Provision Of Special Services Research Articles

Understanding the Needs of Children Living with Parental Substance Misuse: Perspectives from Children and Practitioners

Abstract The findings presented here are from a qualitative research study, adopting creative research methods with seven children to provide an in-depth understanding of their lived experience of living with Parental substance misuse (PSM). The children’s data were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. The research also included focus groups with twenty-two professionals which added further understanding to the children’s experiences. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory was adopted as a framework to structure the research data from the micro to the macrosystem. Key messages identified the need for children living with PSM to be seen and heard and offered specialist support in their own right. The children experienced multiple risk factors, which were often enduring, and did not reduce as they grew older. This research provided an understanding of the complex needs of children and the risk factors which reach beyond their immediate home environment. This article argues for change, including improved training for front line practitioners, specialist service provision for children not reliant on their parents’ engagement, and for policy change and financial resources for their implementation. It is proposed that this would bridge the gap between research and practice and lead to improved outcomes for children living with PSM.

Understanding the Roles of Family, Community in Visually Impaired & Low Vision Student’s Life

The objective of this paper is to acquire an efficient understanding of the roles of family,how family support to attain their goals towards life . Family plays an important role in contribution in promoting enrichment,support of the overall quality of lives of the visually impaired student. In the personal and professional lives of the visually impaired student, there are number of functions and daily living activities, which they are required to carry out smoothly. These activities carried out may be on one’s own or perform with help and assistance from family or dear ones. For example, in the pursuance of educational coursers or programs within institutions of all levels, the student are required to deal with special educators, supervisors, visually impaired or sighted classmates and other staff members. Hence, development of consensus with them is regarded to be of sheer significance. On the other hand, within home environment , family members need to work in co-ordination with each other to promote each other’s well-being ,mental health and goodwill. The visually impaired students implement a range of work functions and responsibilities in compliance with protocols and guidelines. The family and community members, particularly special educator and service providers need to be provided with adequate information in terms of methods and procedures of initial phase of learning . Consequently, duties and responsibilities should be carried out in a well-ordered and disciplined manner among family ,community and special educator. Therefore, it is well-understood, roles of family ,community members and special educator are acknowledged to a major extent. The main concepts that are taken into account in this research paper are, roles of family ,roles of community members and roles of special educator in visually impaired student life.

Improving specialist services for FGM

Juliet Albert explores a new project, ACERS-UK, which is currently underway and aiming to improve specialist service provision for survivors of female genital mutilation

Evaluating patient experience to improve care in a specialist antenatal clinic for pregnancy after loss

In the United Kingdom, roughly 1 in 250 babies are stillborn each year. Most women who experience stillbirth become pregnant again – 80% within a year of loss. Presently, obstetric-led care is recommended; though there is a growing body of evidence to support provision of specialist services. The Rainbow Clinic is a specialist antenatal service providing care for pregnancies after loss incorporating clinical and psychological care. This study aimed to assess patient experience at the Rainbow Clinic and identify areas for clinical improvement. A 13-item questionnaire was distributed to pregnant women who attended the Rainbow Clinics at the Oxford Road and Wythenshawe sites of Saint Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, UK between July 2016 and June 2021. Descriptive statistics and unpaired t-test were used for quantitative data and summative content analysis for qualitative data. Four-hundred and fifty-six women completed the questionnaire. The mean patient experience score per quarter was stable with an average of 21.1 (± 3.0) for the five years, with a maximum attainable score of 25. The COVID-19 pandemic had no effect on patient experience at the Rainbow Clinic (pre-pandemic vs. during-pandemic: mean 21.2 v 21.3; p = 0.75). Free-text responses demonstrated women felt positively about the antenatal care received. Identified areas for improvement included “more awareness of the [Rainbow] sticker” to ensure women with previous loss are identified; increased publicity of the Rainbow Clinic services; developing more clinics at different locations to improve accessibility; and continuing specialist input into intrapartum care. Specialist antenatal care provided by the Rainbow Clinic was rated as of a high standard. Potential future improvements include sticker alterations (or other mechanisms to identify women who have experienced a previous loss) and develop increased awareness of the clinic in other institutions.

