume indicators, load intensity and development mechanisms, correction of appropriate training regimes, but also to issues that complicate the system of control and management of the adaptation processes of the athletes' body. onsets of different age categories to a stressful physical stimulus.

Isokinetic Peak Torque Improvement and Shoulder Muscle Ratios Imbalance Correction After Specific Strength Training on a New Ballistic Throwing Device: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week ballistic-strength-training program using a validated specific throwing device (ie,Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device), on isokinetic shoulders' rotation muscle-torques and ratios as well as range of motion in team handball players. A repeated-measures experimental design with a randomized controlled trial was used. Twenty-six high-level competitive male U-19 team handball players were randomly assigned into training (TG, n = 15) and control (n = 11) groups. The TG undertook a twice a week for 8-week periodized throws program with an individually predetermined optimal load. The program incorporated shackled eccentric and concentric exercises using the Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device. Peak torques, functional, and conventional ratios for both arms at different angular velocities (60°·s-1, 180°·s-1, and 300°·s-1) were assessed over time and between groups, using an isokinetic dynamometer. A significant improvement for TG (P < .01; d = 1.13 [moderate]; +20.2%) of the concentric peak torques for dominant arm in external rotation was observed at 300°·s-1. Significant (P < .05-.01) increases were also noted for nondominant arm at the 3 studied angular velocities. In addition, 300°·s-1 eccentric peak torques of the dominant arm and nondominant arm have significantly improved for both external and internal rotations (P < .05; d = .99 [moderate] and d = 1.21 [large]; +15.7% and + 17.9%, respectively) with small changes at the other angular assessed velocities. Posttraining, TG's dominant arm showed significant improvements (P < .05-.01) in functional and conventional ratios at all velocities. Notably, significant differences (P < .05-.01) were observed at 60°·s-1 and across all velocities when comparing the TG with the control group. TG showed significant increase for internal rotation and external rotation shoulder range of motions (P < .05; d = 1.22-1.27 [large]), +5.0% and +7.7%, respectively). The specific 8-week throwing training program on the Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device showed significant performance improvements in almost all assessed isokinetic concentric and eccentric peak torques as well as internal and external range of motion increase for both arms while ensuring rotator cuff torque ratios and shoulder mobility in team handball real sport-specific condition.

A Pre and Postnatal Physical Therapy Protocol for Recreational Athletes: A Case Series.

Recent changes to medical recommendations for exercise in pregnancy and postpartum have expanded to include recreational athletes. While women are transitioning into motherhood at the height of their athletic careers, there is limited guidance on musculoskeletal training from pregnancy through safe return to activity. The lack of education and support in this population may lead to increased prevalence of symptoms and delay of treatment, ultimately hindering athletic performance. The purpose of this case series is to assess pelvic floor symptoms through implementing a new pre- and postnatal exercise training paradigm in a group of women aiming to return to recreational athletics. Case series. Six recreationally athletic women between 25-35 years of age were referred to physical therapy during pregnancy to participate in this protocol. The women completed a standardized pregnancy and postpartum rehabilitation plan focused on core and pelvic floor control in addition to specific strength and mobility training. Pain, urinary dysfunction, and pelvic floor muscle strength were assessed at six weeks postpartum and at discharge. Meaningful improvement was noted in pain, urinary dysfunction, and muscle strength by the time of discharge. The decrease in symptoms and improvements in measures of musculoskeletal health suggests that a physical therapist guided rehabilitation protocol may be useful as part of the standard of care to reduce prevalence of pain and dysfunction, particularly in the recreational athlete population. Improving understanding of exercise training in this population may minimize musculoskeletal symptoms and encourage additional research to improve the standard of care for this group of patients. Level 4.

