Special Set Of Conditions Research Articles

Stages of the Remote Investment Deal: Legal Tools for Preventing Conflicts between Participants

dmatytsin@ya.ruThe article examines the legal instruments that ensure conflict-free execution and execution of investment transactions using information technologies on the Internet. The stages of implementation of a remote investment transaction are highlighted and considered in detail. A set of special conditions and tools has been developed, which, when combined, ensure the prevention of potential conflicts between participants in remote investment deals. It is proposed to use a scheme of a polysubject jurisdictional blockchain, which allows, firstly, to prevent potential conflicts between counter parties, secondly, to manage the objective and subjective risks of the parties, and thirdly, to achieve balance and respect the mutual interests of participants when they make investment deals in the Internet space.

Evaluating parameters of econometric models with linear limitations and a rank deficient observation matrix

There considered the approach of the linear econometric dependences parameters estimating for the case of combining a set of special conditions arising in the simulation process. These conditions address the most important problems met in practice when implementing a series of classes of mathematical models, for the construction of which the matrix of explanatory variables can be used. In most cases the vectors that make up the matrix have a close correlation relationship; this leads to the need of performing calculations using a rank deficient matrix. There are also take place violations of the Gauss-Markov theorem condition. The list of above mentioned special conditions is augmented by the additional model parameters constraints. Cobb-Douglas's production function and the Solow model are known economic problems of this type. In this research the need to impose additional constraints on the model parameters is extended to a wider range of tasks. In general, the economic formulation of the problem with the specified features is presented.Known ways to solve these tasks are discussed. The authors’ approach proposed takes into account the whole spectrum of these features. This approach is based on the application of pseudorandom matrices and the use of singular matrix decomposition. The use of proposed mathematical tools makes it possible to improve the quality of estimating model parameters while using real economic processes data. The analytical definition is found for the parameter evaluating vector of a linear econometric model with all the above mentioned features. Analysis of the used definition provides determination of the conditions that the matrix must satisfy; this describes additional model parameters constraints. The term was also obtained to estimate the variance of a linear econometric model parameters vector.The results obtained can be used in machine learning systems in the implementation of problems of econometric dependencies or discriminant models.

Static balancing of highly reconfigurable articulated wheeled vehicles for power consumption reduction of actuators

This paper presents the static balancing of a highly reconfigurable articulated wheeled vehicles with multiple leg-wheel subsystem. Articulated wheeled vehicles are a class of mobile robots, which offer immense possibilities for enhanced locomotion-performance of autonomous mobile vehicles by virtue of the enormous reconfigurability within their articulated structure. However, changing the vehicle platform elevation could require considerable actuator power because of the payload. Hence, the main focus of this paper is to carefully evaluate various means for reducing or eliminating these static forces, principally due to the mass- and inertia-distribution within the system. It is noteworthy that although known apriori, such static forces often are significantly dependent upon the articulated-wheeled vehicle configuration. Hence, realising the static balancing for all possible configurations of vehicle imposes special set of conditions on the geometric, mass and inertial parameters. In this paper, elastic elements such as springs are used in conjunction with reconfigurable four-bar mechanism to achieve the static balancing. The essential principle is to realise that the total potential energy including the elastic potential energy stored in springs and gravitational potential energy becomes constant. Finally, we show that elimination of static torques due to gravity reduces the torque requirements and provides much more efficient design with significant reduction of the actuator sizes.