The Impact of a Child Life Video Preparation on Preoperative Anxiety and Post-Hospital Behaviors

Purpose Children undergoing surgery can experience significant preoperative anxiety and fear, which has been linked to regressive postoperative behaviors. Psychological preparation has been shown to reduce anxiety at time of anesthesia induction as well as negative behavioral changes after surgery. The current study seeks to provide insight into the impact of a video modeling intervention on preoperative anxiety and postoperative behavior changes. Method Participants included 60 patients ages 5 to 10 years undergoing same-day surgery. Patients were randomized into the video group (VG;n = 34) or no video group (NVG;n = 26). The Children’s Fear Scale (CFS) was administered to the patient and parent at the preoperative visit and again the day of surgery. The Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire-Ambulatory Surgery (PHBQ-AS) was administered via telephone at postoperative days 2 and 14. Result This study found that an informational video designed by a child life specialist is an effective tool for reducing preoperative anxiety and postoperative behavior changes in children ages 5 to 10 years old undergoing ambulatory surgery. Conclusion The video intervention benefitted patients when added to the provision of standard child life specialist services. Video modeling interventions, particularly when informed by the expertise of a child life specialist, are a useful modality for preoperative preparation of pediatric patients.

Increasing entrepreneurial ecosystem-level outcomes through orchestration: A proposed framework

Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (EE) denotes the interaction of venture capitalists, corporations, universities, research entities, government, R&D centres, and specialised service providers within a region, collectively fostering high-potential entrepreneurial firms. This paper provides a theoretical framework to decode the orchestration of EEs, merging insights from innovation network orchestration literature and the burgeoning field of EE governance. We suggest that the orchestration of EEs should be analysed in terms of form and content. For form, we explore cases with single or multiple orchestrators and discuss the notion of shared orchestration. Regarding content, we underscore the roles and activities orchestrators should undertake to drive EEs and enhance ecosystem-level results. Orchestrators should manage the ecosystem's institutions, dynamicity, and strategic direction, encompassing eight specific activities. This work advances EE governance understanding by refining the orchestration concept and emphasising inter-network coordination's importance for value creation. This can guide policymakers in crafting EE incentives and actors seeking best practices for ecosystem development.

We’re in the middle of it: Consultants' role in risk management in the Norwegian petroleum sector

Most risk management research focuses on owner/operators and regulators, and ignores other actors. Preventing major accidents in the offshore oil and gas sector is a key responsibility of the companies that own and operate the infrastructure. Regulatory oversight of their activities comes in the form of industry-specific goal-based regulation administered by a specialist regulatory agency. In this paper we focus on a third actor in the system – the consultants who provide specialist services regarding safety and risk.Our study draws on interviews with experienced consultants in the Norwegian oil and gas sector (n = 11, average experience 20+ years). Power’s concept of riskwork is used to examine how consultants interact with their clients and how they see their role in relation to risk management. The analysis shows that the role of experienced consultants goes well beyond metaphor of the fox guarding the hen house. Rather, consultants contribute to regulatory compliance on the part of their clients but, further, they try to positively influence decision makers beyond simple compliance in order to promote what they believe to be the best safety decision making.The paper argues that consultants’ role in the system is under examined and under theorized. Alongside earlier research, our study indicates that consultants play a big role in risk management, which should be both recognized and scrutinized.

The nature of domestic violence experienced by Black and minoritised women and specialist service provision during the COVID-19 pandemic: practitioner perspectives in England and Wales

Our article seeks to understand the contours of what has been termed a ‘dual pandemic’ in the UK: twin crises of increasing domestic violence and abuse (DVA) alongside the spread of COVID-19, both of which have disproportionately affected Black and minoritised communities. Our article draws upon the perspectives of 26 practitioners who provide specialist DVA services for Black and minoritised women and girls in England and Wales. Based on interviews with these practitioners, we explore the nature and patterns of the DVA which their Black and minoritised women clients experienced during the pandemic. Our findings highlight the pandemic-related risks and challenges that lead to specific manifestations of DVA within Black and minoritised communities and reveal the practice and policy landscape of the ‘by and for’ DVA sector during the pandemic and beyond.

"They Can't Believe They're a Tiger": Insights from pediatric speech-language pathologists mobile app users and app designers.