Effects of Dry Land Speed Training on 100-Meter Freestyle Swimming in Adolescent Swimming

Background and Aim: The specific strength development in swimming tends to start at a younger age, so it becomes particularly important to conduct effective Specific strength training during adolescence. It is essential to utilize training methods and means that align with the developmental characteristics of Specific strengths in young swimmers. Thus, this study has developed a specific dry-land training program to enhance the 100-meter freestyle swimming speed of adolescent swimmers. Methods: This study selected 30 male adolescent swimmers from the Shaanxi Provincial Swimming Team and divided them into an experimental group and a control group (15 individuals in each group) based on their 100-meter freestyle speed. Both groups underwent a 12-week training intervention, with 12 training sessions per week, each lasting 2 hours. The total training time and water-based training content were the same for both groups, but the content of dry-land training differed. The experimental group followed a specific dry-land training program, while the control group followed a traditional training program. Comprehensive tests were conducted before and after the 12-week training intervention for both groups, using the physical fitness and test scores of swimmers in the experimental and control groups as research indicators. Experimental and analytical methods, including experimental and statistical methods, were employed to conduct a targeted study on the changes in physical fitness and test scores before and after the training. Results: show that after 12 weeks of training, the scores for both groups are as follows: Pull-ups (Experimental group: P=0.000&lt;0.01, Control group: P=0.777&gt;0.05), Vertical jump (Experimental group: P=0.032&lt;0.05, Control group: P=0.848&gt;0.05), Abdominal muscle endurance (Experimental group: P=0.000&lt;0.01, Control group: P=0.396&gt;0.05), and Back muscle endurance (Experimental group: P=0.004&lt;0.01, Control group: P=0.583&gt;0.05). The post-test results reveal that swimmers in the experimental group performed significantly better in pull-ups, vertical jumps, abdominal muscle endurance, and back muscle endurance compared to the control group. Conclusion: The specialized training program effectively increased the upper limb strength of the participants, with no significant advantage over the traditional training program.

Features of the Correlation Relationship Between External Stress Still and Adaptive Changes in the Body of Mixed Martial Arts Athletes

Topicality. One of the most important aspects in the field of sports is determining the appropriateness of the loads used for the adaptation capabilities of the athletes' bodies. This is a key element in both the training and competition process, which requires immediate correction and the development of effective training systems with long-term prediction of results, not only in mixed martial arts, but in all other sports as well. The Purpose of the Research. To study the peculiarities of the correlation between the parameters of the working weight of the projectile and adaptive changes in the body of mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes in the process of special strength training. Methods. 50 shock style MMA athletes aged 19±0,7 took part in the study. Two research groups were formed. The representatives of the examined groups used experimental regimens of training sessions during 3 months of strength training. Correlation analysis was carried out between parameters of projectile working mass (m) and biochemical indicators of blood, anthropometry, bioimpedancemetry, control testing of the development of maximum strength of athletes. The Results. In the athletes of the first group at all stages of the study, it was found that a constant strong positive relationship (r&gt;0,70) is observed between the indicator of the working mass of the projectile (m=56–59 % of 1 RM) in the conditions of the regime of type A training loads (Ra=0,56) and the development of the maximum strength of leg muscles during the exercise «leg press on the block» (r=0,73), as well as the basal level of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme concentration in blood serum (r=0,72). The analysis of the results of the study obtained after 3 months of special strength training by the athletes of the second group of C-type training loads (Ra=0,74) indicate that the number of strong correlations has increased 9 times compared to the data found at the beginning of the experiment. It was established that the largest change in the level of correlations from moderate at the beginning of the study (on average r=0,57) to high after 3 months of training (on average r=0,87) occurred between the projectile working weight indicator and the results of the control testing the development of maximum muscle strength (chest muscles, shoulder and hip muscles) during control exercises. Findings. It was established that only among the athletes of the second group, who in the process of special strength training use the mode of training loads of type C (Ra=0,74), the correlations increase during 3 months of training, which indicates pronounced processes of long-term adaptation.

Modern problems of special strength training in Mixed MartiaL ArtS

The information presented in this article reveals one of the most relevant and at the same time controversial issues in mixed martial arts (MMA) related to the optimization and correction of special strength training taking into account the individual functional capabilities of athletes, their fighting style and the specifics of the training stage. It has been established that one of the important aspects of optimizing the training process in MMA is the effective combination of energy supply modes of muscle activity and the amount of load indicators. The use of loads of different volume and intensity allows for a detailed influence on the level of functional training of athletes of the striking or wrestling style of fighting. In the works of leading experts in MMA, the problem of practical implementation of effective mechanisms for improving the training process in mixed martial arts during special shock training is not sufficiently disclosed. One of the problematic issues, first of all, is the determination of the optimal parameters of the volume and intensity of the load and the use of the most informative physiological and biochemical methods for assessing the nature of changes in adaptive reserves associated with the level of functional capabilities, the degree of resistance of the organism to an external stimulus and the development of the maximum strength of those muscle groups of the athlete, which actively participate in the performance of the main technical elements of the striking style of fighting. At the same time, one of the important aspects remains the question of determining effective criteria for evaluating the training process (technical, tactical characteristics and their combination with functional capabilities), which will allow developing an optimal mechanism for correcting physical exertion.