Evaluation of a Selected Case of the Minimum Dissipative Rate Method for Non-Force-Free Solar Magnetic Field Extrapolations

The minimum dissipative rate (MDR) method for deriving a coronal non-force-free magnetic field solution is partially evaluated. These magnetic field solutions employ a combination of three linear (constant-α) force-free-field solutions with one being a potential field (i.e., α=0). The particular case of the solutions where the other two α’s are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign is examined. This is motivated by studying the SOLIS (Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigation of the Sun (SOLIS), a National Solar Observatory facility) vector magnetograms of AR 10987, which show a global α value consistent with an α=0 value as evaluated by (∇×B) z /B z over the region. Typical of the current state of the observing technology, there is no definitive twist for input into the general MDR method. This suggests that the special α case, of two α’s with equal magnitudes and opposite signs, is appropriate given the data. Only for an extensively twisted active region does a dominant, nonzero α normally emerge from a distribution of local values. For a special set of conditions, is it found that (i) the resulting magnetic field is a vertically inflated magnetic field resulting from the electric currents being parallel to the photosphere, similar to the results of Gary and Alexander (Solar Phys. 186:123, 1999), and (ii) for α≈(α max /2), the Lorentz force per unit volume normalized by the square of the magnetic field is on the order of 1.4×10−10 cm−1. The Lorentz force (F L) is a factor of ten higher than that of the magnetic force d(B 2/8π)/dz, a component of F L. The calculated photospheric electric current densities are an order of magnitude smaller than the maximum observed in all active regions. Hence both the Lorentz force density and the generated electric current density seem to be physically consistent with possible solar dynamics. The results imply that the field could be inflated with an overpressure along the neutral line. However, the implementation of this or any other extrapolation method using the electric current density as a lower boundary condition must be done cautiously, with the current magnetography.

Risk Sharing, the Cost of Equity and the Optimal Capital Structure of the Regulated Firm

This paper considers the relationship between the regulator’s pricing decision and the allocation of risk between consumers and shareholders. Consumers are willing to trade-off price variations against a lower expected price. Prices are higher in adverse economic conditions, but shareholder returns are not necessarily lower. It might be optimal to insure shareholders against market risk, so that consumers could thereby achieve a lower expected price. The allocation of risk between consumers and shareholders depends on the capital structure of the regulated firm, and a very special set of conditions must apply for the social optimum to be 100% debt finance with the firm operating on a ‘not-for-profit’ basis.

Pulsed Laser Deposition of Chromium Oxides: Substrate Effects

ABSTRACTPulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) was used to grow chromium oxides (CrOx) on MgO(100), Al2O3(0001), SrTiO3(100), LaAlO3(100), and Si(100) under different growth conditions, including substrate temperature, O2 pressure, and laser fluence. SEM, AFM and XRD measurements show that various phases of CrOx films with different morphologies could be obtained on different substrates under the same growth conditions. Half-metallic CrO2 needle-like nanostructured films were only observed on MgO(100) under a special set of conditions.

Thermal quantum field theory and the Casimir interaction between dielectrics

The Casimir and van der Waals interaction between two dissimilar thick dielectric plates is reconsidered on the basis of thermal quantum field theory in Matsubara formulation. We briefly review two main derivations of the Lifshitz formula in the framework of thermal quantum field theory without use of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. A set of special conditions is formulated under which these derivations remain valid in the presence of dissipation. The low-temperature behavior of the Casimir and van der Waals interactions between dissimilar dielectrics is found analytically from the Lifshitz theory for both an idealized model of dilute dielectrics and for real dielectrics with finite static dielectric permittivities. The free energy, pressure and entropy of the Casimir and van der Waals interactions at low temperatures demonstrate the same universal dependence on the temperature as was previously discovered for ideal metals. The entropy vanishes when temperature goes to zero proving the validity of the Nernst heat theorem. This solves the long-standing problem on the consistency of the Lifshitz theory with thermodynamics in the case of dielectric plates. The obtained asymptotic expressions are compared with numerical computations for both dissimilar and similar real dielectrics and found to be in excellent agreement. The role of the zero-frequency term in Matsubara sum is investigated in the case of dielectric plates. It is shown that the inclusion of conductivity in the model of dielectric response leads to the violation of the Nernst heat theorem. The applications of this result to the topical problems of noncontact atomic friction and the Casimir interaction between real metals are discussed.

Effect of salinity on the distribution, growth, and toxicity of Karenia spp.