Children with communication disorders experience difficulty in one or more areas of articulation and speech, language, fluency, voice and social communication, and they work with speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to improve their communication. With the rise of adoption and use for mobile applications among special education and healthcare service providers, SLPs also have implemented, and for some, contributed to the design of, mobile applications (apps) during clinical practice. However, how these mobile apps are designed and implemented for clinicians to facilitate their clients' communication and learning experiences during therapy remains underinvestigated. This qualitative research study investigates how mobile apps were designed for clinicians to target assessment and intervention goals. Additionally, it focused on how clinicians adopted these apps while integrating therapy techniques to facilitate their clients' learning. Informed by the Research, Practice, and Design for iPad Apps (iRPD) framework and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), semi-structured interviews were conducted with 37 licensed pediatric SLPs, including 23 SLPs who have used apps and 14 SLPs who have contributed to the design of their own mobile apps. Two rounds of qualitative coding via template analysis and thematic analysis were then used to analyse client and clinician characteristics, clinical practice, therapy tools, app characteristics, influential factors and app design and use recommendations. Results showed SLPs utilise different genres of assistive, educational and recreational game apps to support children's communication development when working with children who have diverse disorders and therapy needs across different age groups. SLPs who have designed their own apps emphasised the importance of following evidence-based practice, well-researched teaching methods and learning theories. Additionally, multiple financial, sociocultural, political and ethical factors contributed to the design, adoption and implementation of mobile apps during services. By understanding the clinician's app use practices situated in various therapy activities and techniques, we specified a list of design recommendations for app designers who are interested in creating mobile apps for supporting children's speech and language development. By bringing insights from both clinical practitioners as well as those with additional technical design backgrounds, this study contributes to the understanding of clinical practice needs and strategies and will lead to the most optimal app design and adoption practice to support the well-being of children with communication disorders. What is already known on the subject Speech language pathologist (SLPs) implement mobile apps for clients with diverse therapy needs, and their app adoption and use are influenced by multifaceted factors. Although prior studies have reported SLPs' mobile app use, additional information is still needed. For example, the research literature does not include how specific technology is used during therapy practice, or specific details about challenges and needs in implementing and utilising the technology. Additional research also needs to include influential factors (e.g., financial, sociocultural, political, ethical) that are considered when selecting, implementing, assessing and designing an app. The lack of research in these areas directly affects the understanding of clinical mobile technology practices and further hinders clinicians' abilities to advocate for better clinical and design decisions towards identifying and implementing effective mobile apps that facilitate children's communication. What this study adds to existing knowledge This qualitative study is the first known empirical research that interviewed pediatric speech-language pathologists who have used and designed mobile apps for children who receive speech-language therapy across different clinical settings. By investigating experiences from clinician stakeholders to illustrate a holistic overview of app design and development to deployment, this study reported finding on (1) how clinicians use mobile apps to help children to participate in different therapy activities, and (2) a list of recommended design and development guidelines that informs the design and use of mobile apps that best support and motivate children to engage in therapy. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? This study disseminates clinician-reported practices of app design and use with pediatric clients across different speech-language disorders, and identifies gaps and needs for clinicians and researchers who are interested in understanding the role of mobile technology in relationship to human communication and interaction. Additionally, the paper demonstrates that SLPs have instrumental roles rather than passive users in influencing the design and implementation of different genres of mobile apps through evidence-based clinical practice, and call for partnerships across clinicians, special educators and technologists to support children's communication development.

Tele-stroke services in rural areas of Nepal: a dire need

With the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in South Asian countries, Nepal also holds a pertinent position with the rapidly increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Among the South Asian countries with the least developed health infrastructure in Nepal, the hurdles of providing equal health services to all demographic and geographic groups of people had always been a matter of serious concern. Moreover, the citizens of rural Nepal had always been kept at a distance from even minor to several major healthcare services for decades and stroke-related illness falls under one of those major diseases with spiking rates of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Traditional risk factors, lifestyle and feeding practices of those regions combined with arduous transportation facilities barring the rural citizens from getting health care services from tertiary care centers have increased morbidity rates as well. Along with it the numbers of neurologists and stroke centers providing specialist services are not in par with the burden of stroke-related illness. Adding to it such stroke care services are below scarce level and completely devoid in most of the areas of rural Nepal which is a matter of global health concern. Telestroke service if properly implemented can act a modern solution to provide access to such special health care services preventing rural citizens from lifelong disability and dependence.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ІНКЛЮЗИВНОГО НАВЧАННЯ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ

The article examines the peculiarities of the organization of inclusive education of school-age chil-dren in the process of Europeanintegration. The state of inclusive education in Ukraine is analyzed.For the pur-pose of efficiency and quality of the organization of inclu-sive education of schoolchildrenthe essence and content of scientific and methodological approaches are defined and characterized, namely:humanistic approach,which providesthe principle of humanism determines the gen-eral nature of relations between subjects of education;a person-oriented approach that embodiespersonally ori-ented direction of the process of inclusive education;an inclusive approach that includes respect and understand-ing of all participants in the educational process regarding physical and psychological differences in personality; competence approach, as a complex process of develop-ment and self-development of the individual, taking into account the cognitive, emotional-volitional and motivation-al spheres, the system of relations and value orientations.The forms of organization of inclusive education, which at the present stage are the most acceptable and widespread in school practice in many countries, have been specified, namely:1) partial integration (the educa-tional process takes place within special classes of insti-tutions of general secondary education); 2) combined integration (the educational process is based on the provi-sion of special educational services in regular classes); 3) full integration (the educational process is carried out together with healthy peers and the level of psychophysi-cal development and takes place in regular classes).We see the following features of the organization of in-clusive education of schoolchildren: 1) creation of a favor-able psychological climate in the classroom and school; 2) maximum involvement of all children in the educational process; 3)provision ofspecial services and psychological and pedagogical support; 4) a high level of personnel, material, technical and educational and methodological support for educational inclusion; 5) use of methodological approaches to the implementation of the tasks of an inclu-sive school.

A Survey of Perceptions of Consulting in Inclusive Preschool Classrooms

This study examined consultants' and consultees' perspectives of itinerant service delivery for students with disabilities in inclusive preschool classrooms. Consultants (i.e., early childhood special education teachers and related service providers) and consultees (lead and assistant preschool teachers) working in inclusive preschool classrooms in a large Mountain West school district completed a survey eliciting their perceptions on consulting, including their definitions of the consulting role and factors they believed to be most important in building successful consulting relationships. Participants' answers to survey questions were analyzed and grouped into themes. There were similarities across both groups when describing the role of consultants, including assumptions that consultants should work directly with students in the classroom. Consultants and consultees also agreed that they have positive relationships with one another and that consultants are effective; however, consultant and consultee survey responses emphasized a need for respect within the consulting relationship. Understanding perceptions of consultative approaches may lead to practices and policies that improve consultative services and potentially lead to improved outcomes for preschool children with disabilities in inclusive settings.

Apparent trends in the use of femoral megaprostheses: an analysis from the National Joint Registry

BackgroundMegaprosthetic replacement (MPR) of the femur is typically reserved for salvage or oncological reconstruction. Presently little is known about the provision of femoral MPRs performed nationally, the trends in indications for their use, and their outcomes beyond published unit-level data. Although the National Joint Registry (NJR) collects data as part of a mandatory arthroplasty audit process, MPR data entry on this platform is thought to be inconsistent. The aim of this study is to determine current trends for femoral MPR procedures as submitted to the NJR.MethodsData for all procedures submitted to the NJR using the following implants were extracted: METS (Stanmore/Stryker), MUTARS (Implantcast), Segmental (Zimmer), GMRS (Stryker) and MEGA C (LINK). Pseudoanonymized data were analyzed through the NJR’s research Data Access Portal and are reported using descriptive statistics.ResultsA total of 1781 procedures were identified. Submitted cases increased for primary and revision hip and knee categories over the study period, although they plateaued in recent years. MPR implants were most commonly used in revision hip arthroplasty procedures. MPR use for the management of peri-prosthetic fractures has increased and now represents the most commonly reported indication for MPR use in both hip and knee revision categories. Few centers submitted large MPR case volumes (which were noted to be lower than published unit case series, indicating NJR under-reporting), and the vast majority of centers submitting MPR cases did so in low volume.ConclusionsDue to the limitations identified, reported case volumes must be interpreted with caution. An MPR-specific NJR data entry form has been developed to allow more accurate and tailored reporting of MPR procedures, to support specialist service provision, and to provide meaningful data for future research.