The effect of special strength exercises based on parallel training (Circuit Training) in developing some physiological variables and achieving 100 breaststroke swimming for young people

Special strength training exercises used by swimmers in order to build physical capabilities and improve physiological adaptation, because the success of the training process is measured by the extent of progress achieved by the swimmer and parallel training (Circuit Training) is a very effective and versatile method that targets multiple aspects of With specific breaks that can focus on strength You perform these exercises sequentially, moving from exercise to exercise with limited breaks, .importance of research in an attempt Employing the mechanism of giving exercises and training methods to link between different sports sciences The research problem noted that many swimmers have weakness when performing swimming races (100 m) chest due to the weakness of the physical and motor abilities of swimmers as the physical, motor and skill integration gives the swimmer the appropriate opportunity to do the correct motor work. of swimmers of the Peace Club and conducted the pre-tests and then applied the exercises on this sample and then the post-tests and concluded that the use of special strength exercises according to the training

Features of the influence of special strength training on performance in competitive activities in Mixed Martial Arts (example of horting)

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of the specific influence of strength training in horting on the effectiveness of the implementation of the functional adaptation potential of the athletes' body and their level of technical and tactical skill in the process of competitive activity. In the process of the research, a comparative analysis of the results of the matches between the athletes of all three experimental groups identified at the stage of selection for the championship of Ukraine was carried out after three months of using experimental models of strength training classes and during the competition for the selection for the Cup of Ukraine. The results of the study showed that the number of victories of athletes of the second group at this stage of the study during qualifying matches decreased by 41.7% compared to the previous results. At that time, on the contrary, among the athletes of the third group, we observe an increase in the effectiveness of competitive activity by 62.5% compared to the number of victories recorded during qualifying matches for the championship of Ukraine before the use of the experimental model of strength training classes. In the process of analyzing the results of competitive activity recorded in at the end of the study, during qualifying matches for the Cup of Ukraine, it was found that among the athletes of the second group, compared to the magnificent indicators of the previous control, we observed the largest decrease in the number of victories by 4 times due to technical knockout. At the same time, among the athletes of this group, the indicator of the number of victories obtained due to knockout decreased by 50.0% compared to the results that were revealed during the qualifying competitions before the start of the application of the proposed experimental model of training sessions. The corresponding negative dynamics to a 3-fold decrease in the number of victories obtained in matches with athletes of the third group in the conditions of the use of suffocating techniques, we record in the participants of the second group at this stage of the study compared to the results found in previous competitions.

Effect of Sports Specific Warm-Up Protocol on Injury Prevention among Badminton Players

Background: Badminton is a sport in which players use a combination of speed, endurance, strength, andcoordination over lengthy, high-intensity actions that are broken up by rest breaks. In sports, a warm-up is a preexercisesession intended to improve performance in competition or training. Training that has been introducedinto training programmes involves properly warming up the body before physical exercise. General warm updoesn’t help on injury prevention in all games, so there is a need for sports specific warm up programs to promotemore flexibility and readiness before the specific strength training and power training.Purpose: To assess the impact of a sports-specific warm-up procedure on badminton players’ ability to avoidinjuries.Materials and Method: From the SDAT in Chennai, a total of 100 young badminton players were chosen. Witha mean age of 22.35 ± 3.23, there were 59 male and 41 female players among them. Injury Rate, EpidemiologicalIncidence Proportion and Incidence Rate were used as outcome measures. The players were split into two groups,one of which received a sports-specific warm-up procedure and the other of which received a generic warm-upregimen.Results: By the descriptive statistics of the collected data, the Sports Specific Warm-up group showed betterimprovement in preventing injuries compared to the conventional group.Conclusion: It has been concluded that Sports Specific Warm-up plays a vital role in preventing on-field injuriesamong badminton players.