The first recorded bloom of Karenia spp., resulting in brevetoxin in oysters, in the low salinity waters of the Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOMEX) occurred in November 1996. It raised questions about the salinity tolerance of Karenia spp., previously considered unlikely to occur at salinities <24 psu, and the likelihood that the bloom would reoccur in the NGOMEX. Salinity was investigated as a factor controlling Karenia spp. abundance in the field, using data from the NGOMEX 1996 bloom and Florida coastal waters from 1954 to 2004, and growth and toxin production in cultures of Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen and Moestrup. During the NGOMEX bloom, Karenia spp. occurred much more frequently at low salinities than in Florida coastal waters over the last 50 years. The data suggest that the NGOMEX bloom started on the NW Florida Shelf, an area with a higher frequency of Karenia spp. at low salinities than the rest of Florida, and was transported by an unusual westward surface current caused by Tropical Storm Josephine. The minimum salinity at which growth occurred in culture ranged between 17.5 and 20 psu, but the optimal salinity ranged between low values of 20 or 25 and high values of 37.5–45 psu, depending on the clone. The effect of salinity on toxin production in one clone of K. brevis was complex, but at all salinities brevetoxin levels were highest during the stationary growth phase, suggesting that aging, high density blooms may pose the greatest public health threat. The results demonstrate that Karenia spp. can be a public health threat in low salinity areas, but the risk in the NGOMEX is relatively low. No bloom has occurred since the 1996 event, which was probably associated with a special set of conditions: a bloom along the Florida Panhandle and a tropical storm with a track that set up a westward current.

Aggregation of DNA-Modified Nanospheres Depending on Added Polynucleotides

Abstract DNA oligomer, dT20 , was immobilized onto the organic nanospheres. The spheres aggregated only in the presence of complementary RNA under a special set of conditions. The aggregation was pseudo-reversible for the temperature change. The techniques of the polynucleotide-directed aggregation should be useful for constructing the structure having mesoscopic dimensions.

Factors controlling adventitious root formation of explants from juvenile and adult Quercus robur ’Fastigiata’

Factors affecting adventitious root formation were studied in explants of juvenile and adult Quercus robur ‘Fastigiata’. Rooting occurred only in expiants taken from succulent and young shoots. Long time subculturing of adult shoots (4 yrs) did not change the rooting behaviour. Continuous darkness was essential for rooting. Root formation occurred only when sugar, auxin and macrosalts were present in the medium. Under a special set of conditions, rooting can easily be induced in leaf and stem explants originating from a 30-yr-old adult oak tree.

Formation of a new aluminum oxide with the composition AlO 2 by interfacial reaction between Pt and α-Al 2O 3

A new aluminum oxide, with the nominal composition AlO 2, very likely in aluminum peroxide oxide, was formed at the interface between Pt and α-Al 2O 3 diffusion-bonded in a reducing atmosphere at 1200°C. The structure, chemistry and kinetics of formation of AlO 2 were characterized by X-ray fluorescence microanalysis, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, forward recoil spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron spin resonance, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Near bulk quantities of AlO 2 were obtained for long bonding times; a 13 μm thick interlayer after 96 h at 1200°C. The thickness of the interlayer increased linearly with time indicating that the kinetics of the reaction are interface controlled. Based on electron diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction observations the structure of AlO 2 was shown to be orthorhombic. It is suggested that a metastable oxide can form in direct contact with α-Al 2O 3 under a special set of conditions where the dissolution of Al into Pt provides a sufficient decrease in free energy to allow the oxidation of α-Al 2O 3, with very slow transport of oxygen away from the reaction front along the Pt-Al 2O 3 interface.