Partner Violence Hospitalizations Among Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

The objective of this study is to determine the RR of intimate partner violence‒related hospitalization among men and women with and without intellectual disabilities. This is a retrospective cohort study using Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, National Inpatient Sample, 2013-2019. Adults with intellectual disabilities were identified using diagnosis codes. A control group without intellectual disabilities was matched in a 1:5 ratio. A total of 1,179,282 hospitalization records were analyzed, with identified cases of 112,565 men and 83,982 women with intellectual disabilities. Analyses were conducted in 2021 and 2022. Men with intellectual disabilities (RR=6.00; 95% CI=4.43, 8.13; p<0.001) were at higher risk for intimate partner violence‒related hospitalizations than men without intellectual disabilities, as were women without intellectual disabilities (RR=3.36; 95% CI=2.57, 4.39; p<0.001). Women with intellectual disabilities experienced the highest risk of intimate partner violence‒related hospitalizations (RR=16.44; 95% CI=12.60, 21.45; p<0.001). Risks remained robust after adjusting for sociodemographic and hospital characteristics. Intellectual disability and female sex compound to elevate the risk of intimate partner violence‒related hospitalizations. This study underscores the need for improved and specialized service provision across healthcare, legal, criminal, and other systems to promote safety and healing for people with disabilities (especially for those with intellectual disabilities) who are survivors of intimate partner violence.

Policing Child Protection: Motivational Postures of Contesting Third Parties

Child protection reform has been difficult, despite evidence that practice should be more child-centred, respectful and responsively inclusive of family and communities. An Australian survey of 387 third parties working with statutory child protection authorities revealed widespread support for reform, but significant opposition to child protection authorities. Only police aligned themselves with child protection authorities. Welfare and family workers were most likely to have defiant postures of resistance and disengagement and to criticize child protection authorities for their bureaucratic ritualism, poor accountability, low trustworthiness and social exclusion. Lawyers and special service providers shared some of these criticisms, while health and educational professionals remained neutral. System reform is likely to grind to a halt when essential third parties are adopting oppositional positions. Principle-led communities of practice that are multidisciplinary and community-inclusive may offer the best hope for cutting through reform gridlock and broadening and deepening capabilities.

Educating culturally and linguistically diverse students with disabilities in inclusive settings: beyond debates

Abstract Inclusive and equitable education is the ultimate tool to develop students, communities, and the general society. And, special education is an added tool to help atypical and vulnerable students to be productive citizens in a thriving society. Ceteris paribus, for many culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students with disabilities, being educated in an inclusive environment should be the ideal policy. However, it is not! Inclusion has continued to be debatable, challenged, and controversial, making this ideal goal implausible and unrealistic. Coupled with their disabilities, CLD students experience the loaded problems of discrimination, racism, and xenophobia in the multidimensional forms of misidentification, misassessment, mislabeling/miscategorization, misplacement, and misinstruction. These multiple problems make it easy for general and special education professionals and service providers to (a) view placement as instruction, (b) focus on unidimensional and narrow confines, and (b) intentionally, unintentionally, or inaccurately judge CLD students’ capabilities and willingness to maximize their fullest potential. The question then is, since the goal is to increase “normalcy” in the lives of CLD students with disabilities, is it not important to equitably educate them with their “normal” peers in inclusive settings? This article responds to this question.

Research on the restriction of "new" pocket crime under the background of the Internet- from the Amendment of Criminal Law (IX)

With the release of the criminal law amendment (9), refusing to fulfill the obligation of network security crime and helping information network crime, as two important new charges, have improved the criminal law because the responsibility of "network service provider" was introduced for the first time in the field of criminal responsibility. However, in the implementation of relevant charges, due to its limitations in legislation and the similar problems in judicial practice, the scope of related crimes is improperly expanded forming the so-called "new pocket crime". Based on this situation and the legislation in Germany, combined with our own judicial practice, the systematization of related charges should be promoted in network service providers on the legislative level of special legislation. In the judicial level, specification of "knowing" standard and expanding the application of interpretation should be adopted. These two ways can realize the reduction of pocket crime and produce positive effect on the disadvantages of the rule of law construction in China. This paper proposes the method to solve the restriction of pocket crime from two aspects. At the legislative level there are three initiatives. Firstly, special legislation network service providers should be implemented. Secondly, the criminal law charges should be set systematically based on the typing of network service providers. Lastly, the criminal responsibility should be apportioned hierarchically based on the typing of network service providers. As for the judicial level, the identification standard of "knowing" should be clarified in judicial practice. In the process of applying the extended interpretation, it is important to adhere to the same kind of interpretation. In addition, the judicial authorities should organically combine the crackdown on crime with the development of the Internet in the process of cracking down on cybercrimes.