Effectiveness of Task-Specific Training combined with Strength Training on Upper Limb Recovery, Activities and Participation after Stroke: A Systematic Literature Review

Strength training in stroke focuses more on improving the impairment of muscle weakness after stroke. Task specific training along with strength training may improve upper limb impairment, functional outcome and participation after stroke. A systematic review was conducted to analyse the available evidence on task specific training combined with strength training on upper limb performance post stroke. Databases like The Cochrane Central Register of Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, PEDro, Clinical Trial Registry of India and OTseeker were searched in order to find the required studies. Stroke, task-specific training, functional strength training, task-oriented strength training, task-specific strength training, upper limb performance, activities, and participation were the key search terms. Studies published in English language up to October 2023 were taken into consideration. For the purpose of the review, studies that examined the efficacy of combined strength training and task specific training on upper limb recovery, activity and participation post stroke were taken into account. The studies of other combinations with task specific training were excluded. Outcome measures measuring upper limb motor recovery, functional performance, activities and participation post stroke were considered in the review. Five studies were selected for the current systematic review out of the 384 studies screened. Task specific training combined with strength training functional strength training were reviewed in the selected studies. The review conclude that a combined therapeutic strategy using task specific training and strength training addressing improvement of upper limb recovery can be more effective in comparison to the standard therapy.

The effects of resistance training on jumping and selected power variables of the lower limbs in female soccer players

Introduction: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of a 6-week intervention of combined soccer training with resistance training on strength and power variables in highly trained female soccer players. It was hypothesized that 6 weeks is sufficient for a significant improvement in jumping ability and power to occur due to the intervention. The study involved 34 female soccer players of the top women’s league (22 ± 5 years old, body height 167 ± 5 cm, body weight 60 ± 8 kg). The players were divided into two groups of 17 participants. The control group performed 3 soccer and 1 strength training sessions (50–60% 1RM load) weekly. The experimental group performed 3 soccer and 2 resistance training sessions during a weekly micro-cycle (50–85% 1RM load). The results of the experiment indicate a significant improvement in vertical jump height and sitting leg press performance in the experimental group: CMJ (p &lt; 0.05; p = 0.000029; ES:1.00;11%), CMJA (p &lt; 0.05; p = 0.003; ES = 1.09;13%) and LP (p &lt; 0.05; p = 0.027681; ES = 0.48;6%), while in the control group changes in results after completing the training program were statistically insignificant for CMJ (p &gt; 0.05, p = 0.274000, ES:0.07,1%), CMJA (p &gt; 0.05, p = 0.350958, ES = 0.27;3%) and LP (p &gt; 0, 05; p = 0.130153; ES = 0.27;4%). The presented results suggest that a short, six-week resistance training program, specific soccer training and strength training carried out twice a week during the preparatory period may significantly improve the strength and jumping variables of the lower limbs in female soccer players.

МЕТОДИКА СПЕЦІАЛЬНОЇ СИЛОВОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ СТУДЕНТІВ-ПАУЕРЛІФТЕРІВ У ПІДГОТОВЧОМУ ПЕРІОДІ

The article describes the methodology of special strength training of powerlifter students in the preparatory period. The main condition for the creation of a rational methodology for the development of strength abilities of powerlifters is the analysis of indicators that cause the manifestation of maximum muscle strength. The level of strength demonstrated by an athlete depends on many factors: the physiological diameter of the muscle, the ratio of fast-twitch muscle fibers to their total number, the number of involved motor units, the synchronization of synergistic muscle activity, the timely involvement of muscles yams-antagonists, etc. Power abilities in specific motor actions are determined by the biomechanical structure of movement. Studies have confirmed that during repeated testing under normal conditions, strength fluctuations do not exceed 3-4%. At the same time, the higher the athlete's class, the more significant role his mental capabilities play in achieving sports results, significantly influencing the level of functional manifestations. The methodology of special strength training of powerlifters in the preparatory period, proposed in this study, largely depends on the methodology of accounting for factors of competitive reliability. The task of factor analysis was, in particular, to reveal the essence of factors of competitive reliability and to determine their interpretation on this basis. For this, unevenness in the distribution of factor loads was analyzed. When drawing up training plans, both in the experimental and control groups, the variability of the load in terms of volume, intensity and selection of exercises was taken into account. The parameters of the training load in the programs of the experimental and control groups had no differences in the number of barbell lifts and intensity. The two-months interval between control tests corresponded to the adaptation processes in the athlete's body. Keywords: technique, preparation, powerlifting, strength, factor, competition, period.