A Study of the Propagation of Optical Spectra Using a Wavelength Independent Formulation of Diffraction Theory and Coherence Theory

Abstract Basic relations in diffraction theory and coherence theory are rederived in spatial coordinates in units of a wavelength for each monochromatic component of the field. It is found that each component behaves identically in these coordinates independent of wavelength. This theory makes it clear that there is an intrinsic spectral shift that always occurs for any deterministic field as it propagates from a region near its sources into the far field. This theory also leads to a set of special conditions under which a partially coherent field has the same spectrum over a plane near its sources and also at every point in its far field. These conditions are believed to be satisfied by the fields radiated by natural thermal sources. Equations are given describing the relationships between the spectra of the source, the field near the source, and the radiation field under a wide range of conditions.

Modelling of simultaneous absorption of H 2S and CO 2 in alkanolamine solutions: The influence of parallel and consecutive reversible reactions and the coupled diffusion of ionic species

Numerical models, based on Higbie's penetration theory, were developed to study the effect of the coupled diffusion of ions and the effect of parallel and consecutive chemical reactions on the mass transfer rate for the simultaneous absorption of H 2S and CO 2 in aqueous solutions of (mixtures of) alkanolamines. Prior to this complicated system, gas absorption accompanied by a single reversible reaction and in the presence of an inert salt has been studied in order to determine clearly the effect of coupled ion diffusion on the mass transfer rate. From the latter model simulations it was concluded that ion diffusion and consequently ion decoupling can have significant effect on the mass transfer rate, although a rather special set of conditions is required. Model simulations for the simultaneous absorption of CO 2 and H 2S showed that incorporation in the flux model of all relevant reactions, instead of only the direct reactions between CO 2 and H 2S and alkanolamines, only leads to more realistic concentration profiles and not to changes in absorption rate predictions for practical conditions. Correct modelling of ion diffusion does give significant though minor changes in absorption rate predictions: CO 2 absorption is reduced and H 2S absorption increased.

Local anaesthetics may radiosensitize via an oxygen-conserving mechanism.

We recently reported that local anaesthetic agents are hypoxic radiosensitizers, oxic radioprotectors and potentiators of hyperthermic killing in mammalian cells (Yau & Kim, 1980). We would like to present some experimental evidence now suggesting that the observed hypoxic radiosensitization is probably due to the conservation of oxygen brought about by the anaesthetic agents under the special set of conditions of our experiments. Various methods to induce hypoxia have been used in our laboratory, including metabolic depletion of oxygen of dense cell suspensions by incubation at 37°C for 1 h or flushing for 1 h with nitrogen.

Some Effects of Annual Fluctuations in Water Level on the Larval Chironomid Communities of Lake Kariba

Lake Kariba, lying in the middle Zambesi Valley between Zambia and Rhodesia, is 280 km (175 miles) long, and has a surface area of 440 000 ha (2000 square miles). Its history falls into two well-defined phases. The first phase covered the period December 1958September 1963 during which the lake was filling. The second phase has been characterized by an annual fluctuation in water level of as much as 8 m/year. At the end of the dry season, October or November, the lake level is lowered to allow for incoming flood waters; the latter produce a rise in water level which usually continues until July. Plant and animal invasions and population explosions were a conspicuous feature of the initial phase (Balinsky & James 1960; Harding 1964, 1966; Mitchell 1965). The water was relatively rich in nutrients (Harding 1964), presumably released from the flooded biota, and to a lesser extent, from soils of the Zambesi Valley. When flooding ceased and no fresh material was inundated, this source of nutrients was no longer available. The remaining sources-the affluent rivers and the rocks of the lake basin (mainly sediments of the Upper Karroo Series)-can be expected to contribute very little (Mitchell & Bond, unpublished), and a lowered nutrient content of the water therefore characterized the second phase. It was during this period that the data presented here were gathered. There are two separate aspects to a fluctuation in water level. There is obviously a change in water depth over any fixed point on the mud's surface. There is also a special set of conditions created by the migration of the shore-line, and attention was focused particularly on this aspect. In order to obtain the maximum possible horizontal movement of the water's edge for any given change in lake level, an area with a gradually shelving bottom was required, if possible with a minimum of wave action (McLachlan 1968). The area selected, Sengwa West A tree-cleared area, provided both these conditions, and was conveniently close to the Nuffield Lake Kariba Research Station (Fig. 1).