Estimation of the number of inherited prion disease mutation carriers in the UK

Inherited prion diseases (IPD) are a set of rare neurodegenerative diseases that are always caused by mutation of the prion protein gene (PRNP). These are highly heterogeneous in clinical presentation and best described by the specific gene mutation, but traditionally include the canonical syndromes familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstamann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia. In the UK, care of IPD patients and clinical PRNP sequencing have been carried out almost exclusively by the National Prion Clinic and affiliated laboratories since the disease gene was discovered in 1989. Using data obtained over 30 years (1990–2019), this study aimed to provide a greater understanding of the genetic prevalence of IPD using multiple complementary methods. A key source of bias in rare disorders is ascertainment, so we included an analysis based on capture-recapture techniques that may help to minimise ascertainment bias. 225 patients, with 21 different IPD mutations were identified, varying in frequency (with 8/21 mutations comprising over 90% observed cases), derived from 116 kindreds and 151 3-generation families. We estimated a total of 303 UK families (95% CI = 222, 384) segregate IPD mutations, 1091 (95% CI = 720, 1461) UK mutation carriers and a lifetime risk of approximately 1 in 60,000. Simpler methods of measuring prevalence based on extrapolation from the annual incidence of disease, and large scale genomic studies, result in similar estimates of prevalence. These estimates may be of value for planning preventive trials of therapeutics in IPD mutation carriers, prevention of prion disease transmission and provision of specialist services.

Collaboration between Secondary Special Education Teachers and Community Rehabilitation Service Providers: A Focus Group Analysis

Collaboration between Secondary Special Education Teachers and Community Rehabilitation Service Providers: A Focus Group Analysis

The role of primary care pharmacist in the management of chronic illnesses in young people: a qualitative study

Abstract Introduction Recent evidence has shown that the incidence of long-term illnesses in young people is increasing (1). Pharmacists, as medicine experts, are in a unique position to promote young people’s health by improving their knowledge regarding effective use of medication through the provision of pharmaceutical services. To date, there are few studies that have explored the potential roles of primary care pharmacists in providing health care for young people with long term illnesses (2). This study attempts to show the potential role of primary care pharmacists in caring of young people with chronic illnesses. Aim To explore the role of primary care pharmacists in the management of chronic illnesses in young people aged 18-24 years. Methods A qualitative study was undertaken. From June to November 2019, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 primary care pharmacists in the UK. A purposive sampling strategy was followed to form a population for this study. The targeted participants were UK primary care pharmacists i.e. General Practice (GP) and community based pharmacists. Through professional networks, the participants were identified, approached and recruited by email or in person. Interviews on average lasted 35 minutes, and were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed inductively using thematic analysis. Emergent themes were reviewed by all authors and any discrepancies were resolved through discussion. Results Four themes emerged from the data: pharmacists’ roles, prescribing issues, pharmaceutical services and young people medication-related experiences. Participants identified several roles for primary care pharmacists in caring of young people with chronic illness. These roles included encouraging young people to visit the pharmacy to collect their medicines and ensuring that they have enough medicines supply, counselling and educating young people about their medicines and answering their queries, building trusted relationships directly with them, provision of specialist services, following up with young people and checking on medication compliance, and signposting them for further support. The most discussed chronic illnesses in young people by participants were respiratory diseases such as asthma and mental health illnesses. However, many pharmacists perceive a fundamental communication barrier that hinders the provision of this support, i.e., lack of access to the patient. Participants identified a lack of support from other health care providers as one of the associated challenges for pharmacists in supporting young people with chronic illness. Conclusion Primary care pharmacists felt that they have an important role in supporting young people with chronic illness. This study identified many ways in which pharmacists provide services and support to young people. This study makes a major contribution to the limited literature on primary care pharmacists’ experience of dealing with young people with chronic illness by exploring the pharmaceutical care currently available and identifying other issues which may influence pharmaceutical care. Although the research was limited by a relatively small number of participants, the findings of this research could inform future research to provide more evidence of the benefit of primary care pharmacists in supporting young people with chronic illness in the optimal use of their medication. References (1) Shah R, Hagell A, Cheung R. International comparisons of health and wellbeing in adolescence and early adulthood. London (UK): Nuffield Trust; 2019. (2) Gray N, Shaw K, Smith F, et al. The Role of Pharmacists in Caring for Young People With Chronic Illness. Journal of Adolescent Health, 2017; 60 (2): 219–225.