Changes in normalized mutual information in response to strength training: An ancillary analysis of a quasi-randomized controlled trial.

The aim of the present investigation was twofold. (1) to assess test-retest reliability of normalized mutual information (NMI) values extracted from the surface electromyography (sEMG) signal of muscles pairs of the upper body during dynamic bench press at a high load, and (2) to assess changes in NMI values from before to after a five-week quasi-randomized controlled bench press training intervention. For test-retest reliability, 20 strength trained males (age 25 ± 2 years, height 1.81 ± 0.07 m) performed two three-repetition maximum (3RM) tests in bench press, while sEMG was recorded from six upper body muscles. Tests were separated by 8.2 ± 2.9 days. For the training intervention, 17 male participants (age 26 ± 5 years, height 1.80 ± 0.07 m) trained bench press specific strength training for 5 weeks (TRA), while 13 male participants (age 23 ± 3 years, height 1.80 ± 0.08 m) constituted a control group (CON). 3RM bench press test and sEMG recordings were carried out before and after the intervention period. The NMI values ranged from poor to almost perfect reliability, with the majority displaying substantial reliability. TRA displayed a significant decrease in NMI values during the concentric phase for two agonist-agonist muscle pairs, while one agonist-agonist and two agonist-antagonist muscle pairs increased the NMI values during the eccentric phase. The observed changes did not exceed the minimal detectable threshold, and we therefore cannot surely ascertain that the changes observed in NMI values reflect genuine neural adaptations.

Isolated and Combined Effect of Strength Training and Specific Strength Training on Performance Levels Among Archers

Study purpose. The purpose of the study was to find out the impact of isolated and combined effect of Specific Strength Training, Strength Training, and Combined Strength Training on the performance levels among archers. Materials and methods. Quantitative research study and non-random sampling method used for the study, a total of sixty (N=60) archers from various archery academies across India aged between 20.5±3.8 years were divided into four groups – Control Group (CG), Specific Strength Training Group (SSTG), Strength Training Group (STG) and Combined Strength Training Group (CTG) received 12 weeks of training schedule. SSTG &amp; STG received alternate days/week where as CTG received alternate days of strength and specific training schedule. Results. The results of the data were analysed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc test and showed that the implementation of training methods significantly impacted the scoring performance index among the archer groups (SST&lt;0.05, ST&lt;0.05 and CT&lt;0.05). The combined training group achieved highest performance index following strength training and specific strength training. However, no significant improvement in scoring performance index was found in the control group. Conclusions. This research is an evidence that combination of training with shooting is necessary for improving the performance index among archers.

The Effect of Different Strength Training Modalities on Sprint Performance in Female Team-Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

There has been a rise in the participation, professionalism, and profile of female sports in recent years. Sprinting ability is an important quality for successful athletic performance in many female team sports. However, much of the research to date on improving sprint performance in team sports is derived from studies with male participants. Given the biological differences between the sexes, this may be problematic for practitioners when programming to enhance sprint performance in female team-sport athletes. Therefore, the aims of this systematic review were to investigate (1) the overall effect of lower body strength training on sprint performance, and (2) the effect of specific strength training modalities (i.e., reactive-; maximal-; combined-; special-strength) on sprint performance in female team-sport athletes. An electronic database search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS to identify relevant articles. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to establish standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals and the magnitude and direction of the effect. Fifteen studies were included in the final analysis. The 15 studies represent a total sample size of 362 participants (intervention n = 190; control n = 172) comprising 17 intervention groups and 15 control groups. The overall effects revealed small improvements in sprint performance in favour of the experimental group over 0-10m and moderate improvements over sprint distances of 0-20m and 0-40m. The magnitude of improvement in sprint performance was influenced by the strength modality (i.e., reactive-, maximal-, combined-, and special-strength) utilised in the intervention. Reactive- and combined-strength training methods had a greater effect than maximal- or special-strength modalities on sprint performance. This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that, when compared with a control group (i.e., technical and tactical training), the different strength training modalities exhibited small to moderate improvements in sprint performance in female team-sport athletes. The results of a moderator analysis demonstrated that youth athletes (< 18years) yielded a greater improvement in sprint performance compared with adults (≥ 18years). This analysis also supports the use of a longer programme duration (> 8weeks) with a higher total number of training sessions (> 12sessions) to improve overall sprint performance. These results will serve to guide practitioners when programming to enhance sprint performance in female team-sport athletes.