The Foreign Service Officer

As career Foreign Service Officers (FSO's) carry out their diplomatic and consular functions, they necessarily assume a unique role in a foreign country as compared with their fellow overseas Americans. Conducting the business of the United States government in the host country, their re lationships with local people take on an inescapable official significance. In addition, their diplomatic status calls for par ticipation in the activities of the local multinational diplomatic corps. The result is a special set of conditions on which For eign Service life overseas is based. In the postwar period, the scope and variety of demands made on the Foreign Service have expanded along with increased United States responsi bilities and a vastly increased number of official Americans abroad. These changing conditions of international diplomacy have posed new problems in defining the professionalism of diplomacy for United States Foreign Service Officers. How ever, the Service is still given cohesion by participation in a common career "subculture" which derives from similarity of experience, the traditions of the Service, a sense of belonging to an FSO community which is dispersed over the world, and a common set of values and objectives.

Some Observations on Moose in Yellowstone Park

The observations presented in this paper are based on a study carried out in Yellowstone Park during the summers of 1947, 1948, and 1949. The two areas within the park covered intensively were: 1. Swan Lake Flat-Willow Park area, covering approximately five square miles, lying in a general northsouth direction paralleling the main park highway midway between Mammoth Hot Springs and Norris Geyser Basin. 2. Pelican Creek valley leading off northeasterly from the north side of Yellowstone Lake and embracing about two square miles. Both of these areas have high moose populations during most of the year. Willow Park and Pelican Creek areas are covered with dense willow growth which furnishes approximately ninety per cent of the summer food of moose. Swan Lake Flat is an open expanse supporting grasses, sedges, and aquatic plants which are utilized as food. Moose in Yellowstone (Alces americana shirasi Nelson) have excited considerable interest since Shiras (1913) made the initial study. Seton (1929) concerned himself primarily with Alces a. americana (Clinton), as did Murie (1934) in his ecological study of the moose of Isle Royale. A special set of conditions obtain, however, in the ecology of any species in Yellowstone Park because of over-crowding of elk, bison, antelope, etc., on a limited range and also because of the tourist pressure which has been increasing tremendouslv since 1946. This paper, covering only some of the more general aspects of behavior, is a part of a larger study of the general ecology of moose of Yellowstone with particular reference to summer food habits. Such a study of the moose of Yellowstone was necessary because of the special conditions imposed by sanctuary within the park and because it has become apparent that much of the information regarding a particular species in one section of the country does not apply wholly to the same species or closely related species in other sections. Direct field observations were made using 7 x 35 mm binoculars to obtain the data presented. Individual moose were given a number as soon as their distinguishing characteristics were learned, i.e., sex, size and shape of the bell (if present), color, presence of scars, size and' form of antlers on the bulls, etc. For example, the first moose positively identified in 1947 was given the number, 7-1; the second animal identified in 1948 was numbered 8-2, etc.

PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF PRE-OVIPOSITAL EMBRYONIC DEATHS IN CHICKENS AND THEIR BEARING ON THE RELATION BETWEEN 'FERTILITY' AND HATCHABILITY

Although the terms 'fertility' and 'hatchability' refer in chickens to two biologically independent processes, in practice they are frequently found to be related. This type of association suggests that the two variables are related only through the mediation of a special set of conditions. The latter find their expressions in a low level of fertility and hatchability. It is suggested that under these conditions, a large proportion of 'infertiles' among hatching eggs are cases of pre-oviposital embryonic death. Evidence to support this has been provided by cytological study of the germ discs of such eggs. The germ discs were found to contain colonies of cells, indicating arrested but nonetheless genuine embryonic development. It has been shown, furthermore, that eggs of some hens are unfertilizable. On the basis of the present data it was possible to establish the existence of another peak in the embryonic mortality curve, occurring during the first 25± hr. of zygotic development.