Modern looks are to reasons, symptoms, prophylaxis and treatment of traumas of hand in tennis

One of advantages of tennis is relatively subzero trauma against other playing types of sport. The article details the reasons for which injuries of the elbow joint and wrist occur in athletes in the process of training and playing tennis.&#x0D; Among chronically tiresome diseases tennis players have diseases of elbow joint mostly, that makes 10-12% from all traumas at playing tennis. Even distribution of physical activities, literate choice of inventory аnd correct technique of game, has a large value for the prophylaxis of traumas of hand.Prevention of injuries among athletes is facilitated by the absence of overload and overtraining, adequate warm-up and relaxation, proper stretching and flexibility exercises, special strength training to achieve the correct balance between between opposite extremities.&#x0D; By factors, defiant a disease, there is a presence of the hidden traumas of tendon or muscles, being next to an elbow, weakening and restriction of fibres of tendons in a joint between bone ledges, violation of integrity of soft fabrics at a joint, violation of feed of fabrics round a joint, arthritis.&#x0D; The removal of reasonsare driven on that arise up disease of elbow joint, muscles and tendons for tennis players assists warning of diseases and recovery. Councils are given of physical exercises on a prophylaxis and physical rehabilitation. To the article the methods treatment are driven at the sharp sickly stages of disease.

FORÇA E TREINAMENTO DE QUALIDADE DOS JOGADORES DE BASQUETEBOL

ABSTRACT Introduction: Quality exercise training of young people is a fundamental basic requirement for developing physical fitness in college basketball teaching. Objective: Enhance exercise training in young basketball players. Methods: A random selection of 50 student volunteers was made for this research. The strength and quality of basketball players of different ages were analyzed. The experimental group was subjected to specific strength training, while the control group was subjected to routine physical exercises. The experiment period was 12 weeks, and the specific technical indicators of the athletes were collected before and after the end of the experiment. The collected data were statistically treated and discussed in light of the scientific literature. Results: No significant difference was found between the two groups in the initial test score (P&gt;0.05). The experimental group’s performance in exercise was better than the control group after 12 weeks (P&lt;0.01). The experimental group demonstrated better performance than the control group in the standing jump, 15-meter reentry, and forward jump, corroborating the significantly different data between the two groups (P&lt;0.01). Conclusion: This study aimed to study the unique role of strength training in the physical training of young basketball players. Special strength training positively affects upper limb muscle training in young basketball players. The lower extremities of basketball players showed expressive functional gains with special strength training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

TREINAMENTO DE APTIDÃO FÍSICA DE MEMBROS SUPERIORES EM JOGADORES DE VOLEIBOL

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dedicated fitness training has greatly influenced many qualities required of volleyball players, but specific upper limb training is still poorly documented. Objective: Study the impacts of fitness training on upper limb strength and functional impacts during volleyball players’ ball throws. Methods: Twenty volleyball students were randomly divided into experimental and control groups for a six-week experiment. The experimental group mainly performed a training protocol involving ball throws while the control group continued with traditional training methods. The data regarding functional kinematics and fitness performance were collected and statistically compared. Results: In the experimental group, shoulder flexor strength evidenced an increase from 0.41±0.19 J/kg to 1.29±0.19 J/kg; elbow flexor strength elevated from 0.38±0.23 J/kg to 1.61±0.02 J/kg. On the specific functional performance, the peak score increased from 4.84±1.44 to 7.47±1.43; The overall score increased from 9.05±1.70 to 13.31±1.72. It was noted that the rate of increase of each index was more significant than that of the control group. Conclusion: Dedicated fitness training can improve the upper limb strength and hitting effect of volleyball players, and its combination with special strength training is recommended to improve the overall skills of athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.